TEST FOR MASTER PREPARATION

Before metal coins and paper ______ existed, people used a lot of unusual things to buy what they needed?. II.[r]

Test for master preparation

I Choose the word or phrase which best completes each sentence.

1 He couldn't make the radio

a to work b working c work d worked The secretary has been busy all afternoon

a to type b.typing c.type d.typed

3 She drive to the station every day but then she decided to walk instead a was used to b had used to c was using to d used to I'm sorry I haven't got any money I've my wallet at home

a left b missed c forgotten d both a and b 5.1 disapprove people smoking in public places

a with b on c at d of While studying he was financially dependent his wife

a to b of c on d from Her father won't drive his car

a allow her b leave her c permit her d let her Our flight from Amsterdam to London was delayed the heavy fog

a as result b on account for c because d due to Last year, Matt earned his brother

a twice as much as b twice more than c twice as many as d twice as ore as

10 He a bad cold; he sneezes so often

a has been having b has c is having d will have 11 She said she met you once at a meeting last year since?

a Have you met her b Did you meet her c Had you met her d Were you met her

12 We are him to arrive at any moment

a waiting b expecting c hoping d wishing 13 I don't like to ask people for help but I wonder if you could me a favor

a make b c find d give 14 Mr And Mrs Hudson are always with each other about money

a annoying b discussing c arguing d shouting

15 I should like to thank you, my colleagues, for the welcome you have give us a on behalf of b on account for c because of d instead of 16 You ought to leave for the airport now there's a lot of traffic on the way

a in fact b on order c in time d in case 17 The children better leave now, it's getting late

a should b would c had d ought 18 He has just bought expensive new furniture

a an b those c these d some 19 The company employees are on strike is closing down for two weeks

a which b that c whose d both a and c 20 It's no use a language if you don't try to speak it to

a to learn b learning c learn d learned

II Read the passage and then choose one answer for each of the following questions;

course you can buy lots of medicines which will help to make your cold less unpleasant, but you must remember that nothing can actually cure a cold or make it go away faster Another thing is that any medicine which is strong enough to make you feel better could be dangerous If you are already taking drugs whether they are all right for you And remember they might make you sleepy -please don't try to drive if they do! Lastly, as far as avoiding colds is concerned, whatever you may be told about magic foods or drinks, the best answer is to keep strong and healthy -you'll have less chance of catching a cold, and if you do, it shouldn't be so bad,

1 This is from a a doctor's notebook

b a diary c a magazine

d a school biology book

2 What is the writer's intention? a To write in an amusing way b To give general advice c To complain about his / her health d To describe personal experiences

3 Who should talk to the doctor before buying medicine for a cold? a People who are already talking drugs b People who have never gone to the doctor's c People who have never caught a cold d People who are weak

4 What is the writer's opinion of "magic foods and drink"? a The writer doesn't believe in "magic foods and drinks" b The writer strongly believes in "magic foods and drink" c They are of great help d They are rarely dangerous

5 Which word in the paragraph is closest in meaning to "unhealthy"? a good b strong c healthy d weak

III Read the article below and put a cross on the letter next to the word that best fits each space.

Water is our life source It makes up 70 per cent of (1) bodies, and the average person actually spends 18 months of his life (2) the bath or shower But we are only now learning how to look (3) water Acid rain (4) polluted as many as 18,000 lakes and our seas and rivers are polluted with waste products It is now (5) expensive to try to repair the damage which has been

done We have some hope for the future, though, (6) new sources of water have been discovered People (7) in the Sahara Desert have (8) fish swimming in deep underground streams Scientists also believe (9) is a huge lake underneath London If we have (10)

anything from our mistakes, we will try to keep these new areas of water clean a the b their c our d these

2 a in b to c on d at a over b on c after d to a will b has c would d is a very b such c more d much a which b because c so d even a live b living c to live d lived a realized b put c looked d found a it b here c that d there 10 a taught b practiced c known d learnt

IV Fill in each gap in the passage below with one suitable word.

(3) because she does take things very seriously sometimes, but she doesn't get excited When we were small she almost never (4) at us When we did something wrong, she (5) to us

about it very firmly, but in a calm tone of voice If we shouted and (6) she made us go and sit by (7) in her sewing room until we calmed down So when the news came, she reacted in her (8) way, quietly seeing what she could to prepare for the (9) that were coming Dad, on the other hand, shouted, kicked a chair, and (10) for a long walk to try and cool off, During the next few

days he was (11) with us a lot of the time, which (12) us, as nothing was our fault All of us kids were (13) about what was going to happen, and a bit afraid, but we didn't talk to our parents much- Most of all we were (14) about having to (15) all of our school friends

V Use the words to make sentences.

1 We / go / airport / see / off/ last

2 When / arrive / victim / take / hospital / police wish / have / money / dictionary / yesterday friends / advise / not / go train / time

5 can / manage / write / report / yourself?

6 Would / mind / lend / motorbike / until / week? ask / whether / find / solution / problem / yet Brown / only / 30 years / director / big company father / tired / that / go / bed / right / dinner 10 It / until / yesterday / police / capture / robber

VI Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means the same as the one printed before it.

1 This is his first visit to England He is

2.1 think it may rain It looks as

3 He will come because he wants to be sure of meeting you He will come so

4 Walking in the rain gives him pleasure He enjoys

5 Most of a child's life is spent in playing A child spends

6 The fox was unsuccessful in reaching the grapes The fox tried in

COMPOSITION

Your favourite hobby

I Choose the word or phrase which best completes each sentence.

1 Darwin was a scientist in the nineteenth century

a world - wide b shining c fantastic d brilliant My father jogs a of miles every morning

a couple b little c double d some Don't bad habits in a child

a quarrel b form c blame d object She her parents for the failure other marriage

a quarreled b blamed c informed d objected We felt very to hear you were safe

a worried b relieved c confusing d convenient Having the table, Mrs Robert called the family for dinner

a laid b finished c ordered d prepared The team's success was largely our efforts

a because b by c come from d due to 8.1 was to go out when you telephoned

a plan b nearly c about d just Take this road and you will at the hotel in five minutes

a come b find c reach d arrive 10 Dr Nam was believed in New York

a had lived b to be living c having lived d living 11.1 feel as if my head on fire now, doctor

a were b is being c is d has been 12 It was difficult to a date which was convenient for everyone

a organise b make c arrange d provide 13 When I first came here, they this bridge yet

a didn't build b hadn't built c weren't building d wouldn't build 14 Sunday is a holiday most people rest

a which b where c that d when 15 Only when he is here, English

a he has spoken b speaks he c he speaks d does he speak 16 If I knew you busy, I wouldn't disturb you

a were b are c had been d would be 17 We both worked for three hours, she paid John more than me

a although b therefore c even d yet 18 The man towards us is an engineer

a coming b is coming c comes d to come 19 They for Paris by a.m tomorrow

a has left b will leave c will have left d will be leaving 20 We are not used late at night

a for studying b to studying c to study d being studied

II Read the passage and then choose one answer for each of the following questions:

The word "dinosaurs" comes from two Greek words meaning "terrible lizards", but their appearance could be truly terrifying The biggest ones weighed more than ten times as much as a mature elephant and nearly equaled the size of most modern day whales The famous kinds of dinosaurs, including the brontosaur and tyrannosaurus rex, reached 80 to 90 feet in length Not all dinosaurs were giants, however; some were actually not larger than a chicken

Scientists still not know what caused dinosaurs to disappear One theory involves a change in the earth's climate It is believed that temperatures dropped significantly towards the end of the Cretaceous Period Too large to hibernate and not having fur or feathers for protection, it is possible that the climate became too chilly for dinosaurs In contrast, other species having protection, such as the mammals and birds, were able to survive

1 What is the best title for this passage?

a The History of Parth b Parth's Largest Reptiles c The Metabolism of Dinosaurs d The Domination of the land

2 It can be inferred from the passage that the Age of Reptiles lasted about

a 135 million years b 80 million years c 200 million years d 65 million years In line 6, the author use the phrase "never to reemerge" to indicate that the dinosaurs

a went into hiding b lost their way c became extinct d never died out According to the passage, what is true about the size of dinosaurs?

a It was rather uniform b It guaranteed their survival c It made them the largest creatures ever on earth d It varied quite greatly The paragraph following the passage most likely discusses

a the ability of mammals to survive b other changes in the climate

c another theory about the disappearance of dinosaurs d the protection of other species

III Read the article below and put a cross on the letter next to the word that best fits each space.

Dear Editor,

I went to Newzealand on a student programme last year and I'd like to (1) you about it It was very (2) when I knew I was going to Newzealand because I had never been there before I didn't think about the problems of speaking English (3) I met my host family At first I couldn't communicate with them because my English was so bad All the eight years I (4) been learning wasn't much use at all, (6) we didn't have real practice at school Even though my grammar was good, my pronunciation wasn't My problem is pronouncing "l" and "r" For example, Newzealand people often asked "What you eat in Thailand?" I wanted to tell them that we eat rice, but they didn't understand when I said "We eat lice" My host mum helped me a lot by (6) my bad pronunciation I usually practiced by talking to myself when I had a shower, so no one could hear me After four months my English was (7) better Apart (8) English I learn to make my own breakfast and lunch I had to ride a bicycle to school everyday I went swimming and tried water-skiing and sailing, (9) was wonderful But the most valuable thing was that I learn to be (10) myself and to be independent

Kittiya Leelawipat, Commercial College, Bangkok, Thailand

1 a say b tell c talk d speak a exciting b excites c excited d excite a after b until c when d while a had b have c has d having a although b even c because d so

8.a from b with c for d to 9.a where b which c who d what 10 a with b on c to d by

IV Fill in each gap in the passage below with one suitable word.

When you are (1) to a meal in Thailand, the words of the invitation literally (2)come and eat rice Indeed, nearly all Thai (3) are eaten with rice, (4) grows there very easily (5) the climate is warm and there is (6) of rain The food is always (7) in neatly cut pieces, so there is no (8) to knives and forks but, instead, (9) spoons and forks are used The Thais used to eat with their (10) and there are still some people who eat this way There is a particular way of doing it First they wash their right hand in a bowl of (11) they only eat with their right hand They are careful not to let the food (12) the palm of their hand After the meal, the hand is again carefully washed The meal is usually made up (13) several different dishes, all of which are spicy They are served in bowls which everyone shares, (14) each person has their own bowl of rice As Thailand has a long coastline, it is not surprising that fish and shellfish (15) an important part in Thai cooking

V Use the words to make sentences.

I.I/ remember / see / Dr Nam / television / times parents / used / drink tea / dinner

3 take / them / years / build / bridge

4 accident / happen / while / drive / highway When / meet / her / talking / teacher you / hear / news / radio / this mornings? book / interesting / that / read / twice We / not know / when / manager / return doctor / whom / see / party / friend 10 train / arrive / Hanoi / in / hour

VI Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means the same as the one printed before it.

1 Couldn't you find a better hotel? > Is this ?

2 John began playing the piano ten years ago > John has They won't be able to come on Sunday > It will be She needs to study harder > She doesn't

5 I only paid a few hundred pounds for a car > This car My mother made these curtains >These curtains

COMPOSITION

Which season of the year you like best ? Why?

Practice test 6

I. Complete the sentences with except, except for, or except (for) if both are possible

1 All the countries signed the agreement Spain

2 He seemed to have hair everywhere - on the top of his head

3 I didn't stop working all morning, to make a cup of coffee at around 11.00

5 The room was empty a chair in one comer

6 I was never very good at any sports at school badminton

7 This plant is similar to the one in our garden, that the leaves are bigger We didn't speak any language at home English

9 The conference went according to plan the confusion over what time dinner started on the last day

10 We rarely go to the theatre around Christmas when we take the children

II.Where necessary, correct these sentences with besides or except (for) If the

sentence is already correct, put a .

1 If people in the area were really concerned about the noise your children make, others except your neighbours would have complained

2 Except for the occasional word in English I didn't understand anything of the Japanese film It is the best-selling brand of chocolate in all European countries besides Denmark and Greece Except for his three cars, he owns two motorbikes and a small lorry

5 In all medical operations, besides emergencies, the patient needs to give his or her consent

6 Besides sugar and carbohydrates, you ought to avoid eating too much meat

III Match the sentences and rewrite them as single sentences beginning But for the

1 The teachers were very enthusiastic a If they hadn't he would never have become a writer about the school play

His family encouraged him greatly b If they hadn't, most people in the country would have starved to death The two reporters had tremendous energy c Without this, the story would probably not

British people living abroad gave have come to light the party financial support, d Without this , it would never have been performed

Governments around the world

gave millions of dollars' worth of aid e Otherwise the party would not have been able to mount such a successful election campaign

IV Choose an appropriate word + on or about to complete each sentence

argument asked chat comment focused inquire insist knew letters reflect taught worry

1 Many students will now be starting to their exam results

2 We had an cleaning the house and she hasn't spoken to me since The time off work gave me the opportunity to what I wanted to next I him what he plans to after he leaves school

5 Much of the election debate has two issues, health and education She me a lot computer programming

7 Over the last two weeks we've received hundreds of the proposed new road

8 I'm phoning to tickets for tonight's concert

9 Over a cup of coffee we had a long her plans for the garden

10 The newspapers are today reporting that you are going to resign Perhaps you would like to that, Mr Green

11 The first I the accident was when the police arrived

12 I paying for my share of the meal

V Complete these sentences with about or about/on if both words are possible

1 a Professor Miles is speaking optical fibre technology at 4.30 in the large lecture theatre b I've never heard him speak what happened to him that night

b I've been reading a book giant bees that take over the world a She's got some fairly firm ideas what she does and doesn't like

b Fry's book has influenced the development of ideas music teaching a Some people don't like to talk their illnesses

b Michael gave a talk global warming at the conference in Vienna

5 a Researchers in Spain have put forward an idea the cause of the infection

b Have yen got any idea what to get her for Christmas?

VI If necessary, suggest appropriate corrections for these sentences, or put a .

1 I finally killed the fly by a rolled-up newspaper

2 You can make the drink taste better with adding sugar The report is urgent, so could you send it to me by fax Can I pay by my credit card?

5 He could only reach the window with standing on a ladder The parcel is so big it would cost a fortune to send it with air

7 She managed to complete the report before the deadline by working every evening and at weekends

8 I think she's coming by train

9 To escape, I had to break a window with a chair 10 He got the nail out of his shoes by a key

11 I spoke to her by the phone

VII Put in the correct or most appropriate preposition Sometime two answers are possible

1 I've been thinking your proposal, and I've decided I would like to join you after all

2 The more she learnt the American Civil War, the more fascinated with it she became know she thinks a lot your work, so you'll probably get the job

4 He slept soundly and only learnt the fire when he went to work nest morning

5 I am writing to enquire the possibility of hiring a conference room at the hotel on 2nd September

6 Karen's leaving and I'm thinking applying for her job

7 I phoned my solicitor and asked an appointment to see her

8 There seemed to be no way into the house without his keys But then he thought the window at the back he'd left open that morning

9 Only four people in the company knew the robbery

10 Conversation was rather slow until I asked [heir lives before they came to Canada 11 I'm thinking advertising for someone to take care of the garden

12 Terry phoned and asked me a lift into the office

13 She knows more classical music than anyone I've ever met

14 The government is going to enquire standards of health in the city

MONEY

figure of a person or animal on each coin to indicate its value

In the 1200s, people in China used iron coins for their currency These coins weren't worth very much, so people had to use a lot of them to make their purchases Because it was inconvenient to carry around a large number of heavy iron coins, the government started printing paper receipts People took these receipts to banks and traded them in for coins This is the first example we have of paper money

Today, most countries use a mixture of coins and paper bills for their currency In the United States, the paper bills are all the same size and color For example, the one-dollar bill is the same size and color as the one-hundred-dollar bill In many other countries, the bills come in various sizes and colors The smaller sized bills are worth less money This makes it easier for people to tell the value of their money at a glance All these facts make the history of money a fascinating study

Below are some trivia points about money

*Feathers were the lightest money ever They were used on the Pacific island of Santa Cruz

*Stones were the heaviest money ever They were used on the Pacific island of Yap Some weighed over 500 pounds

* The smallest money ever used was in Greece The coins were made of metal, but smaller than an apple seed

Vocabulary

I.Put the right word in the blanks The sentences are from the text.

1 People took these receipts to banks and ——————————— them in for coins Below are some ——————————— points about money

3 In the 1200s, people in China used ——————————— coins for their currency

4 They stamped the figure of a person or animal on each coin to ——————————— its value In many other countries, the bills come in ————————————— sizes and colors

6 At first, people used ————————————— metals, such as gold and silver, to make coins Today, our ————————————— is a mixture of coins and paper money

8 These coins weren't worth very much, so people had to use a lot of them to make their —

9 Because it was inconvenient to carry around a large number of heavy iron coins, the government started printing paper —————————————

10 ———have found coins dating from 600 B.C., so we know they have been around for a long time 11 All these face make the history of money a ————————————— study

12 Before metal coins and paper existed, people used a lot of unusual things to buy what they needed

II Put the right word in the blanks.

trivia fascinating iron archeologists various indicate currency precious traded bills receipts purchases

1 Each country has its own ———————— In Mexico, it's the peso, and in Japan, it's the yen After they'd scraped away the dirt the ————————— saw the pattern on the vase My friends are more ————————————— to me than the most valuable jewels

6 ———————————is used in making tools, machinery and other strong items When we returned from the shops, Rita put her _ on the table

8 Dollar —————— get worn after a few years, even though they're made from very strong paper Bill entered a — contest He won when he was able to recite all the Oscar winners from the movies of 1972

10 He was an actor in his early life, then had ———— other careers until he retired

11 Paul ——————————his hockey sticks for his friend's skates, I think they're both happy 12 If you can —————————— what time you're leaving, then I can suggest what train to catch

III Put the right word in the blanks.

gradually mainland illuminated puzzled fully radius destroyed atmosphere crowds prevent actual articles

1 I think the ——————————— cost was much higher The first price was just guesswork There are always ———————at film premieres They come to see their favorite stars arrive It was ————————————— a moment before she realized that the train

had gone and there wouldn't be another for three hours

4 "Find the ——— of the circle and double it Then you'll have the diameter," the teacher told them There are several ————————————— about the crisis in today's newspapers

6 As they climbed the mountain, the summit ——————————— appeared

7 "Everyone ready? We're approaching the —————————!" shouted the captain to his crew That new factory is spoiling the ———————————— of our quiet village

9 The lights of the houses ————————————— the dark winter night 10- Chris was lucky to escape without being hurt His car was 11 That high fence is to ————————————— thieves from entering

12 We were ——————————— by the lack of mail until we realized there was a postal strike

Comprehension: Multiple Choice

IV Put a circle around the letter of the best answer.

1 In China in the 1200s, coins were made from ——————————— a gold b silver c copper d iron Archeologists have found coins dating from about ———————————

a 6000 B.C b 600 B.C c 1600 B.C d 1000 B.C In most countries, the ——————————— is a mixture of paper and coins;

a dollar b precious metal b currency d receipt

4 Traders in China used iron coins, which they traded at ————————— for paper money a banks b warehouses c teahouses d market places Archeologists are people who study the ———————————

a present b future c ways people trade d past

6 The Chinese started to use ———————————- instead of carrying around heavy iron coins a sharks' teeth b receipts c gold and silver d dollars

7 ——————————— were the lightest money ever

a sharks' teeth b seashells c feathers d stones ———————————— were the heaviest money ever

a sharks' teeth b seashells c feathers d stones Some of the stone money weighed over ——————————— pounds

a 500 b 600 c 60 d 5000 10 The smallest money ever was used in

11 The smallest coins ever were about the size of———————

a a postage stamp b an apple seed c an apple core d a seashell 12 The bills of other countries come in——————————— and colors

a the same b inconvenient c various d identical

Questions

V The asterisk ( *) means you have to think of the answer You cannot find it in the texts.

1 What are some of the things people used before there was money? *2 Why did they use them?

3 Do we know for certain when metal coins were first used? What is the date of the earliest coins?

5 What metal were the first coins made from?

*6 How most countries indicate the value of coins today? What metal were Chinese coins made from in the 1200s? What country made the first paper money?

9 Why did they make paper money? 10 Where did the people take the receipts?

11 Are paper bills the same size and shape in the United State? 12 Are bills the same size and shape in other countries?

VI Main Ideas

Which is the main idea of this chapter? Choose one.

1 In the early days, many unusual things were used as money Paper currency started in China in the 1200s

3 Coins and paper gradually replaced shells and sharks' teeth of early money

Practice test 8

Reading Practice

Read the following passage

The pecan was highly regarded as a wild nut tree by the settlers in what are now the border states to Mexico and the upper South of the United States Today, they are grown chiefly in Georgia and Alabama where they are harvested from wild and seedling trees They are also grown in Louisiana, Texas, and Oklahoma There is little growing of the pecan outside the United States, although it has been successfully introduced to Australia and China

EXERCISE

Work with a partner, with a group, or alone to answer the following questions Write or say the answers,

Who regarded the pecan highly ?

Task What words you know for people living in a country ? Are these people settlers ? Give reasons

What kinds of trees are pecans harvested from ? Task What plants grow from ? Describe the life of a plant What does a pecan nut have on the outside ?

Task What other fruits or nuts you know that have a dry outer shell ? What surrounds the two kernels ?

Task Name three things that have shells What fruits or nuts have an inside part or a kernel ?

Conversation Practice

Read the following conversation

Tom : Betty, I'd like you to meet my friend, Sonja She's an immigrant from Russia Betty : I'm pleased to meet you, Sonja As you know, I'm a colleague of Tom's Sonja : Oh, yes Tom has told me so much about you

Betty : Are you enjoying Southern California ?

Sonja : Yes, very much As a matter of fact already feel like a native. I've even learned to surf Betty : Wonderful ! But what is that you're eating ? It certainly isn't a California orange

Sonja : No it's a pomegranate Would you like to try one ? Betty ; Why, yes, thank you

Sonja : You can't eat the rind, naturally, just the flesh around the seeds. It's very sweet Im sure you'll like it

Betty : Thank you, Sonja That's very nice of you In return, I'll bring you some blooms from my rose garden Sonja : Thank you I'd like that I must be going now See you tomorrow

EXERCISE

Work with a partner, with a group, or alone to answer the following questions 1.Is Sonja a tourist from Russia ?

Task What you think is the difference between a tourist and an immigrant ? How does Betty know Tom ?

Task What other words for friends you know ?

How does Sonja feel about living in Southern California ?

Task What is typical of a native of your country ? Name some native fruits or plants of your country What can you and can't you eat on a pomegranate ?

Task Name some other fruits with a rind, flesh, and seeds What will Betty bring Sonja ?

Task Name three plants with blooms

A Types of Inhabitants

inhabitant dweller resident pioneer settler native colonist immigrant

time

Ex. The only human inhabitants of the Gobi desert are some nomadic tribes

2 dweller= a person or animal that lives in a named place such as a cave, tree, or a city

Ex. Most city dwellers get used to the high levels of noise

3 resident = a person or animal that lives in a place, usually a house, but is not a visitor It is also used for a person who lives permanently in a particular country or state

Ex Most of the residents of this neighborhood park their cars on the street

4 pioneer = a person who is one of the first to come to an unknown land, and then is followed by others A person who is the first to discover something which opens the way to others

Ex. The Wright brothers were pioneers in aviation

5 native = used of a person, plant, or animal when you refer to the place of its origin

Ex. The Koala bear is a native of Australia

6 settler = a person who is one of the first of a group to put their roots down in a new country

Ex. The first settlers in America were the Pilgrims who came from England

7 colonist = a person who is one of a group of settlers from the same country or under the control of the same country

Ex. The early colonists faced many hardships in a new land

8 immigrant = a person who comes to a country to make a new home there The first immigrants are called settlers

Ex Alexander Graham Bell, the inventor of the telephone, was an immigrant who came to America from Scotland

EXERCISE

Circle T if the sentence is TRUE and F if thesentence is FALSE

1 A pioneer usually lives in a hotel or a house T F The aborigines, a group of people who always lived in Australia, are immigrants to Australia T F A native Californian is a person who was born in California T F A colonist is a person who lives in a cave or tree T F Cave dwellers are usually called colonists T F A resident is a person who comes to a new country to settle and live there T F The most commonly known inhabitant of the North Pole is the polar bear T F European settlers came to live in America in the 17th century T F

EXERCISE

Complete the sentences with the correctanswer

1 The Dutch who went and lived in South Africa were a colonists b natives c dwellers

2 The orangutan, a large ape, is a of Sumatra and Borneo a pioneer b native c dweller

3 Levi Strauss, the man who invented blue jeans, was to the United States from Germany a an immigrant b a settler c an inhabitant

4 The native American Indians helped the first from England to survive in a new land a residents b inhabitants c settlers

5 Dinosaurs were one of the first of the earth a immigrants b inhabitants c residents

7 Cave left drawings on the walls of their caves a residents b dwellers c pioneers

8 Yuri Gagarin was a in space travel a settler b native c pioneer

The Life of Plants

seedling - sprout - shoot- bud - to bloom ( to blossom) - to wilt- to droop - to wither

1 a seedling = a tiny young plant which has just grown from a seed Ex Ten days after the seeds were planted, the seedlings appeared

2 a sprout= a new growth from a plant, especially a vegetable

Ex. These onions must be old, they have sprouts on them

3 a shoot = a new growth from a plant or a new branch of a tree

Ex. After the rose bush was cut back, new shoots started to grow

4 a bud = a flower which has not yet opened, or the beginnings of a leaf

Ex. When you buy roses they are usually buds to blossom = to flower, usually used for fruit trees

Ex. In the spring, the cherry trees blossom

6 to bloom or to be in bloom = to have flowers or to be in flower

Ex. The park is beautiful with the roses in bloom

7 to wilt = to become less fresh or weak, or to lose strength

Ex. In hot weather most flowers start to wilt because they need water to droop = to hang downwards

Ex. It was sad to see the sunflowers drooping towards the ground to wither = to start to dry up and / or become smaller in size

Ex. Because there had been no rain for a year, the fruit on the trees started to wilt EXERCISE

Put the following words in the order ofgrowth of a plant's life Start from the beginning of a plant's life a shoot a seedling to wither a bud to droop to bloom to wilt

EXERCISE

Complete the sentences with the correctanswer

1 When the orange trees are there is a sweet fragrance in the air a blooming b blossoming c withering

2 The roses I left in the car yesterday started to after a couple of hours in the heat a wither b blossom c wilt

3 That tree has not grown very much in years, but this year there is a new coming out a shoot b bud c sprout

4 After you plant your seeds, don't forget to water them every day or you won't see any a blooms b seedlings c buds

5 The heads of the flowers were after two weeks without water a blooming b wilting c drooping

6 If you keep potatoes in a warm and damp place they will grow a sprouts b seedlings c buds

7 The hills look golden when the gold poppies are in a bud b bloom c blossom

a bloom b wither c blossom

9 When we got the plant, we didn't know that the would open into such beautiful blooms

a sprouts b buds c shoots

Parts of a Fruit or Nut

1 the seed / stone / pit = the small hard part of a fruit that can grow into a small plant

Ex. Cherries have hard seeds / stones / pits

2 the pip = the small seed of fruit, usually of apples, oranges, lemons, etc It is sometimes used instead of "pit," "seed," or "stone."

Ex. When you make orange juice be sure to take the pips out

3 the kernel = the inside part of a fruit stone, a nut, or wheat It also means the important or central part of something

Ex. The pistachio nut has a delicious green kernel

4 the peel = the outer covering of a fruit such as on oranges or apples

Ex. You cannot eat a banana with its peel on

5 the rind = the outer covering of certain fruits like oranges, lemons, or melons

Ex. Orange rind and lemon rind are often candied or used in marmalade

6 the skin = the general word for the outer covering of a fruit such as the peel, the rind, the husk

Ex. If you put tomatoes in boiling water, the skin will come off more easily the husk = the dry outer covering of a fruit, nut, or grain

Ex. You remove the husk from corn before eating it the flesh = the soft substance of a fruit

Ex The peach has a soft yellowish flesh

9 the shell = the hard outer covering of a fruit, nut, or egg

Ex. Most common nuts like hazelnuts, almonds, and walnuts have shells

EXERCISE

Circle T if the sentence is TRUE and F if thesentence is FALSE The shell is the outer covering of an apple T F

2 The skin is a general word for a fruit T F A pip is the small seed of a fruit T F The peel is the outer covering of apples or pears T F The husk is the dry, outer covering of grain T F The rind is the outer covering of certain fruit such as oranges and lemons T F Flesh is the soft, juicy substance of fruit T F The kernel is the most important part of an apple T F

EXERCISE

Complete the sentences with the correct answer

1 The is the part that can become a new plant a husk b peel c kernel

2 After taking the outer covers off the corn we were surrounded by a pile of a kernels b flesh c husks

3 Some watermelons have a million a pips b shells c rinds Plums have hard

6 Lemon is often used in cakes a rind b husk c pip The of an egg is not good to eat

a peel b husk c shell

8 A brown often shows that a piece of fruit is old a skin b pit c kernel

9 A banana is usually yellow when ripe

a flesh b kernel c peel Test on Living Things

Directions : Choose the answer that could best replace the underlined word or phrase without changing the meaning of thesentence

1 A coconut palm's blossom is the main ingredient in several soft and alcoholic drinks (A) root (B) flower (C) fruit (D) flesh

2 European cave dwellers depicted herds of mammoths with humps on their backs (A) inhabitants (B) immigrants (C) foes (D) skins

3 Young nettle shoots have been used as food for a long time (A) seeds (B) roots (C) leaves (D) kernels

4 A corn kernel should have at least 14 percent water so that it can pop under heat (A) husk (B) seed (C) rind (D) bloom

5 By 1830, the lure of land had drawn increasing numbers of pioneers westward (A) dwellers (B) competitors (C) settlers (D) allies

6 There was an old superstition that a sage plant will droop if its owner is unwell (A) peel off (B) shoot up (C) hang down (D) dry up

7 The breadfruit is a round fruit with a rough rind and a soft pulpy inside (A) skin (B)husk (C) shell (D) bloom

8 Frederick W Taylor was the pioneer of scientific management (A) immigrant (B) inventor (C) foe (D) ally

9 After the first year at Plymouth in 1620-21, half the colonists died (A) companions (B) enemies (C) settlers (D) foes

10 The almond, native to the Mediterranean, grows abundantly in California (A) relative (B) pioneer (C) original (D) immigrant

11 When picking tea leaves, the bud and the two or three leaves below it are removed (A) old seedling (B) husk (C) rind (D) new leaf

Practice test 9

I Choose the word or phrase which best completes each sentence.

1 My mother can't seeing me at home all day

a stop c give up b stand d suffer When the company had to lay off a number of workers, he became

a considerate c deliberate b redundant d dismissed

3 Dr Johnson is a very man in our neighborhood

a impossible c unpopular b unlike d disliked This time next week they to the United States

a will be flying c are flying b will fly d have flown My uncle Tom, you met the other day, is one of the best lawyers in the city

a whose c whom b that d both b and c are correct Mike always keeps his promise, so you can rely him

a to c on b for d at They asked me I had read 'Moby Dick' by Herman Melville

a what c whether b if d both b and c are correct 8.1 will have your bicycle before returning it to you

a repaired c repairing b to repair d repair Only when you are old enough the truth

a you know c will you know b you know d you know 10 We are listening to her advice

a interested with c tired in b bored in d tired of

11 He has been a war for many years and covered the war in Rwanda last year a correspondent c editor b newsman d reporter 12 She was in the countryside and sent to a little village school

a brought on c taught b brought up d learned

13 The meeting was attended by nearly one hundred scientists, several of were very young

a them c who b those d whom 14 He doesn't write to his parents as often as he

a used to c got used to b was to d.had to 15 My hair needs but I've been too busy to have it cut

a being cut c cutting b to cut d cut 16 Had they arrived at the fair early, they what they wanted

a would have found c had found b found d find 17 After having been held for years, he was released yesterday

a passive c pensive b active d captive

18 You cannot the truth when that detective questions you yesterday a release c contain b reveal d captive

19 There is great in climbing Mr Everest, but many people have made the attempt a trial c drill b pause d

peril

20 His parents are trying to him to get married

a cause c.deserve b determine d persuade

Chess must be one of the oldest games in the world An Arab traveller in India in the year 900 wrote that it was played "long, long ago" Chess was probably invented in India, and it has been played everywhere from Japan to Europe since 1400 The name "chess" is interesting When one player is attacking the other's King, he says in English, "Check"; when the King has been caught and cannot move anywhere he says "Check mate" These words come from Persian "Shah mat" means" the king is dead", that is when the game is over and one player has won

Such an old game changes very slowly The rules have not always been the same as they are now For example, at one time the queen could only move one square at a time Now she is the strongest piece on the board It would be interesting to know why this has happened! Chess takes time and thought, but it is a game for all kinds of people You don't have to be a champion in order to enjoy it It is not always played by two people sitting at the same table The first time the Americans beat the Russians was in a match played by radio Some of the chess masters are able to play many people at the same time The record was when one man played 400 games! It is said that some people play chess by post This must make chess the slowest game in the world

1 Which of the following is known to be true? a Chess is an old Indian travelling game b Chess is the oldest game in the world c Chess was played in Japan and Europe before 1400 d Chess was played in India long before 900

2 One player has won the game when a he attacks the other player's King

b he says some Persian words

c the other player's King can not move anywhere d he says "check" to the r other player

3 According to the old rules of the game a the queen was the attacked all the time b the King had to attacked all the time

c the queen could move no more than one square at a time d the king could not move anywhere

4 Which of the following will you hear when one player has won the game?

a "Shah mat" c "the King is dead" b "check" d "check mate"

5 Which of the following is NOT correct? a All kinds of people can play chess b only two people can play chess sitting at the same table c Some people write each other playing chess d The Russians lost the game player by radio

III Read the article below and put a cross on the letter next to the word that best fits each space.

Should smoking be banned in public places?

(1) show beyond doubt that cigarette smoking can (2) the health, yet a surprisingly large number of people continue to smoke (3) all warnings By doing so

they are not just shortening their own lives, they are also affecting the health of (4) around them It is time that non-smokers fought back!

Personally, I think smoking should (5) be banned in public places In the first place, it is very unpleasant (6) in a smoke-filled room, such as a restaurant or cinema, if you not yourself smoke (7) to this, smoking can be a serious fire risk, especially in crowed places (8) discos

Finally, in my opinion, nobody should be asked to risk his heath just because of another person's bad habits

non-smokers should also be free to go anywhere they choose without risking their health

Smoking is harmful not just to smokers but to non-smokers too If some people are foolish enough to continue this dangerous habits, it seems to me that they should at least be prevented (10) doing so in public

1 a Survey b Conducts c Statistics d Evidence a damage b destroy c spoil d hurt a thanks to b in spite of c because of d due to a they b these c those d things 5.a definite b indefinite c indefinitely d definitely 6.a sit b to sit c sitting d sat 7.a add b adding c to add d added 8.a for b as c like d such 9.a protest b object c refuse d deserve 10.a for b at c from d in

IV Fill in each gap in the passage below with one suitable word.

For over a hundred years, the (1) of London have gone to bed and (2) up in the morning to the deep sounds of the world (3) bell called Big Ben The (4)

appeared in Westminster Tower a year before the clock, in 1858 It (5) 13.5 tons, and it is the (6) bell in all England

As we have (7) the clock that the bell serves appeared one year later, in 1859 Each of the clock's four (8) is almost 6.5 metres (9) diameter The minute hand is over metres (10) and weighs over 100 kilograms (11) the clock is so big, it is very exact, it is seldom more than one second (12) in 1924 hours English scientists use an original method to correct (13) in the clock There is a small tray in the middle of the pendulum If the clock is running slow, they put a penny coin in the tray, and the clock begins to run (14) If the clock begins to run fast, they take (16) the penny The little coin is enough to make the giant clock run a second faster or slower every day

V Use the words to make sentences

Dear Betty

1 Thank you / invite me / your birthday party 2.1 / afraid / not be able / come

3 We / have / many things to / this week The boss / ask / me / work overtime

5.1 / promise / so/ and / have to keep / promise 6.1 / wish / can go to party

7 If I / be there / all of us / have good time

8 I'll be thinking / you / when I / type / piles of letters 9.1 / hope / your party / a success

10.1 / wish happy returns

VI Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means the same as the one printed before it.

1 He started investigating the case a week ago He has I'm quite sure that she didn't steal the necklace She can't The flat's very noisy but we enjoy living there Even

4 "If I were you I wouldn't trust Peter," she told John She advised She is a far serious student now than she used to be She studies Your car does not give as much trouble as mine Your car

Smoking damages our health (Smoking is harmful to our health)

Class work umbrellas

The umbrella is a very ordinary object It keeps the rain and the sun off people Most umbrellas

fold up, so it is easy to carry them

However, the umbrella did not begin life as an ordinary object It was a sign of royalty or importance Some African tribes still use umbrellas in this way today Someone carries an umbrella and walks behind the king or important person.Umbrellas are very old The Chinese had them in the eleventh century B.C From there, umbrellas traveled to India, Persia, and Egypt In Greece and Rome, men wouldn't use them Thcv believed umbrellas were only for women When the Spanish explorers went to Mexico, they saw the Aztec kings using umbrellas English explorers saw Native American princes carrying umbrellas on the east coast of North America It seems that people in different parts ot the world invented umbrellas at different times England was probably the first country in Europe where ordinary people used umbrellas against the rain England has a rainy climate, and umbrellas are very useful there

Everybody uses umbrellas today The next time you carry one, remember that for centuries only great men and women used them Perhaps you arc really a king or queen, a princess or prince

Vocabulary

Put the right word in the blanks

prince princess objects seems importance fold wouldn't climate queen king royalty tribe

1 A————————————— is the daughter of a king and queen A ————————————— is the son of a king and queen They are all

2 Bill ————————————— very unhappy today Whai is wrong?

3 The Yanomaini had no metal They only had ————————————— made of wood and stone

5 The Hopi are a ————————————— in Anzona

Qatar has a desert —————————————, but Malaysia is in the tropics

After you write a letter, you ———————————— it and put it in an envelope

Vocabulary Review Underline the word that does not belong

1 around, about, nearly, behind

2 movie theater, art museum, gymnasium, science museum governor, collector, traveler, sailor

4 jungle, navy, forest, trees game, team, win, adventure dozen, eighteen, kilo, eleven hook, button, flexible, zipper slide, receive, take, accept lead, gold, coal, silver

10 princes, kings, queens, princess

Comprehension

Put a circle around the letter of the best answer The asterisk (*) means you have to think of the answer You cannot find it in the text.

1 Today, people use umbrellas for

a the rain b a sign of a great person c the sun d a, b, and c

2 A queen is a ————— person

a royal b holiday c embarrassing d jewelry

3 A great person walks ———— someone with an umbrella

a beside b in front of c before d in back of India and Persia learned about umbrellas from _

a Aztecs • c China b Egypt d Spanish explorers

*5- Moo: groups o^ people had some kind of

a coal c ink

b. royalty d mail

Practice test10

I Choose the word or phrase which best completes each sentence.

1 Her parents were very because she was out so late that night a sorry c worried b frightening d worry

2 They flew to the island Then a car for three days and visited most places of interest a hired c managed b lent d spent

3 Because of the heavy rain we had to the dinner party until the following Sunday a re-arrange c reserve b postpone d give up

4 When he heard the terrible noise, he asked me what was on a happening c coming b getting d going The three friends all for the same job

a avoided c.refused b should d had better Take this road and you will at the hotel in five minutes

a arrive c find b come d reach The weather was awful I wish it warmer

a was c had been b were d will be That's where I when I was young

a was living c was used to live b used to live d used to living

10 She will accept the job the salary is satisfactory

a unless c so long as b provided d both b and c are correct

11.I managed the book I was looking for

a finding c find b found d to find 12 He suffers bad headaches

a in c from b about d of

13 Did anyone clean the windows? No, they but they weren't

a should clean b should have been cleaned c should have cleaned d should be cleaned

14 If you had come to the party, you her

a would meet c had met b would have met d met

15 She told me that she English literature

a has studied c had been studying b has been studying d would have studied

16 When we visited the zoo on Sunday, it was very crowed, but on a weekday it's practically

a full c empty b uncrowned d unoccupied 17 We delayed our departure the weather condition

a on account for c in front of b on behalf of d ahead of 18 Bill is phoning his girlfriend again That's the third time he her this evening a is phoning c has phoned b phones d will phone 19 It was difficult to a date which was convenient for everyone

a elect c arrange b organize d provide

20 This composition needs

a rewritten c being rewritten b to rewrite d rewriting

II Read the passage and then choose one answer for each of the following questions:

The agricultural revolution in the nineteenth century involved two things: the invention of labor-saving machinery and the development of scientific agriculture Labor-labor-saving machinery naturally appeared first where labor was scarce "In Europe," said Thomas Jefferson, "the object is to make the most of their land, labor being abundant; here it is to make the most of our labor, land being abundant." It was in the United States, therefore, that the great advances in nineteenth-century agricultural machinery first came

Oliver of South Bend, Indiana, turned out the first chilled-steel plow What is the main topic of the passage?

a The need for agricultural advances to help feed a growing population b The development of safer machines demanded by the labor movement

c Machinery that contributed to the agricultural revolution d New Jersey as a leader in the agricultural revolution

2 The expression "make the most of in line is closest in meaning to a get the best yield from b raise the price

of

c exaggerate the worth of d earn a living on

3 Which of the following can be inferred from what Thomas Jefferson said (lines 4-6)?

a Europe was changing more quickly than the United States b Europe had greater need of farm machinery than the United States did

c The United States was finally running out of good farmland d There was a shortage of workers on United States farms

4 What point is the author making by stating that farmers could carry nearly all their tools on their backs? a Farmers had few tools before agricultural revolution b People in the United States were traditionally self-reliant c Life on the farm was extremely difficult d New tools were designed to be portable

5 According to the passage, which of the following statements about Charles Newbold is true? a He was James Olive's assistant b He was born in Europe c He was opposed to scientific agriculture d He spent his own money to promote his invention

III Read the article below and put a cross on the letter next to the word that best fits each space.

When you (1) a new car, you should start by using consumer magazines You can find them in the (2) section of a library You can read about the advantages and disadvantages of each new car and get (3) of how much you should pay When you decide (4) which make and (5) you want to buy, you should go to a dealer and test-drive the car to see (6) you like it The

salesperson will tell you the sticker price You should bargain with the salesperson and make (7)based on what you learned from the consumer magazines Then you should go to one or two other dealers to see if you can get a better price Sometimes you have to go back and forth several times between dealers to bargain for the best price When you agree on a price with a salesperson, you usually have to leave a small (8). The salesperson writes up a contract that you both have to sign When the dealer (9) the car, you have to pay the balance or get a loan Most people make a down payment and take out a loan for the rest You can get a loan from a bank or sometimes from the auto company. You can (10) the loan over a period of time,

usually from two five years

1 a shop for b. purchase for c afford for d get for

6 a as b.that c when d if

7 a an offer b. a price c a payment d a judgement

8 a tip b deposit c gift d payment 9.a.drives b delivers c orders d presents 10, a cover b carry out c give away d pay off

IV Fill in each gap in the passage below with one suitable word Write the words in the spaces on your answer sheet.

Most people think that the older you (1) the (2) it is to learn a new language That is, they believe that children learn (3) easily and efficiently than adults Thus, at some point in our lives, maybe around age 12 or 13, we lose the (4) to leam language well Is this idea fact or myth?

Is it true that children learn a foreign language more efficiently than adults? On the (5) research studies suggest that the opposite may be true One report, on 2,000 Danish children studying Swedish, (6) that the teenagers learned more, in less time, than the younger children Another report, on Americans learning Russian, showed a direct improvement of (7) over the (8) range tested, that is, the ability to learn increased as the age (9) ^ from childhood to adulthood

There are several possible (10) for these (11) For one thing, adults know more about the world and therefore are able to understand meanings more easily than children Moreover, adult can use (12) thinking to help themselves see pattern in the language Finally, adults have more self-discipline than children All in all, it seems that the (13) idea that children are better language (14) than adults may not be facts, (15) myth

V Use the words to make sentences.

1.1 / happy / get / letter

2 How long / you / waiting / answer When /1 / her / talking / John father / impossible / home / lunch He'll / seventeen / old / Saturday 6.I / interested / films / children

7 advise / not / to go to / bus / next time jacket / small / not fit / me

9 We I go I airport / meet him / tomorrow 10 After 111 entered / house /it/to rain

VI Rewrite the following sentences in such a way that it means the same as the one printed before it.

1.1 was drowning, but he saved me > If he

2 Sally is the cleverest student in the class >Nobody 3.1 have never read such a romantic story >This is

4 We can't afford to buy the car >The car His parents made him study for his exams > He was We started cooking for the party four hours ago >We have

COMPOSITION

Class work

The value of music to the happiness of man

Music has always been a source of happiness to all men on the earth From their primitive days, men's love of music has led them to make instruments of all descriptions to produce beautiful music for their enjoyment and happiness.

Without music the world would indeed be a very dull place to live in Even nature is full of music There is music in the movements of the winds, the sea, as well as the trees : there is music in the calls of the birds, files and insects and also in the flight of the birds and animals It is from all these things that men have learnt to appreciate the value of music The same things have also taught men how to produce music from the simplest of things such as sticks, bamboos, and animalhorns Men make many kinds of flutes with bamboos which produce beautiful music

That music is very important for men's happiness is hard to deny Music removes men's depression and fills them with gladness It is for this reason that music is played even in hospitals to cheer up the sick people.

As music has the capacity to make men happy It contributes greatly to men s success in life A happy man is a good and hard worker He works happily among people and earns the goodwill of all around People like to associate with him and to employ him in all kinds of work Thus, he leads a happy and successful life.

Practice test11

Read the following conversation

Lisa : My goodness, Carol, what are you doing at the library so late ? Carol : I'm doing research for my term paper

Lisa : What course is it for ? Carol : Introduction to Psychology Lisa : Who's your professor ?

Carol : Dr Kent is teaching the course

Lisa : I know her I attended onne of her seminars last month Carol : Really ? Was it offered here on campus ?

Lisa : Yes, it was held in the auditorium Carol : Did you like it ?

Lisa : Oh, very much As a matter of fact, I thought her lectures were so interesting that I've registered for one of her classes next semester

Class work

"man to lead, woman to follow".

Do you agree?

Any man who says this to a feminist would probably be called a "Male Chauvinist Pig" MCP for short The days when men led and women followed are gone

Long ago the men were the one who had the physical ability to provide food and shelter for his charges. which included women and children Men were made to the job of hunting, ploughing and other activities that required physical strength and skill Women not have the necessary physical attributes They were made to have children and keep a home

Nowadays things are very different In most parts of the world now, there is no need for anyone to go hunting for good or demanding physical work In fact hunting has largely vanished In its place are large farms of domesticated animals that provide all the necessary food To work the farms, there are machines that can the work better than any man or men So man's physical strength is hardly necessary for survival now

The main concern for man and woman of this age is how to survive in this increasingly complex world This requires knowledge, not physical strength And as far as knowledge is concerned, man and woman have about the same ability

We have women who are doctors, engineers, teachers, drivers, lecturers, prime ministers and other professionals They are in no way Inferior to men and in some ways better although no man would like to admit this Thus women can survive equally well In this world as men

To ask a woman professional to submit to a man who does not even have half her ability would be foolish and Immature Only a male chauvinist would this and there are plenty around, especially the religious ones who still cling on to religious precepts although these precepts have far outlived their usefulness It is the egoistic male who insists he leads when clearly he is incapable of doing so

For the most part of man s history, men have been the leaders If we are nature enough to look at the facts of our world, we have to admit it is these men who have made a mess of it The men had had thousands of years of practice in running the world and they have failed miserably They are still trying without much success They led, and the rest suffered This is not to say that women can better Perhaps if men and women had shared the reins of leadership, the world would not be in this awful mess

It would be for the better if the human race in general discard this prejudice of women being inferior to men Men and women are made to complement each other, not for one to subjugate the other One cannot exist without the other, so it is only logical that they share the responsibilities of living together It is not a matter of who leads who It is a matter of walking side-by-side-together

Vocabulary :

2 charge (n) : person or thing left in sb's care vanish (v) : disappear

4 submit (v) : accept the control egoistic (adj.) : of an egoist , selfish

6 complement (v) : combine well ( often contrastingly ) with (sth) to form a whole subjugate (v) : conquer

8 Chauvinist (n) : person displaying or feeling chauvinism ( aggressive or irrational belief that one's own country is better than all others)

9 precept (n) : rule or guide, esp for behaviour 10 outlive one's usefulness : no longer useful 11 reins (n)) : means of control, role

12 discard (v ) : throw away, stop using

lesson 12 - class work

The problems facing old and young in a rapidly changing society

We are living in a world which is characterized by change Generally speaking, the change has been towards progress Change and progress have created certain problems that confront both the young and old Old values stand at a discount and new values are accepted, though with reluctance Social life has become complex and new social problems have cropped up The change has been so rapid that many find themselves in a state of flux

The head of the family who traditionally enjoyed importance at home, now finds that much of it has whittle away He has to respect the view of others at home and has to recognise their attitudes and manners Reason, he finds, has substituted, to a large extent, tradition and obligations He can no longer impose his will on others and where conservatism has got the better of him, he feels dejected and ignored This sense of loss of position and importance can have bad psychological consequences

The old have to change their attitude towards jobs They find that in the rat race, they have to learn and equip themselves with necessary skills if they want to compete The experience that they have gained at a particular job can no longer be equated with security and promotion They have to compete with those equipped with new knowledge and expertise

The old have to accept the changed values, and values prescribe certain principles of personal and corporate conduct As society changes, values change and thus changed values would imply changed morality But one must hasten to add that the basic values of the present generation are not different from those of the earlier Corruption is not justified on the ground of changed values But our attitude towards elders, jobs, the family etc, have changed and the old find it difficult to accept them With the disappearance of the extended family system, the old family ties a pre-eminence of the oldest members, the old are often left in the home of the aged The old find it difficult to reconcile themselves to the situation The old feel that the young not understand or appreciate their values and attitudes

Young people today experience problems which were unheard of before They are often

branded as a generation with no respect for anyone The information they have gathered about the problems of growing up make them feel more about them and they demand sympathy and understanding To them the problems are genuine and the old ignore them In their search for solace and comfort, they value the company of their peer-group more than the affection of parents which is often not demonstrated They are often driven off their homes, often there develops a conflict at home, the parents enforcing discipline and the children asserting their independence

their children to accomplish ambitions beyond their ability and when their attempts are thwarted both the parents and children feel frustrated

We are living in a fast changing world The developments in the last three decades or so have transformed traditional life patterns The rapidity of this transformation requires man to be adaptable and this need for adaptation creates problems for both the old and the young

Lesson 13 WOMEN

Judy: Women are women regardless of nationality or culture. Deep down, they all want the same thing

Taro I beg to diner with you Japanese women are not interested in women's liberation, for example.

Judy: You can't make me believe that they enjoy making tea in the office, to name one indignity

Taro: But making tea is an easy job isn't it ?

I had to go out and pound sidewalks to try to sell cars. Do women want to that ?

Judy: It's better than making tea and washing tea cups Taro: You may think so, but Japanese girls don't.

They'll get married and be taken care of by their husbands for the rest of their lives.

Judy: You mean work like a slave for the rest of their lives. And how about a lower pay?

Taro: That's where you're mistaken There is no discrimination in beginning salaries in Japan Men and women of the same degree get the same payment

Judy: May be so But then the men are promoted and the women are not Taro: You're wrong again,

PAPER ONE: READING

PART ONE Questions 1-20

* Look at questions 1- 20

• Fill in each blank with a suitable word or phrase taken from the box below No none except a great many many of had better ask should better ask are

copy dividing has edition will want to here and there wanted to sharing whose worked extension who worked expansion probably must also would neither punished without sentenced another cooked didn’t we drama was cooking performance did we not leave not to leave fewer work other less work I want some sugar, but there is in the bowl

2. heat from the sun there would be no life on Earth I don’t think we are on the right road We someone exhibitions are like huge market places for the sale of goods The first of a book is sometimes very valuable

6 The development of new crop strains greatly increased yields You and I went there together ?

8 The judge _ the criminal to twenty years in prison 9.1 called on her yesterday, she a meal at the time 10 They went from one shop to

11 She finally decided her children alone in the house 12 Mike was not feeling well so we gave him to than you 13 Travelling by air is not cheap, is it interesting

14 He directed that no one eat before sunset

15 The cattle move off quickly, stopping to eat some grass 16 If she call me, she could so

17 One of the girls in that company died

18 .a flat with someone is cheaper than living in your own

19 The built onto the back of the house provided valuable extra space 20 The next of the school play will be on Monday at 5.30 PM

PART TWO Questions 21-40

• Look at questions 21-40

• Read the following passages and answer the questions given below each passage Questions 21 • 25

synonymous with American dictionaries Graduated from Yale in 1778, he was admitted to the bar in 1781 and thereafter began to practise law in Hartford Later, when he turned to teaching he discovered how inadequate the available schoolbooks were for the children of a new and independent nation In 1807 Noah Webster began his greatest work, An American Dictionary of the English language. In preparing the manuscript, he devoted ten years to the study of English and its relationship to other languages, and seven more years to the writing itself Published in two volumes in 1828 An American Dictionary of the English language

has become the recognized authority for usage in the United states Webster's purpose in writing it was to demonstrate that the American language was developing distinct meanings, pronunciations, and spellings from those of British English He is responsible for advancing simplified spelling forms:

'develop' instead of the British form ‘develope’, theater and center instead of the theatre and centre; color and honor instead of colour and honour

21 What would be the best title for the passage?

22 In how many volumes was An American Dictionary of the English Language published?

23. When was An American Dictionary of the English Language published?

24 According to the author, what was Webster's purpose in writing An American Dictionary of the English Language?

25. According to this passage, which spellings would Webster have approved in his dictionaries?

Questions 26 • 30

The body of an adult insect is subdivided into a head, a thorax of three segments, and a segmented abdomen Ordinarily, the thorax bears three parts of legs One or two parts of wings may be attached to the thorax Most adult insects have two large compound eyes, and two or three small simple eyes Features of the mouth parts are very helpful in classifying the many kinds of insects A majority of insects have biting mouth parts or mandibles as in grasshoppers and beetles Behind the mandibles are the maxillae, which serve to direct food into the mouth between the jaws A labrum above and a labrum below are similar to an upper and tower lip In insects with sucking mouth parts, the mandibles maxillae, labium, and labium are modified to provide a tube through which ,liquid can be drawn, in a butterfly or moth, the coiled drinking tube is called the proboscis Composed chiefly of modified maxillae fitted together, the proboscis can be extended to reach nectar deep in a flower In a mosquito or aphid, mandibles and maxillae are modified to sharp stylist with which the insect can drill through surfaces to reach juice In a housefly, the expanding labium forms a sponge like mouth pad that it can use to stamp over the surface of food

26 What is the best title for this passage? 27 What is the purpose of this passage? 28 How are insects classified?

29 What is the purpose of the maxillae?

30 What does the author compare labrum and labrium to ? Questions 31 • 35

currents, tides, and waves to electricity Experiments are also underway to make use of temperature differences in ocean water to produce energy

31 What is the best title of the passage?

32 What was provided one third of the electricity in the United States fifty years ago? 33 What could be best replaced the phrase 'geothermal power" in the passage,? 34 Name three alternative sources of energy mentioned in the passage?

35. According to the author, what is the impracticability of using coal, oil shale and coal tare

as sources of energy due to?

Questions 36 •40

The world's oceans are so vast that they can cope with the present levels of pollution However, little is known about the long-term effects of such slow poisoning The most serious problem of modern time is that man is destroying tile earth's natural resources and transforming huge areas into wasteland As a result, it is becoming extremely difficult to grow enough to feed the world's rapidly increasing population A way of protecting all the wildlife on the earth must also be found as many species are in danger of disappearing completely from the face of the earth, The dangers, however, are not confined solely to the land and the sea The smoke in the atmosphere, for example, is increasing so much that the amount of sunlight has been reduced in many cities Man's whole environment Is being changed in a serious way

36 What is the process of maxing something dirty or impure?

37 Find a word or phrase from the passage with the same meaning as the air, water and land in which we live?

38 What is the air surrounding the earth called?

39 What could be best replaced wealth, goods or products people can use ? 40 What is a difficulty which needs attention and thought?

PART THRE

• Fill in each blank with ONE suitable word or phrase

A surprising 36% of all the (41) ,interviewed believe we are more aggressive now than ten years ago 82% think that we are (42) more open-minded although 10% think (43) reverse Over three - quarters of the , people interviewed feel that (44) people are coming increasingly selfish 56% also (45} we are becoming harder and less generous to other while 14% disagreed 70% think that morals are less strict now and look (46), with envy on the past Only 11% disagreed with them 72% think that people are now (47) honest while even more think that courtesy is quickly disappearing Only 5% thought that people (48) actually more polite than ten years ago However, there is one fact which is difficult to understand Why (49) ?

69% believe we are more knowledgeable? If almost as many believe we are less tolerant to understand all is to forgive all, said (50) philosopher

PAPER TWO: WRITING

PART ONE Questions - 10

• Look at questions 1-10 - Construct the sentences as guided

Example: I / grateful / kindness / me / visit / your factory / earlier this month

Answer : I’m grateful for your kindness to me on my visit to your factory earlier this month I / complain / manager / restaurant / food

2 you / know / interested / buy / second-hand / car?

3 disadvantage / have / not / car / that rely / public transport it / essential / that / child / same / educational opportunities difficult / get / touch / manager / because / busy / day

8 my parent's / employer / expect me / stay / him / end / month we think / about buy / house / office

10 spaceship / return / earth / by / p.m / next

PART TWO Questions 11-20 Look at questions 11- 20

• Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that It means the same as the one printed before it

Example: I haven’t enjoyed myself so much for years

Answer: It's years since I enjoyed myself so much.

11.That meal was excellent! > What 12 'I've seen the film three times, Mary', said George > George told 13.1 don’t really want to visit the museum > I'd rather

14 John missed the ferry because his car broke down > If

15 Jane is a better cook than Robert > Robert can't 16 Please not smoke in this area ofih131 restaurant > Customers are

requested

17 "I'm sorry, Angela,' said Martin,' I'm afraid I've damaged your car' > Martin apologised

18 Although he took a taxi, Bill still arrived late for the concert > In spite

19 Carol finds it easy to make friends > Carol has no 20 Mark is too young to see the horror film > Mark is not

• Translate the following sentences into Vietnamese

26 A Russian scientist recently said that a spaceship from another planet crashed in Siberia in 1908 He believed that a spaceship exploded 1.7 km above Siberia The Russian government kept this report secret and said that it was a giant meteorite which crashed in Siberia

27 Hong Kong, Tues - there are more than 30 reports from people who have seen a mysterious object or UFO (Unidentified Flying Object) in the sky They said the UFO was a bright object with a fan • like tail The object was probably a Chinese lantern balloon Someone probably sent it up before the mid-autumn festival, a scientist from the Royal Observatory said the last time the Royal Observatory received reports of a UFO was twelve years ago in 1970', the scientist said