Vulnerability assessment of freshwater resources in island to environment change a case study in phu quoc island kien giang province thesis of master degree major integrated water resources managemen

1 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Problem statement Water is our most precious resource However, in recent years, water has become degraded in both quantity and quality This situation is placing challenges and requires a worldwide effort in the use and sustainable management of water resources The provision of water supply and sanitation has improved living conditions; in addition, the implementation of social justice and educational approaches, especially for women and children, are also contributing to the success of the enactment of the Millennium Development Goals (MDG) The development status of the Island, the isolation characteristic, the distance between neighboring islands, between islands and the mainland, the change of the environment, climate change, changes in rainfall, etc are the challenges of water resources management The Island, located in the lower floor of the Southwestern area, is a vulnerable area to climate change and sea level rise Furthermore, the island is affected by the early phase of the El Nino and La Ninas The Island is a key economic zone with typical activities, such as: fishing, oil and gas exploitation, maritime services, tourism as well as it is adjacent to the other countries in the region Especially, Phu Quoc Island is the largest island in the coastal island system in Vietnam The current status of the economic development has created a significant social pressure on the island regarding both system resources and the environmental management There is no rational planning and efficient use of natural resources, although the extraction (water, oil, gas ) has been carried out for a long time Therefore, freshwater resources in Phu Quoc Island are vitally important, and have a direct impact on daily life, and the development of the island The assessment of freshwater resource vulnerability in Vietnam is still very limited, particularly in the Island A vulnerability assessment of freshwater resources in Phu Quoc Island will be essential to identify potential risks for fresh water resources on the island and to support decision making; Therefore, detecting early threats to gain insight sustainable solutions to the management of freshwater resources on an island, where the exploitation of freshwater resources management is still problematic Understanding the vulnerability of freshwater resources of the Islands, therefore, is important to ensure sustainable water management in the region Uses of water have an intimate relationship with land use and impact on ecosystems dealing with integrated water resource management The integrated water resources management will help to use and to protect natural resources In order to effectively implement integrated water resource management, the necessity of understanding and the ability to assess the vulnerability of water resources are highlighted Performing a vulnerability assessment of freshwater will highlight gaps in information and identify the most influential factors affecting vulnerability, in addition to raising public awareness The availability of such an evaluation would provide decision-makers with the option to evaluate and modify existing policies and to implement measures to improve the management of water resources Different approaches to vulnerability assessment of water resources and hydrological systems have been developed for a long time with both advantages and disadvantages One of the most effective responses, vulnerability assessment has recently been developed by the United Nations Environment Program and by Packing University This approach is based on the available resources to meet the production, use, environmental pressures mitigation and capacity development and management It highlights the vulnerability factors such as climate change, population growth, economic development, and management, etc of vulnerable freshwater resources Currently, this method is implemented in the Pacific Islands, in West and South Asia, in the Mekong River basin, and in several other river basins in Vietnam However, the vulnerability assessment of freshwater resources on islands in Vietnam is very limited and this method is still not an application option Hence, this study can be considered as a the first application of this approach assessing freshwater vulnerability on islands in Vietnam 1.2 Objectives and Research questions 1.2.1 Objective of study The main objectives of the study include: - Piloting a method in terms of assessing the freshwater vulnerability in the southwestern area of Vietnams: applied specifically on Phu Quoc – Kien Giang Province; - Assessing vulnerability of freshwater resources on the Island of Phu Quoc – Kien Giang and potential agents; - Providing scientifically-based evidence to support policy development of water resources management, to support the decision-making process; - Proposing measures to reduce the vulnerability of freshwater resources on the Phu Quoc Island 1.2.2 Research questions - What methods and tools are appropriate to assess the vulnerability of freshwater resources on the Island? - Which elements are vulnerable to freshwater resources? - What are the opportunities and challenges regarding to freshwater resources management in the Island? - What are solutions that should be done to improve the freshwater resources in the Island? 1.3 The Assessment Process Water is essential for life All activities of humans, animals and plants on earth need water However, freshwater resources are vulnerable and a reliable assessment of vulnerability is essential The vulnerability assessment of freshwater resources, newly developed by UNEP (United Nations Environment Program) and by Peking University is the methodology of the thesis Firstly, relevant data in the study area are collected, including: relevant documents such as natural conditions, hydrology, environment, geology, etc The statistical analysis results are collected directly from the local agencies The data processing is necessary to investigate additional fieldwork and to update the latest data content research serving as the current status and characteristics of water resources on the island and the control system influence of the current vulnerability of freshwater resources This study will provide an overview of the evaluation method to assess the vulnerability of water resources; the preferred method will be the approach developed by UNEP (United Nations Environment Program) and Packing University The evaluation of data will serve an analytical framework DPSIR (Driver, pressure, state, impact and response) to analyze quantitative and qualitative features, and a description of the vulnerability of freshwater resources on the island Then, an integrated vulnerability index (VI) is calculated based on possible vulnerable parameters; the results will assess the vulnerability of freshwater resources on the island, followed by a proposal for solutions to reduce the vulnerability of freshwater resources on the Phu Quoc Island 1.4 Structure of the thesis This report is divided into six chapters The first chapter introduces the research to answer three main questions: Why is a vulnerability assessment is important? How can we assess the vulnerability of the island? And, what are the main objectives of a vulnerability assessment in this study? The chapter two reviews several studies about the concept of vulnerability, vulnerability assessment methods and some previous researches relate to study area The chapter three presents an overview of freshwater resources, which describe the geographical context of natural, socio-economics, freshwater resources Especially, we focus on the present status and the challenges dealing with the management of fresh water resources in the island This chapter also discusses the importance of the influence of climate change and the pressures of environmental change to freshwater resources on the island Chapter four identifies methods to assess the vulnerability of freshwater resources, summarizes the specific assessment method of UNEP, including, such as: methods, diagnosis of issues, and DPSIR analytical framework to understand the vulnerability index (VI) Data used in the thesis Chapter five is an important chapter of the report This chapter continues to assess the vulnerability of freshwater resources on the island of Phu Quoc – Kien Giang Province These assessments determine the importance and the interrelationship of social-economics, the environment, climate, geographical factors and management resources with vulnerable island freshwater resources The study of assessment indicators and injury parameters such as water stress, development pressure, the insecurity of the ecosystem and management challenges, is necessary to calculate the vulnerability index In addition, this chapter will provide proposed measures to reduce the vulnerability of freshwater resources on the Island Chapter six: Finally, the last chapter concludes the findings of this thesis, discusses the limitations of this work and provides an outlook by giving recommendation for future areas of research CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REWIEW 2.1 Concepts of vulnerability The concepts of vulnerability have been changed over time According to Jörn Birkmann (2006) statistics, the current literature encompass more than 25 different definitions, concepts and methods to systematize vulnerability (for example, Chambers, 1989; Bohle, 2001; Wisner et al., 2004; Downing et al., 2006; UN/ISDR, 2004; Pelling, 2003; Luers, 2005; Green, 2004; UN-Habitat, 2003; Schneiderbauer and Ehrlich, 2004; van Dillen, 2004; Turner et al., 2003; Cardona, 2004b) According to Downing (2006), the vulnerability includes the expression, sensitivity and resilience of the system to combat the dangers posed by the effects of the agent Researchers in the field of natural sciences often focus on the concept of risk, while researchers in the field of social sciences often refer to the term vulnerability Concept of vulnerability is the social scientists associated with the group of socioeconomic factors and the community's ability to cope with natural disasters, but scientists about climate usually consider the concept of vulnerability as a function of the likelihood of occurrence and the potential impact of weather and climate related According to Jörn Birkmann (2006) statistics, one of the best-known definitions were formulated by the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UN/ISDR), which defines vulnerability as: - The conditions determined by physical, social, economic and environmental factors or processes, which increase the susceptibility of a community to the impact of hazards (UN/ISDR, 2004) - In contrast, the United National Development Programme (UNDP) defines vulnerability as: a human condition or process resulting from physical, social, economic and environmental factors, which determine the likelihood and scale of damage from the impact of a given hazard (UNDP, 2004: 11) Develop policies of integrated water resources management will require a comprehensive knowledge, the understanding of the vulnerability of water resources is a key element for this purpose Vulnerability is a term used to describe a weakness or flaw exists in the system, the sensitivity of the system with a threat or a particular disadvantage, and/or challenges systems faced when dealing with the threat In view of water resource management, the vulnerability can be defined as the characteristic weaknesses and flaws of the system of water resources makes it difficult to respond to changing economic and social and the environment Thus, the vulnerability can look through (i) the pressure of the water resources in the study area; and (ii) the ability of ecosystems and society in the fight against the agents acting on the healthy function of water resource systems 2.2 Vulnerability assessment Water, "blood" of natural ecosystems, have a role indispensable for almost all functions of ecosystems Water is also one of the important resources needed to support the socioeconomic development of human The result of the excessive population growth, rapid economic development, mismanaged of water resources, leading to dwindling water resources Therefore, sustainable water resources management has become a priority concern of many national agendas Vulnerability assessment is a process of investigation and analysis to assess the sensitivity of the system before the potential threat, and to identify the main challenges for the system in reducing or minimize the risks associated with, the negative consequences of the opposition activists Assessment of water resources will be calculated based on the water balance between water supply and water demand, system policies and ownership to support the conservation and management of water resources, as well as regime change hydrology under the impact of climate change and other environmental factors Besides, It needs to consider the risks that may occur from the surrounding areas can affect water resources The vulnerability assessment can be used to orient the rational use of water resources through the provision of a priority plan for upgrades, adjusted operating procedures, and/or change the policies to reduce risks and vulnerabilities to achieve the most efficient use Vulnerability assessment will provide the basic framework for the development of options to reduce the risks and costs involved In fact, every problem is identified, vulnerability assessment to delimit the main control factor; estimate the pressure; understand the current situation and development trend; impact analysis; and determine the response to deal with vulnerability of water resources systems 2.3 Previous studies in study area Phu Quoc Island is the largest island in the system of the coastal islands of Vietnam Phu Quoc Island in the Gulf of Thailand, the Southwestern of Vietnam The studies related to the Island's water resources are very limited The coastal islands Southwestern systems have a very important position on national security and economic development Some typical projects in the Phu Quoc Island area are: - In 2006, Dr Dao Manh Tien and Dr Pham Van Thanh to implement the project "Investigation assesses the current state of the marine environment of Phu Quoc Island from - 20m" The results were evaluated of marine resources Phu Quoc island, the environmental status of sediments and seawater - Dr Dao Manh Tien (2008) to implement the project "Investigation of environmental geology and geohazards coast of Phu Quoc - Ha Tien rate 1/100,000" - Within the scope of Phu Quoc Island and especially the National Park, this area has had plenty of the study of biological diversity The survey results synthetic, fauna and flora of the area by the Institute of Forest Inventory and Planning II performed (1996, 2002) This is the basis of the results are to assess, comment on diversity and biological resources of Phu Quoc National Park - NAWAPI - National Center for Water Resources Planning and Investigation (2010), Project “Water Resources Planning on the Phu Quoc Island” Planning is approved as the basis for the management agency of water resources Kien Giang Province implementation of management measures, protection and exploitation and use of water resources on the Phu Quoc Island - Vietnam Academy for Water resources (2010), Project “ Research, evaluate the potential exploitation of surface water sources serving water supply on Phu Quoc Island” The previous studies in Vietnam, not to mention much of each object on the Island are harmed by the activities of socioeconomic development, or the natural environment changes In Vietnam, Vulnerability assessment of freshwater resources is limited, especially object is the island, where the water resources are very vulnerable 2.4 Overview of assessment methods An approach to assess the vulnerability of water resources and hydrological system has been developed for a long time, with many different methods Such as Water Poverty Index (WPI) – (Lawrence and others 2002; Sullivan and others 2003), with the aim is to provide an interdisciplinary measure, including the benefits associated with household water and indicate the level of water availability affect humans, the index takes into account the physical and social - economic factors related to water scarcity Water Stress Indicator WSI description available water resources in a country, the water stress index developed by Swedish Falkenmark expert 1989 This index is often used in the evaluation on a national scale which data are available and provided intuitive results and understanding However, the use of average annual water of the country should tend to obscure information water scarcity on a smaller scale Meigh and others (2004) have developed a water availability index Water Availability Index (WAI) The index includes surface water, groundwater and compared to the total water demand of all sectors such as industry, agriculture, etc Or water stress (Gleick 1996) at the regional level The index uses measurements of input, output, and based on the water balance equation 10 Or The South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission (SOPAC) has developed an Environmental Vulnerability Index (EVI) 2005 to develop a vulnerability index to demonstrate the disadvantages, which the small islands are incurring This index focuses on the vulnerability of the environment from the risks of natural and human Including the effects on physical and biological aspects of the ecology, habitat, biodiversity, ecological resilience etc There are many different evaluation methods to be studied and applied, with both advantages and disadvantages For the vulnerability assessment of water resources in recent years, Method of water resources vulnerability assessment, developed by UNEP and Peking University (2009) emerged a way to evaluate the effectiveness and advantages With the approach depending on the resources available to meet the production, use, environmental pressures and capacity development and management It highlights the vulnerability factors such as climate change, population growth, economic development, and management, etc of freshwater resource vulnerability Currently, this method has been used to assess the vulnerability of water resources in the Pacific Islands, West Asia Region, and South Asia and some river basin as Mekong river basin, Amu Darya river basin,etc The research on sea environmental resource vulnerability assessment in Vietnam has just begun in the late twentieth century To date, there are many studies following different approaches, such as regions/areas, natural systems and social, community, resources in different areas The study is based on general principles of a vulnerability assessment is to determine the ability of a compromised system (natural, social and economic) to meet natural disasters and man-made, one determine the resilience and recovery of systems; thereby, proposing vulnerability mitigation measures From 2001, the team of Prof Dr Mai Trong Nhuan conducted studies assessing coastal vulnerability (Mai Trong Nhuan 2005) Thereby, the research team has identified the ability of the vulnerable segments of society, nature, previous works The combined effects of natural and man-made disasters as well as vulnerability maps propose mitigation measures for many coastal localities 83 CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 6.1 Conclusions The vulnerability of water resources, and the associated socioeconomic and environmental stress on Phu Quoc Island is closely related to the availability of water Factors that contribute to this include the total water resource, demands on the resources and the spatial and temporal variability of the water resource Assessing the potential of water resources on Phu Quoc Island to see the Island's surface water is plentiful, however, due to the uneven distribution of the year, the excess of it in the rainy season, but the lack of water in the dry season This study undertakes an assessment of the freshwater resource vulnerability of Phu Quoc Island, Kien Giang province It was estimated based the methodology developed by UNEP and Peking University, China The analytical framework (DPSIR – Drivers, Pressures, State, Impacts and Responses) used by UNEP provide perspective for the vulnerability assessment Phu Quoc Island water systems are affected by two main drivers, natural and anthropogenic The issues can be identified as: Reserves of freshwater resources (surface and ground water); Changing freshwater quality (surface and ground water); Flood and drought management of the Island water resources; Saline intrusion in the dry season Degradation and loss of ecosystem (Vegetation cover, animals, etc.); Conflicting interests over water sharing (sectors), weak water resources management; Socioeconomic development (population growth, urbanization, tourism, infrastructure asynchronous, weak) Phu Quoc Island vulnerability index is 0,343; a medium level on the rating scale It is observed that the Vulnerability Index on Phu Quoc island emanates mostly from management challenges, followed by resource stresses, development pressures Resource stresses parameter (RS = 0,3) As a result, the water resources of Phu Quoc still meet the near future However, water shortage in the dry season on the Island is still a big problem With Development Pressures parameter (DP = 0,244); Phu Quoc island has low stress on water resources associated with exploited using However, 84 seasonal variations in water resources on the Island can be significantly stressed over the dry season Ecological Insecurity parameter (ES = 0,187) is lower Because, the abundant water resources of the Island, combined with the limited industrial development on the Island is sufficient to provide mixing and dilution of currently wastewaters discharge However, with the development of the Island, the parameters are very vulnerable The lack of minimum infrastructure to treat waste water and solid waste from domestic and fish processing sources, leading to serious pollutions (for instance, in Vung Bau and Cua Can) This will affect ecosystems, forest protection, the quality of human life would not be guaranteed With IWRM Capacity (MC = 0,642) is assessed by three parameters Includes: Conflict management capacity parameter (MCi), Improved sanitation inaccessibility parameter (MCs), Water Use Efficiency Parameter (MCe) These parameters are large, it represents the IWRM capacity is a major problem on the Phu Quoc Island On the Island there isn't perform sharing, allocation of water resources In the future, when the demand for water will increase raises the contradiction, conflicts Therefore, it is necessary to study in order to solve the problem sharing, allocation of water resources between sectors, between the upstream and downstream of the river Moreover, the uneven distribution of rainfall between the months of the year and change of terrain on the Island will lead to water scarcity during dry season.Due to rapid expansion of tourist activities on the Island also causes increased water demand With the poor on human resources for water resources management will lead to the bad management results In addition, the sea water level rise, saltwater instruction, changing on frequency and intensity of natural disasters such as storm will all pressure Phu Quoc„s water resource and its management In order to obtain sustainable development for Phu Quoc island, first of all we need to improve the water resource management system This thesis have completed the objectives In addition, this thesis will be documents to help vulnerability assessment of freshwater resources to other areas in Vietnam 85 Improved water use efficiencies and delivery of integrated water resources management are essential important on the Island Long term strategy to address this weakness are fundamental to develop sustainable capacity in the region There are conflicts of Integrated Water Resources Management The management overlaps caused many difficulties so should have an intermediary organization to link the Ministries on Water Resources Management To solve the problem thoroughly in the water management of Phu Quoc Island, the first shift is needed from institutions and policies for water management from the government The solution can be established Vietnam Water Agency To reduce the vulnerability of the Island, need to be encouraged to develop policies to reduce stress and develop a long-term strategic plan, focusing on capacity management of water resources and the use of structural measures Utility reform associated with cost-recovery and improved efficiency and aligned with infrastructure investment, mainstreaming IWRM and infrastructure management and maintenance would enable countries to maximize development opportunities associated with water resources and better meet basic human rights In addition, propose solution as: - Strengthening measures to planted, keeping the watershed forest - Carrying out of mining license, use of water resources and wastewater discharge into water sources; strengthening inspection and examination in the management of exploitation activities, water use and wastewater discharge - Enhancing professional staff, managers of water resources, environmental protection - Promulgated documents specifying the legal protection of water resources and the environment have specific characteristics, incentives to apply for Phu Quoc Island - Drought is the urgent problem of Phu Quoc island, most of the area produced a water shortage during the dry season 86 - Initially, upgrading Duong Dong reservoir in accordance with the approved plans Construction and commissioning reservoirs have been Prime Minister for approval:  Duong Dong reservoir  Suoi Lon reservoir  Rach Ca reservoir  Cua Can reservoir - Construction of weirs (temporary dams) to increase water storage capacity in the downriver of the river Construction of water supply systems of the connection between the reservoir was built Elaborate operation of the reservoir, reservoir operation - Improving the efficiency of water use: Apply the solution reduces the amount of channel seepage, leakage works, ponds and river In addition to common application of micro irrigation to conserve water and enhance the solution water use regression in each system 6.2 Recommendations Good management must be based on planning Good planning, the management will be good Water Resources Planning on the Phu Quoc Island is performed by NAWAPI (2009) However, Decision 633/ QD-TTg May 11, 2010 by the Prime Minister on the overall planning of the construction of Phu Quoc Island in 2030 Therefore, the calculation results, plans on water resources Phu Quoc require additional adjustments before the competent authorities approved the plan to suit the target, driven socio economic development on the Island Vulnerability assessment is a support tool the decision-making process; management water resources Therefore, there should be regularly assessment and update data of the area to serve the assessment of vulnerability  Results can be used for water resources planning of Phu Quoc Island 87  Structural measures for short term and long time sustainable water resources management  Management water resources need to be paid more attention  There should be regularly assessment and update data of the area to serve the assessment of vulnerability  Data collection of more detail for the Island regional; develop vulnerability map 88 REFERENCES Birkmann, J (2006) Measuring Vulnerability to Natural Hazards – Towards Disaster Resilient Societies, UNU-Press, New York, Tokyo Decision in 3-2 -2009 18/2009/QDTTg Prime Minister's Approval approved master plan of socioeconomic development of coastal areas Vietnam Gulf of Thailand to 2020 Decision No 80/2013 / QD-TTg dated 12/27/2013 of the Prime Minister has issued a number of mechanisms and policies for specific development of Phu Quoc Island Decision 633/ QD-TTg May 11, 2010 by the Prime Minister on the overall planning of the construction of Phu Quoc Island in 2030 Downing, T., J Aerts, J Soussan, S Bharwani, C Ionescu, J Hinkel, R Klein, L Mata, N Matin, S Moss, D Purkey and G Ziervogel (2006) „„Integrating Social Vulnerability into Water Management‟‟,Climate Change(in preparation) Gleick, P H 1996 Basic water requirements for human activities: Meeting basic needs Water International 21: 83-92 Kaly, U.L., Pratt, C & Mitchell, J (2005) Building Resilience in SIDS: The Environmental Vulnerability Index Final Report SOPAC, UNEP Lawrence, P., J Meigh and C Sullivan (2002) The Water Poverty Index: an International Comparison Keele Economics Research Papers 1352- 8955 Keele University, Staffordshire, UK Mohammad Waheed Ibrahimzada, Devesh Sharma (2012), Vulnerability assessment of water resources in Amu Darya river basin, Afghanistan, International Journal of Environmental Sciences Volume 3, No 2, 2012 Mai Trong Nhuan (2005) Research, assess the vulnerability of coastal zone sustainability serving Report on basic research 89 Meigh, J R., A A McKenzie and K J Sene (2004) A grid based approach to water scarcity estimates for eastern and southern Africa Water Resources Management 13: 85-115 NAWAPI - National Center for Water Resources Planning and Investigation (2010), Project “Water Resources Planning on Phu Quoc Island” Notification No 425 / TB-OG December 25, 2012: Summary of Prime Minister Nguyen Tan Dung of the preliminary conference to implement the decision No 178/2004 / QD - TTG October 5, 2014 Statistical Yearbook of Kien Giang Province in 2012 Trinh Minh Ngoc and other (2013) Vulnerability assessment of water resources systems in Nhue Day basin, VNU Journal of Science, Natural Sciences and Technology 29, No 1S (2013) 126-133 Trinh Minh Ngoc (2011) Vulnerability Assessment of Water Resources Systems in Thach Han basin, VNU Journal of Science, Natural Sciences and Technology 27, No 1S (2011) 176-181 UNEP-Peking University (2009) Methodologies Guidelines for Vulnerability Assessment of Freshwater Resources to Environmental Change United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi http://geodata.rrcap.unep.org/ all_reports/05_Methodology.pdf UNEP (2012) Freshwater under Threat: Pacific Islands, Vulnerability Assessment of Freshwater Resources to Environmental Change, United Nations Environment Programme, Bangkok Available at: http://www.unep.org/publication UNEP (2011) Assessment of Freshwater Resources Vulnerability To Environmental and Climate Change: Implication for Shared Water Resources in West Asia Region Available at: http://www.unep.org/ 90 UNEP (2009) Freshwater under Threat: South East Asia, Vulnerability Assessment of Freshwater Resources to Environmental Change Available at: http://www.unep.org/ VAW - Vietnam Acadeny for Water resources (2010) Project “ Research, evaluate the potential exploitation of surface water sources serving water supply on Phu Quoc island” Wildlife at Risk (WAR) University of Agirculture and Forestry – Ho Chi Minh City (UAF) (2006), Ecotourism Development Strategy of The Phu Quoc National Park, Kien Giang Province TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Problem statement 1.2 Objectives and Research questions 1.2.1 Objective of study 1.2.2 Research questions 1.3 The Assessment Process .3 1.4 Structure of the thesis .4 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REWIEW .6 2.1 Concepts of vulnerability .6 2.2 Vulnerability assessment 2.3 Previous studies in study area 2.4 Overview of assessment methods CHAPTER 3: DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA 12 3.1 Geography and Socioeconomics 12 3.1.1 Geography and Biodiversity .12 3.1.2 Socio-economics 23 3.2 Freshwater Resources 28 3.2.1 Water Resources 28 3.2.2 Current status of exploitation and use of water resources 31 3.3 Challenges of water resources .35 3.3.1 Drought 35 3.3.2 Inundation, flood 36 3.3.3 Pollution 36 3.3.4 Saltwater intrusion 36 3.3.5 Climate Change .36 3.3.6 Rapid population growth .37 CHAPTER 4: METHODOLOGY AND DATA USED .39 4.1 Approach 39 4.2 Diagnosis of Issues .40 4.3 The analytical framework 41 4.4 Vulnerability Index and Parameterization 43 4.4.1 Resource stresses (RS) 44 4.4.2 Development Pressures (DP) 45 4.4.3 Ecological Insecurity (ES) 46 4.4.4 Management Challenges (MC) 47 4.5 Data used .53 CHAPTER 5: RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 55 5.1 DPSIR analysis on Phu Quoc Island 55 5.2 Resources Stresses (RS)……………………………………………………………………… 61 5.3 Development Pressures (DP) 62 5.4 Ecological Insecurities (ES) 64 5.5 Management Challenges (MC) 66 5.6 Vulnerability Index (VI) 70 5.7 Vulnerability assessment of freshwater resources .72 5.8 Proposed solutions .75 8.1 Policy solution 77 5.8.2 Technical solution 80 CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 83 6.1 Conclusions 83 6.2 Recommendations 86 REFERENCES 88 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 3.1: Location of Phu Quoc Island on satellite images 12 Figure 3.2: Total annual rainfall in Phu Quoc station (1985 – 2011) 17 Figure 3.3: Hmax, Hmin in Phu Quoc island 17 Figure 3.4: Tidal amplitude in Phu Quoc island 18 Figure 3.5: Map of River Network on Phu Quoc island 21 Figue 3.6: The coastal fish market 24 Figure 3.7: Administrative maps of Phu Quoc island 25 Figure 3.8: Works classification of the exploitation and use of water resources 31 Figure 3.9: Current exploitation and use of water on Phu Quoc Island 32 Figure 4.1: Assessment components and indicators 41 Figue 4.2: DPSIR analysis of water management 43 Figue 5.1: Water management of Ministries 67 Figue 5.2: Percentage of the weighted parameters for Vulnerability Index 73 Figue 5.3: Share of the percentage of the weighted categories to the final Vulnerability Index for the study area…………………………………………………… …………73 Figue 5.4: The organizational structure of Vietnam Water Agency 78 LIST OF TABLES Table 3.1: Distribution by altitude and degree slope 13 Table 3.2: Temperature characteristics (0C) at Phu Quoc Station (1984-2011) 15 Table 3.3: Average humidity by months – year (%) 15 Table 3.4 Lowest humidity by months – year (%) 16 Table 3.5: Characteristics of rain in Phu Quoc 16 Table 3.6 Distribution of Phu Quoc forest ecosystem 22 Table 3.7: Rainfall distributions 28 Table 3.8: Characteristics of the average monthly flow in some places 30 Table 3.9 : Reserve potential underground water 30 Table 3.10: Synthesis using water of the sectors in 2007 34 Table 3.11: Demand using water resources on Phu Quoc island 34 Table 3.12: Summary of highlighted issues in water resources 37 Table 4.1: Integrated Water Resources Management Capacity Criteria 51 Table 4.2: Guidance on island freshwater vulnerability 52 Table 4.3 Data used for research 54 Table 5.1: Some of Driving forces (D) 56 Table 5.2: Pressure on water resources (P) 57 Table 5.3: Group indicates status, state of water resources (S) 58 Table 5.4: Impacts can occur on the Island (I) 59 Table 5.5 Group directive indicates the response (R) 59 Table 5.6: Water resources stress on Phu Quoc Island 61 Table 5.7: Population of the Island is supplied with the clean water 63 Table 5.8: Water Development Pressures on Phu Quoc Island 63 Table 5.9: Water Development Pressures on Phu Quoc Island 65 Table 5.9: Rate of households using hygienic toilet 68 Table 5.10: The population with access to a sanitation in the Island 69 Table 5.11: Water Use Efficiency Parameter on Phu Quoc Island 70 Table 5.12: Management Challenges on Phu Quoc Island 70 Table 5.13: Weight given for each parameter in the calculation 70 of the vulnerability index (VI) 70 Table 5.14: T h e calculation of the vulnerability index (VI) 71 Table 5.15: Summary of Vulnerability Parameters of Phu Quoc Island 72 ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS AISDW Access to Improved Source of Drinking Water CV Coefficient of Variation DP Development Pressures DPSIR Driver, Pressure, Status, Impact, Response EH Ecological Health ENSO El nino Southern Oscillation ES Ecological Insecurities GDP Gross Domestic Product GEO Global Environment Outlook (UnEP) IWRM Integrated Water Resources Management MARD Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development MC Management challenges MDG Millennium Development Goals MOC Ministry of Construction MOIT Ministry of Industry and Trade MOH Ministry of Health MONRE Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment NAWAPI National Center for Water Resources Planning and Investigation RS Resource Stresses SOPAC The South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission UNEP United nations Environment Programme VAW Vietnam Acadeny for Water resources VI Vulnerability index VNWA Vietnam Water Agency ... was 2.570 mm in the rainy season, accounting for 89% of annual rainfall Dry season rainfall of 332 mm, accounting for 11% of annual rainfall (NAWAPI 2010) Table 3.7: Rainfall distributions Rainy... of water resources, leading to dwindling water resources Therefore, sustainable water resources management has become a priority concern of many national agendas Vulnerability assessment is a. .. will impact water availability Water scarcity is measured in various ways, including water availability per capita and percentage of water used While political, social, and economic factors all help