The impact of WTO accession case study of vietnam

AY 2013 THE IMPACT OF WTO ACCESSION: -Case study of Vietnam- MA HOANG CHI CUONG Major in International Studies 4010 S 311-3 GRADUATE SCHOOL OF ASIA-PACIFIC STUDIES WASEDA UNIVERSITY Chairperson of the Doctoral Thesis Guidance Committee PROFESSOR MASAYA SHIRAISHI ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis would not have been possible without the guidance and the help of several individuals who in one way or another contributed and extended their valuable assistance in the preparation and completion of this study First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere acknowledgement in the support and help of my supervisor Professor Masaya Shiraishi, Graduate School of Asia-Pacific Studies (GSAPS), Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan, whose sincerity and encouragement I will never forget He has not only been a tremendous mentor for me but has been my inspiration as I hurdled all the obstacles in the completion of this thesis I would like to thank him for encouraging and motivating me in my research and for allowing me to grow as a research scientist His advice and excellent assistance have been precious I am especially grateful to my deputy advisor Professor Shujiro Urata, Graduate School of Asia-Pacific Studies, Waseda University for serving as my faculty committee member He showed kind concern and consideration to me as well as providing me with brilliant comments and suggestions regarding my academic requirements I would like to thank Professor Hideo Kobayashi, Graduate School of Asia-Pacific Studies, and Professor Tran Van Tho, School of Social Sciences, Waseda University, for their unselfish and unfailing support in helping me complete this study I thank Professor Shozo Sakata, Senior Research Fellow, Southeast Asian Studies Group II, Area Studies Center, Institute of Developing Economies for his excellent comments in my final oral presentation I would like to express my deep gratitude to the Vietnam International Education Development (Vied)-Vietnam Ministry of Education and Training and Hai Phong Private University for their financial support during my student life in Japan I also express thanks to the Graduate School of Asia-Pacific Studies, Waseda University for offering an international research environment that contributes to the development of a student’s ability, and thereby enriching his or her academic experience I am extremely grateful to Professor Tran Huu Nghi-Rector and Mrs Do Thi Bich Ngoclecturer at Hai Phong Private University; Mr Dang Huyen Linh and Mrs Nguyen Thi TuyetVietnam Ministry of Planning and Investment; Associate Professor Pham Thi Hong HanhUniversity of Nantes, France; and the seminar’s students for their excellent assistance, comments and useful guidance on how to use the software needed for the estimation and construction of economic models ii I am also grateful to Mrs Delilah Russell for her proofreading and grammar checking prior to the submission of my doctoral thesis It is a pleasure to thank the GSAPS staffs who have shared necessary information and moral support relating to my PhD program at GSAPS, Waseda University I thank the libraries at Waseda University and the Japan National Diet Library for supplying prized research materials These materials have helped me much to improve my study I thank Waseda International Dormitory and Kodaira city office for their support in supplying me a convenient dwelling during my academic life in Japan My time in Japan was made enjoyable in large part due to many kind friends and friendly Japanese people I want to thank the Embassy of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam in Tokyo, Japan, Mr Do Van Trung-First Secretary, Mrs Vu Thi Lien Huong, Ms Bui Thi Thu Thuy, and Mrs Nguyen Hong Thuy-officers of Vied for their tireless cooperation, management and support relating to my responsibilities as a Vietnamese citizen abroad Last but not the least, it gives me immense pleasure to acknowledge my parents, my relatives, and especially my wife who tirelessly helped me and encouraged me to finish this research work Words cannot express how grateful I am to all of them and for their sacrifices that were made on my behalf This thesis is a gift for my beloved daughter Hoang Le Vy for being such a good girl and always cheering me up Hoang Chi Cuong Graduate School of Asia-Pacific Studies, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan November 16th, 2013 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page TITLE PAGE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.…………………………………………………………… ii TABLE OF CONTENTS.……………………………………………………………… iv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS………………………………………………………… vii LIST OF FIGURES.… ……………………………………………………………… ix LIST OF TABLES …….……………………………………………………………… x CHAPTER INTRODUCTION 1.1 INTRODUCTION.………….……………………………….…………….……… 1.2 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY …………………………………… ……… 1.3 A BRIEF LITERATURE REVIEW ON THE IMPACT OF THE GATT/WTO ON ITS MEMBER COUNTRIES 1.4 THE OBJECTIVES AND ANALYSIS FRAMEWORK ……………………… 16 1.5 METHODOLOGIES AND DATASET ……………………………………… 18 1.6 CONTRIBUTIONS AND LIMITATIONS …………………………………… 19 1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS.……………………………………………………… 19 1.8 THE SUMMARY OF THE THESIS’S STRUCTURE ……….………………… 22 CHAPTER VIETNAM’S ACCESSION PROCESS TO THE WTO AND THE MAIN CHANGES OF THE LEGAL SYSTEM IN THE ECONOMIC FIELD TO IMPLEMENT THE COMMITMENTS OF THE MAIN WTO AGREEMENTS 2.1 INTRODUCTION.………………………………………………………………… 24 2.2 INTRODUCTION TO THE WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION (WTO)… 25 2.2.1 The Formation of the WTO……………………………………………… 25 2.2.2 The Main Functions and Objectives of the WTO……………………… 28 2.2.3 The Principles of the WTO………………………………………………… 29 2.2.3.1 Most-Favored-Nation (MFN): treating other partners equally 29 2.2.3.2 National Treatment (NT): treating foreigners and locals equally 29 2.2.3.3 Free Trade: gradually, through negotiations…………………… 30 2.2.3.4 Predictability: through binding and transparency…………… 30 2.2.3.5 Fair Competition………………………………………………… 30 2.2.3.6 Encouraging Development and Economic Reform…………… 31 2.2.4 The Structure of the WTO…………………………………………………… 31 iv 2.3 VIETNAM’S ACCESSION PROCESS TO THE WTO………………………… 34 2.4 VIETNAM’S MAIN COMMITMENTS TO THE WTO MEMBERS.……… 38 2.4.1 Vietnam’s Plurilateral Commitments to the WTO……………………… 40 2.4.2 Vietnam’s Bilateral Commitments to the WTO Members …………… 43 2.4.2.1 Vietnam’s Commitments on Trade in Services ……………… 43 2.4.2.2 Vietnam’s Commitments on Trade in Goods………………… 51 2.5 REVISITING THE MAIN CHANGES OF THE LEGAL SYSTEM IN THE 54 ECONOMIC FIELD TO IMPLEMENT THE COMMITMENTS OF THE MAIN WTO AGREEMENTS 2.5.1 The Main Changes of the Legal System in the Economic Field to 54 Implement the Commitments of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) 2.5.2 The Main Changes of the Legal System in the Economic Field to 57 Implement the Commitments of the Agreement on Trade-Related Investment Measures (TRIMs) 2.5.3 The Main Changes of the Legal System in the Economic Field to 61 Implement the Commitments of the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs) 2.5.4 The Main Changes of the Legal System in the Economic Field to 64 Implement the Commitments of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (SCM Agreement) 2.5.5 The Main Changes of the Legal System in the Economic Field to 68 Implement the Commitments of the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) 2.6 CONCLUSION FOR CHAPTER 79 CHAPTER THE IMPACT OF THE WTO ON FDI INFLOWS INTO VIETNAM 3.1 INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………… 80 3.2 THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK AND POLICY TO ATTRACT FDI OF 82 VIETNAM 3.2.1 The Legal Framework…………………………………………………… 82 3.2.2 Policy to Attract FDI of Vietnam…………………………………… 83 3.3 AN ANALYSIS OF FDI INFLOWS INTO VIETNAM IN THE PERIOD 85 FROM 1988 TO 2011 3.3.1 Approved and Implemented FDI Capital in Vietnam during 1988-2011 v 85 3.3.2 FDI by Economic Sectors in Vietnam during 1988-2011….…………… 88 3.3.3 FDI by Countries in Vietnam during 1988-2011…………….………… 92 3.3.4 FDI by Regions in Vietnam during 1988-2011……………….………… 94 3.4 THE IMPACT OF THE WTO ON FDI INFLOWS INTO VIETNAM – A 96 GRAVITY MODEL APPROACH 3.4.1 The Specification of Gravity Model and Decrypting the Dataset……… 96 3.4.2 An Analysis of the Empirical Estimation Results……………………… 101 3.5 CONCLUSION FOR CHAPTER 3……………………………………………… 111 CHAPTER THE IMPACT OF THE WTO ON EXPORTS AND IMPORTS OF VIETNAM 4.1 INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………… 112 4.2 AN ANALYSIS OF EXPORTS AND IMPORTS OF VIETNAM IN THE 113 PERIOD FROM 1995 TO 2011 4.2.1 An Analysis of Exports and Imports of Vietnam during 1995-2011…… 113 4.2.2 An Analysis of Vietnam’s Export-Import Markets during 1995-2011… 114 4.2.2.1 An Analysis of Vietnam’s Export Markets during 1995-2011… 114 4.2.2.2 An Analysis of Vietnam’s Import Markets during 1995-2011… 120 4.2.2.3 Vietnam’s Trade Balance with its Major Trading Partners during 122 1995-2011 4.2.3 An Analysis of Vietnam’s Export-Import Structures during 1995-2010 131 4.2.3.1 An Analysis of Vietnam’s Export Structure during 1995-2010… 131 4.2.3.2 An Analysis of Vietnam’s Import Structure during 1995-2010 133 4.3 TRADE DEFICIT AND THE NATIONAL BALANCE OF PAYMENT IN 135 THE CASE OF VIETNAM 4.4 THE IMPACT OF THE WTO ON EXPORTS AND IMPORTS OF 139 VIETNAM – A GRAVITY MODEL APPROACH 4.4.1 The Specification of Gravity Models and Decrypting the Dataset……… 139 4.4.2 An Analysis of the Empirical Estimation Results……………………… 142 4.4.2.1 An Analysis on the Impact of the WTO on Vietnam’s Exports 142 4.4.2.2 An Analysis on the Impact of the WTO on Vietnam’s Imports 148 4.5 CONCLUSION FOR CHAPTER 4……………………………………………… 159 CHAPTER CONCLUSION REFERENCES………………………………………………………………………… APPENDIXES vi 165 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AANZFTA: ASEAN-Australia-New Zealand Free Trade Agreement ACFTA: ASEAN-China Free Trade Area ADB: Asian Development Bank AFTA: ASEAN Free Trade Area AIFTA: ASEAN-India Free Trade Agreement AJCEP: ASEAN-Japan Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement AKFTA: ASEAN-Korea Free Trade Agreement AoA: Agreement on Agriculture ASEAN: Association of South East Asian Nations ASEM: Asia-Europe Meeting ATC: Agreement on Textiles and Clothing CA: Civil Aircraft Equipments Agreement CEPT: Common Effective Preferential Tariff CH: Chemical Harmonization Agreement CVC: Customs Valuation Agreement DSU: Dispute Settlement Understanding EU: European Union FDI: Foreign Direct Investment FTA: Free Trade Agreement GATT: General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade GDP: Gross Domestic Product GNP: Gross National Product GSO: General Statistics Office GSP: Generalized System of Preferences IMF: International Monetary Fund ITA: Information Technology Agreement ITO: International Trade Organization JVEPA: Japan Vietnam Economic Partnership Agreement LDC: Least Developed Country ME: Medical Equipments Agreement MNC: Multinational Corporation MOIT: Ministry of Industry and Trade MPI: Ministry of Planning and Investment vii NTR: Normal Trade Relations PSI: Pre-Shipment Inspection ROO: Rules of Origin SCM: Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures SG: Agreement on Safeguard Measures SPS: Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures TBT: Technical Barriers to Trade TNCs: Trans National Companies TPP: Trans-Pacific Partnership TRIMS: Agreement on Trade-Related Investment Measures TRIPS: Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights TXT: Textiles Agreement UN: United Nations UNSD: United Nations Statistics Division USA: The United States of America USBTA: United States-Vietnam Bilateral Trade Agreement VCFTA: Vietnam-Chile Free Trade Agreement VEFTA: Vietnam-European Union Free Trade Agreement VKFTA: Vietnam-Korea Free Trade Agreement WB: World Bank WTO: World Trade Organization viii LIST OF FIGURES Figure Description Page No 1.1: The Structure of Chapter 1 1.2: Timeline for Trade Liberalization and Economic Integration of Vietnam from 1986 to 2012 1.3: Theoretical Framework about the Potential Effects of the WTO on 17 Vietnam 2.1: The Structure of Chapter 25 2.2: The Structure of the WTO 32 2.3: The Accession Process to the WTO 35 2.4: The Summary of Vietnam’s WTO Commitments 39 3.1: The Structure of Chapter 81 3.2: Approved and Implemented FDI Capital in Vietnam during 1988-2011 86 (USD million) 3.3: The Most Problematic Factors for Doing Business in Vietnam 109 4.1: The Structure of Chapter 112 4.2: Values and Percentage Changes of Exports and Imports of Vietnam from 113 1995 to 2011 4.3: Some Exported Products of Vietnam to Selected Countries in 1999 (USD 119 million) 4.4: Vietnam’s Exports to the USA during 2000-2011 (USD million) 119 4.5: Exports, Imports and Trade Balance between Vietnam and China (USD 127 million) 4.6: Components of Current Account and Capital Account (Financial 138 Account) 4.7: Vietnam’s Exports and World’s Exports Annual Percentage Changes (%) ix 147 LIST OF TABLES Table Description Page Surveys Based on Empirical Studies that Focus on the GATT/WTO Trade No 1.1: Effects on its Entire Country Membership 1.2: Surveys Based on Studies that Focus on the GATT/WTO Effects on a Specific Developing Membership 1.3: Surveys Based on Studies that Focus on the GATT/WTO Effects on the Case of Vietnam 1.4: Surveys Based on Some Books and Dissertations Relating to the Accession Process of Vietnam to the WTO 2.1: The GATT Trade Rounds 27 2.2: Timeline for Vietnam’s Accession Process to the WTO 36 2.3: Vietnam’s Commitments on Some “Plurilateral” Agreements 43 2.4: Vietnam’s Commitments on Trade in Goods to the WTO Members 51 2.5: Vietnam’s Commitments on Some Main Agricultural Products 52 2.6: Vietnam’s Commitments on Some Main Industrial Products 53 2.7: Tariff Reductions of Some Commodities in 2007 55 2.8: The Summary of Chapter 72 3.1: FDI by Economic Sectors in Vietnam during 1988-2011 89 3.2: Top 15 Investors in Vietnam during 1988-2011 92 3.3: FDI by Regions in Vietnam during 1988-2011 94 3.4: The Gravity Model Estimations of the LnFDIjt Equation Using the Hausman- 101 Taylor (1981) Estimator 3.5: The Gravity Model Estimations of the LnFDIjt Equation Using the Fixed- 102 Effects (FE) and the Random-Effects (RE) Techniques 3.6: The GATT/WTO Rounds of Negotiation and Tariff Cuts 104 3.7: The Summary of Chapter 110 4.1: Values (USD Million) and Shares (%) of Vietnam’s Exports by Destinations during 114 1995-2011 4.2: Values (USD Million) and Shares (%) of Vietnam’s Imports by Sources during 121 1995-2011 4.3: Vietnam’s Trade Balance with its Major Trading Partners during 1995-2011 (USD Million) x 123 APPENDIXES Appendix 1: Review of the Tariff Reduction Schedule for some Processed Wood Products Bound rate at date of accession (%) Final bound (%) Implementation (year) Committed bound as of 01/01/2009 (%)* Applied as of 01/01/2009 (%)** Progress compared to commitment Wood wool; wood flour No commit - Faster than Scheduled Wood (including strips and friezes for parquet flooring, not assembled) continuously shaped (tongued, grooved, rebated, chamfered, V-jointed, beaded, moulded, rounded or the like) along any of its edges, ends or faces, whether or not planed, sanded or end-jointed No commit - Faster than Scheduled Particle board and similar board (for example, oriented strand board and Wafer board) of wood or other ligneous materials, whether or not agglomerated with resins or other organic binding substances 10 2008 8 On Schedule 4411 Fibreboard of wood or other ligneous materials, whether or not bonded with resins or other organic substances 10 8.5 2008 8.5 Faster than Scheduled 4412 Plywood, veneered panels and similar laminated wood 10 2008 8 On Scheduled 4414 Wooden frames for paintings, photographs, mirrors or similar objects 40 25 2012 34 34 On Scheduled 4415 Packing cases, boxes, crates, drums and similar packings, of wood; cable-drums of wood; pallets, box pallets and other load boards, of wood pallet collars of wood 30 20 2010 23.33 23 Faster than Scheduled 4416 Casks, barrels, vats, tubs and other coopers' products and parts thereof, of wood including staves 30 20 2010 23.33 23 Faster than Scheduled 4417 Tools, tool bodies, tool handles, broom or brush bodies and handles, of wood 30 20 2010 23.33 23 Faster than Scheduled 4418 Builders' joinery and carpentry of wood, including cellular wood panels, assembled parquet panels, shingles and shakes, others 2008 3 On Schedule 4419 Tableware and kitchenware, of wood 40 25 2012 34 34 On Schedule 4420 Wood marquetry and inlaid wood; caskets and cases for jewelry or cutlery, and similar articles, of wood; statuettes and other ornaments of wood; wooden articles of furniture not falling under Chapter 94 40 20 2010 26.67 26 Faster than Scheduled 4421 Other articles of wood 40 25 2010-2012 30.5 30.5 On Schedule 9403 Other furniture and parts thereof 35 25 2012 31 27 Faster than Scheduled HS Code 4405 4409 4410 Description Notes: Using information of NCIEC (2006b); Decision No 39/2006/QD-BTC dated July 28, 2006 on Promulgating the export tax table and the preferential import tariff table; Circular No 216/2009/TT-BTC dated November 12, 2009 on Stipulating tax rates of the export tax table and the preferential tariff table on applicable lines, Decision No 123/2008/QD-BTC dated December 26, 2008 on Adjusting export tax rates, preferential tariff rates for some types of products in the export tax Table and the preferential tariff table; Decision No 106/2007/QD-BTC dated December 20, 2007 on Promulgating the export tax table and the preferential tariff table; And Decision No 1474/QD-BTC dated June 15, 2009 on Correcting Decision No 106/2007/QD-BTC dated December 20, 2007 *: Indicating the tariff rate (%), which Vietnam committed with the WTO members as of January 1st, 2009; **: Indicating the tariff rate (%), which Vietnam really applied Source: Calculated by the authors of CIEM, 2010 Appendix 2: Review of the Tariff Reduction Schedule for some Agricultural Products HS Code 0102 0103 0104 0105 0201 0202 0203 0203 0207 0210 0210 0401 0403 0406 0407 0408 0504 0507 0701 0702 0703 0704 0705 0706 0707 0708 Description Live bovine animals Live swine Live sheep and goats Live poultry, that is to say, fowls of the species Gallus domesticus, ducks, geese, turkeys and guinea fowls Meat of bovine animals, fresh or chilled Meat of bovine animals, frozen Meat of swine, fresh, chilled Meat of swine, frozen Meat and edible offal, of the poultry of heading 01.05, fresh, chilled or frozen Meat and edible meat offal, salted, in brine, dried or smoked; edible flours and meals of meat or meat offal Meat of swine Meat and edible meat offal, salted, in brine, dried or smoked; edible flours and meals of meat or meat offal Meat of bovine animals Milk and cream, not concentrated nor containing added sugar or other sweetening matter Buttermilk, curdled milk and cream, yogurt, kephir and other fermented or acidified milk and cream, whether or not concentrated or containing added sugar or other sweetening matter or flavoured or containing added fruit, nuts Cheese and curd Birds' eggs, in shell, fresh, preserved or cooked Birds' eggs, not in shell, and egg yolks, fresh, dried, cooked by steaming or by boiling in water, moulded, frozen or otherwise preserved, whether or not containing added sugar or other sweetening matter Guts, bladders and stomachs of animals (other than fish), whole and pieces thereof, fresh, chilled frozen, salted, in brine, dried or smoked Ivory, tortoise-shell, whalebone and whalebone hair, horns, antlers, hooves, nails, claws and beaks, simply prepared but not cut to shape; powder and waste of these products Potatoes, fresh or chilled Tomatoes, fresh or chilled Onions, shallots, garlic, leeks and other alliaceous vegetables, fresh or chilled Cabbages, cauliflowers, kohlrabi, kale and similar edible brassicas, fresh or chilled Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and chicory (Cichorium spp.), fresh or chilled Carrots Cucumbers and gherkins, fresh or chilled Leguminous vegetables, shelled or unshelled, fresh or chilled Bound rate at date of accession (%) 5 10 Final bound (%) - - Committed bound as of Jan 01, 2009 (%) 5 10 Applied as of Jan 01, 2009 (%) 5 5 On Schedule On Schedule On Schedule Faster than Scheduled 20 20 30 14 14 25 2012 2012 2012 17.6 17.6 28 15 15 24 Faster than Scheduled Faster than Scheduled Faster than Scheduled 30 40 20 15 10 2012 2012 24 40 16 24 15 16 On Schedule Faster than Scheduled On Schedule 20 15 2010 16.7 16 Faster than Scheduled 20 30 18 25 2009 2012 18 28 15 6.3 Faster than Scheduled Faster than Scheduled 10 80 20 - - 10 80.1 20 10 30 20 On Schedule Faster than Scheduled On Schedule 2009 3 On Schedule 2009 3 On Schedule 20 20 30 20 20 20 20 30 20 17 20 2010 2010 2010 20 20 23.3 20 20 18 20 23.3 16 20 19 20 20 18 20 22 Faster than Scheduled On Schedule Faster than Scheduled On Schedule On Schedule On Schedule On Schedule Faster than Scheduled Implementation (year) Progress compared to commitment Appendix 2: Review of the Tariff Reduction Schedule for some Agricultural Products (to be continued) HS Code 0709 0710 0712 0713 0801 0805 0807 0901 0902 0903 0904 1005 1006 1601 1701 2002 2002 2003 2004 2101 Description Other vegetables, fresh or chilled Potatoes, frozen Leguminous vegetables, shelled or unshelled Dried vegetables, whole, cut, sliced, broken or in powder, but not further prepared Dried leguminous vegetables, shelled, whether or not skinned or split Shelled cashew nuts Oranges, lemons, fresh or dried Citrus, fresh or dried Melons (including watermelons) and papaws (papayas), fresh Coffee, roasted Tea, whether or not flavoured Maté Pepper of the genus Piper; dried or crushed or ground fruits of the genus Capsicum or of the genus Pimenta Popcorn Rice Sausages and similar products, of meat, meat offal or blood; food preparations based on these products Cane, in solid form Beet sugar Chemically pure sucrose Tomatoes prepared or preserved otherwise than by vinegar or acetic acid, whole or in pieces Tomatoes prepared or preserved otherwise than by vinegar or acetic acid Mushrooms and truffles, prepared or preserved otherwise than by vinegar or acetic acid Potatoes Instant coffee Bound rate at date of accession (%) 15 20 25 30 25 40 40 40 40 40 40 30 30 Final bound (%) 10 17 20 25 20 30 30 30 20 2012 2010 2010 2012 2012 2010 2010 2011 2010 Committed bound as of Jan 01, 2009 (%) 15 16 19.7 30 21.7 34 32 33.3 33.3 35 40 30 23.3 Applied as of Jan 01, 2009 (%) 14.4 16 18.4 30 23 34 32 32 33 35 40 30 23 Faster than Scheduled On Schedule Faster than Scheduled On Schedule Slower than Scheduled On Schedule On Schedule Faster than Scheduled On Schedule On Schedule On Schedule On Schedule On Schedule 30 40 40 22 2012 30 40 32.8 30 40 32 On Schedule On Schedule Faster than Scheduled 100 100 100 40 40 40 35 50 85 85 30 20 13 40 2010 2012 2012 2012 2013 2010 90 100.1 94 36 32 40 28 43.3 25 25 40 32 32 40 27 43 Faster than Scheduled Faster than Scheduled Faster than Scheduled Faster than Scheduled On Schedule On Schedule Faster than Scheduled On Schedule Implementation (year) Progress compared to commitment Notes: Using information of NCIEC (2006b); Decision No 39/2006/QD-BTC dated July 28, 2006 on Promulgating the export tax table and the preferential import tariff table; Circular No 216/2009/TT-BTC dated November 12, 2009 on Stipulating tax rates of the export tax table and the preferential tariff table on applicable lines, Decision No 123/2008/QD-BTC dated December 26, 2008 on Adjusting export tax rates, preferential tariff rates for some types of products in the export tax table and the preferential tariff table; Decision No 106/2007/QD-BTC dated December 20, 2007 on Promulgating the export tax table and the preferential tariff table; and Decision No 1474/QD-BTC dated June 15, 2009 on Correcting Decision No 106/2007/QD-BTC dated December 20, 2007 Source: Calculated by the authors of CIEM, 2010 Appendix 3: Review of the Tariff Reduction Schedule for some Aquatic Products HS Code Description 0301 30110 3011010 03011020 3011030 Live fish Ornamental fish Fish fry Other, marine fish Other, freshwater fish Other live fish Trout Eels (Anguilla spp.) Carp Carp breeder Other Other Other Other fresh water fish Fish, fresh or chilled, excluding fish fillets and other fish meat of heading 03.04 Salmonidae, excluding livers and roes Trout (Salmo trutta, Oncorhynchus mykiss, Oncorhynchus clarki, Oncorhynchus aquabonita, Oncorhynchus gilae, Oncorhynchus apache and Oncorhynchus) Pacific Salmon Other Flat fish (Pleuronectidae, Bothidae, Cynoglossidae, Soleidae, Scophthalmidae and Citharidae), excluding livers and roes: Halibut (Reinhardtius hippoglossoides, Hippoglossus hippoglossus, Hippoglossus stenolepis) Plaice (Pleuronectes platessa) Sole (Solea spp) Other Tunas (of the genus Thunnus), skipjack or stripe-bellied bonito (Euthynus (Katsuwonus) pelamis), excluding livers and roes: Albacore or longfinned tunas (Thunnus alalunga) Yellowfin tunas (Thunnus albacares) Skipjack or stripe-bellied bonito Bigeye tunas (Thunnus obesus) Bluefin tunas (Thunnus thynnus) Southern bluefin tunas (Thunnus maccoyii) Other Herrings (Clupea harengus, Clupea pallasii), excluding livers and roes Cod (Gadus morhua, Gadus ogac, Gadus macrocephalus), excluding livers and roes Other fish, excluding livers and roes: 03019100 3019200 030193 03019310 03019390 030199 03019919 03019940 0302 03021100 03021200 03021900 03022100 03022200 03022300 03022900 03023100 03023200 03023300 03023400 03023500 03023600 03023900 03024000 03025000 Source: Calculated by the authors of CIEM, 2010 Bound rate at date of accession (%) Final bound (%) Implementation (year) Committed bound as of Jan 01, 2009 (%) Applied as of Jan 01, 2009 (%) Progress compared to commitment 20 30 30 15 20 20 2010 2009 2009 16.7 20 20 16 20 20 Faster than Scheduled On Schedule On Schedule 30 30 20 20 2010 2010 23.3 23.3 23 23 Faster than Scheduled Faster than Scheduled 30 20 2010 23.3 23 Faster than Scheduled 30 30 20 20 2010 2010 23.3 23.3 23 23 Faster than Scheduled Faster than Scheduled 30 10 2014 24.3 22 Faster than Scheduled 30 30 10 20 2012 2010 22 23.3 22 22 Faster than Scheduled 30 20 2010 23.3 22 Faster than Scheduled 30 30 30 20 20 15 2010 2010 2011 23.3 23.3 22.5 22 22 22 Faster than Scheduled Faster than Scheduled Faster than Scheduled 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 15 15 20 15 15 15 15 20 20 20 2011 2011 2011 2011 2011 2011 2011 2011 2011 2010 22.5 22.5 25 22.5 22.5 22.5 22.5 25 25 23.3 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 Faster than Scheduled Faster than Scheduled Faster than Scheduled Faster than Scheduled Faster than Scheduled Faster than Scheduled Faster than Scheduled Faster than Scheduled Faster than Scheduled Faster than Scheduled On Schedule Appendix 3: Review of the Tariff Reduction Schedule for some Aquatic Products (to be continued) HS Code Description 03026100 Sardines (Sardina pilchardus, Sardinops spp.), sardinella (Sardinella spp.), brisling or sprats (Sprattus sprattus) Haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) Coalfish (Pollachius virens) Mackerel (Scomber scombrus, Scomber australasicus, Scomber japonicus) Dogfish and other sharks Eels (Anguilla spp.) Tword fish xiphias gladius Toothfish-Dissostichus spp Other Marine fish Freshwater fish Livers and roes Sockeye salmon (red salmon) (Oncorhynchus nerka) Other Other salmonidae, excluding livers and roes: Trout Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and Danube salmon (Hucho hucho) Other Flat fish Halibut (Reinhardtius hippoglossoides, Hippoglossus hippoglossus, Hippoglossus stenolepis) Plaice (Pleuronectes platessa) Sole (Solea spp.) Other Tunas (of the genus Thunnus), skipjack or stripe-bellied bonito (Euthynnus (Katsuwonus) pelamis), excluding livers and roes: Albacore or longfinned tunas (Thunnas thynnus) Yellowfin tunas (Thunnus albacares) Skipjack or stripe-bellied bonito Bigeye tunas (Thunnus obesus) Bluefin tunas (Thunnus thynnus) Southern bluefin tunas (Thunnus maccoyii) Other Other, excluding livers and roes 03026200 03026300 03026400 03026500 03026600 030269 03026910 03026920 3027000 03031100 03031900 03032100 03032200 03032900 03033100 03033200 03033300 03033900 03034100 03034200 03034300 03034400 03034500 03034600 03034900 Source: Calculated by the authors of CIEM, 2010 Bound rate at date of accession (%) Final bound (%) Implementation (year) Committed bound as of Jan 01, 2009 (%) Applied as of Jan 01, 2009 (%) Progress compared to commitment 30 20 2010 23.3 22 Faster than Scheduled 30 30 30 30 30 20 20 15 15 20 2010 2010 2011 2011 2010 23.3 23.3 22.5 22.5 23.3 22 22 22 22 22 Faster than Scheduled Faster than Scheduled Faster than Scheduled Faster than Scheduled Faster than Scheduled 30 30 30 30 30 12 20 20 15 12 2012 2010 2010 2010 2011 22.8 23.3 23.3 20 21 22 22 22 20 20 Faster than Scheduled Faster than Scheduled Faster than Scheduled On Schedule Faster than Scheduled 30 30 30 10 10 15 2014 2014 2017 24.3 24.3 27 20 20 20 Faster than Scheduled Faster than Scheduled Faster than Scheduled 30 13 2012 23.2 22 Faster than Scheduled 30 30 30 20 20 15 2010 2010 2011 23.2 23.2 22.5 22 22 22 Faster than Scheduled Faster than Scheduled On Schedule 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 12 20 15 20 20 15 15 2011 2010 2011 2010 2010 2011 2011 21 23.3 22.5 23.3 23.3 22.5 22.5 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 On Schedule Faster than Scheduled Faster than Scheduled Faster than Scheduled Faster than Scheduled Faster than Scheduled Faster than Scheduled Appendix 3: Review of the Tariff Reduction Schedule for some Aquatic Products (to be continued) HS Code Description 03037200 03037300 03037400 03037500 03037600 03037700 03037800 030379 03037910 03037920 030380 03038010 03038020 0305 Haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) Coalfish (Pollachius virens) Mackerel (Scomber scombrus, Scomber australasicus, Scomber japonicus) Dogfish and other sharks Eels (Anguilla spp.) Sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax, Dicentrarchus punctatus) Hake (Merluccius spp Urophycis spp.) Other Marine fish Freshwater fish Livers and roes: Livers Roes Fish, dried, salted or in brine; smoked fish, whether or not cooked before or during the smoking process; flours, meals and pellets of fish, fit for human consumption Livers and roes of fish, dried, smoked, salted or in brine Fish fillets, dried, salted or in brine but not smoked Smoked fish, including fillets: Pacific Salmon Herrings (Clupea harengus, Clupea Pallasii) Other Dried fish, whether or not salted but not smoke Cod (Gadus morhua, Gadus ogac, Gadus macrocephalus) Other Sharks' fins Other Fish, salted but not dried or smoked and fish in brine: Herrings (Clupea harengus, Clupea Pallasii) Cod (Gadus morhua, Gadus ogac, Gadus macrocephalus) Anchovies (Engraulis spp.) Other Crustaceans, whether in shell or not, live, fresh, chilled, frozen, dried, salted or in brine; crustaceans, in hell, cooked by steaming or by boiling in water, whether or not chilled, frozen, dried, salted or in brine; flours, meals and pellets of crustaceans, fit for human Frozen Rock lobster and other sea crawfish Lobsters (Homarus spp.) Crabs Other, including flours, meals and pellets of crustaceans, fit for human consumption 03052000 03053000 03054100 03054200 03054900 03055100 030559 03055910 03055990 03056100 03056200 03056300 03056900 03061100 03061200 03061400 03061900 Source: Calculated by the authors of CIEM, 2010 Bound rate at date of accession (%) Final bound (%) Implementation (year) Committed bound as of Jan 01, 2009 (%) Applied as of Jan 01, 2009 (%) Progress compared to commitment 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 14 14 13 15 15 20 12 2012 2012 2012 2011 2011 2010 2011 23.6 23.6 23.2 22.5 22.5 23.3 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 Faster than Scheduled Faster than Scheduled Faster than Scheduled Faster than Scheduled Faster than Scheduled Faster than Scheduled On Schedule 30 30 10 20 2012 2010 22 23.3 21 21 Faster than Scheduled Faster than Scheduled 30 30 12 12 2012 2012 22.8 22.8 22 22 On Schedule On Schedule 30 30 20 20 2012 2010 26 23.3 26 23 On Schedule Faster than Scheduled 30 30 30 15 20 20 2012 2012 2010 24 26 23.3 23 23 23 Faster than Scheduled Faster than Scheduled Faster than Scheduled 30 20 2012 26 23 Faster than Scheduled 30 30 20 20 2010 2010 23.3 23.3 23 23 Faster than Scheduled Faster than Scheduled 30 30 30 30 20 20 20 20 2012 2012 2012 2012 26 26 26 30 23 23 23 20 Faster than Scheduled Faster than Scheduled Faster than Scheduled 2012 30 30 30 30 15 20 15 20 2011 2010 2012 2010 22.5 23.3 24 23.3 21 21 23 23 Faster than Scheduled Faster than Scheduled Faster than Scheduled Faster than Scheduled Appendix 3: Review of the Tariff Reduction Schedule for some Aquatic Products (to be continued) HS Code 030621 03062120 03062130 030622 03062220 03062230 030623 03062320 030624 03062420 030629 03062910 03062920 0307 030710 03071010 03071020 03071030 030721 03072110 03072120 030729 03072910 03072920 03073110 03073120 030739 03073910 03073920 030741 03074110 03074120 Description Not frozen: Rock lobster and other sea crawfish (Palinurus spp., Panulirus spp., Jasus spp.): Other, live Fresh or chilled Lobsters (Homarus spp.): Other, live Fresh or chilled Shrimps and prawns Other, live Live Fresh or chilled Other, including flours, meals and pellets of crustaceans, fit for human consumption: Live Fresh or chilled Molluscs, whether in shell or not, live, fresh, chilled, frozen, dried, salted or in brine; aquatic invertebrates other than crustaceans and molluscs, live, fresh, chilled, frozen, dried, salted or in brine; flours, meals and pellets of aquatic invertebrates other than crustaceans, fit for human consumption Oysters: Live Fresh, chilled or frozen Dried, salted or in brine Scallops, including queen scallops, of the genera Pecten, Chlamys or Placopecten: Live, fresh or chilled: Live Fresh or chilled Other Frozen Dried, salted or in brine Mussels (Mytilus spp., Perna spp.): Live Fresh or chilled Other Frozen Dried, salted or in brine Cuttle fish (Sepia officinalis, Rossia macrosoma, Sepiola spp.) and squid (Ommastrephes spp., Loligo spp., Live, fresh or chilled: Live Fresh or chilled Source: Calculated by the authors of CIEM, 2010 Bound rate at date of accession (%) Final bound (%) Implementation (year) Committed bound as of Jan 01, 2009 (%) Applied as of Jan 01, 2009 (%) Progress compared to commitment 30 30 10 15 2012 2011 22 22.5 21 21 Faster than Scheduled Faster than Scheduled 30 30 20 20 2010 2010 23.3 23.3 21 21 Faster than Scheduled Faster than Scheduled 30 30 30 15 20 20 2012 2010 2010 24 23.3 23.3 21 23 23 Faster than Scheduled Faster than Scheduled Faster than Scheduled 30 30 20 20 2010 2010 23.3 23.3 23 23 Faster than Scheduled Faster than Scheduled 30 30 30 12 15 15 2011 2011 2011 21 22.5 22.5 21 21 21 On Schedule Faster than Scheduled Faster than Scheduled 30 30 20 20 2010 2010 23.3 23.3 22 22 Faster than Scheduled Faster than Scheduled 30 30 15 15 2011 2011 22.5 22.5 22 22 Faster than Scheduled Faster than Scheduled 30 30 12 15 2011 2011 21 22.5 21 21 Faster than Schedule 30 30 10 15 2012 2011 22 22.5 21 21 Faster than Scheduled Faster than Scheduled 30 30 20 15 2010 2011 23.3 22.5 22 22 Faster than Scheduled Faster than Scheduled On Schedule Appendix 3: Review of the Tariff Reduction Schedule for some Aquatic Products (to be continued) HS Code Description Bound rate at date of accession (%) Final bound (%) Implementation (year) Committed bound as of Jan 01, 2009 (%) Applied as of Jan 01, 2009 (%) 03074910 03074920 Frozen Dried, salted or in brine Octopus (Octopus spp.): Live, fresh or chilled: Live Other Frozen Snails, other than sea snails: Live Fresh, chilled or frozen Dried, salted or in brine Other, including flours, meals and pellets of aquatic invertebrates other than crustaceans, fit for human consumption Live, fresh or chilled: Live Fresh or chilled Other Frozen Other Prepared or preserved fish; caviar and caviar substitutes prepared from fish eggs Fish, whole or in pieces, but not minced: Salmon: In airtight containers Other Caviar and caviar substitutes: In airtight containers Other Crustaceans, molluscs and other aquatic invertebrates, prepared or preserved Lobster Abalone Other Average 30 30 10 15 2012 2011 22 22.5 22 22 Faster than Scheduled 30 20 2010 23.3 22 Faster than Scheduled 30 20 2010 23.3 22 Faster than Scheduled 30 30 30 20 20 20 2010 2010 2010 23.3 23.3 23.3 22 22 22 Faster than Scheduled Faster than Scheduled Faster than Scheduled 30 30 20 15 2010 2011 23.3 22.5 22 22 Faster than Scheduled Faster than Scheduled 40 40 30 30 2010 2010 33.3 33.3 33 33 Faster than Scheduled Faster than Scheduled 40 40 35 35 40 40 33 33 Faster than Scheduled Faster than Scheduled 40 40 40 40 35 25 25 32.1 35 34 34 34.7 33 33 33 33 Faster than Scheduled Faster than Scheduled Faster than Scheduled Faster than Scheduled 030751 03075110 030759 03075910 030760 03076010 03076020 03076030 030791 03079110 03079120 030799 03079910 1604 160411 16041110 16041190 160430 16043010 16043090 1605 16053000 16059010 16059090 Source: Calculated by the authors of CIEM, 2010 2009 2012 2012 Progress compared to commitment On Schedule Appendix 4: Review of the Tariff Reduction Schedule for some other Manufactured Products HS Code Description Bound rate at date of accession (%) Final bound (%) Implementation (year) Committed bound as of Jan 01, 2009 (%) Applied as of Jan 01, 2009 (%) Progress compared to commitment 2102 Bread yeasts 20 10 2012 16 16 On Schedule 2103 Soya sauce 45 31 2011 38 37 Faster than Scheduled 2105 Ice cream and other edible ice, whether or not containing cocoa 45 20 2012 35 35 On Schedule 2106 Autolysed yeast preparations 26 17 2010 19 20 Slower than Scheduled 2201 Mineral waters and aerated waters 50 35 2012 44 44 On Schedule 2202 Sparkling mineral waters and aerated waters, flavoured 40 30 2011 35 33 Faster than Scheduled 2203 Stout and porter 65 35 2012 53 53 On Schedule 2204 Sparkling wine 65 51 2012 59 59 Faster than Scheduled 2205 Of an alcoholic strength by volume not exceeding 15% vol 65 55 2012 61 59 Faster than Scheduled 2206 Cider and perry 65 55 2012 61 59 Faster than Scheduled 2208 Brandy of an alcoholic strength by volume not exceeding 46% vol 65 45 2013 58 55 Faster than Scheduled 2402 Beedies 150 128 2010 138 138 On Schedule 2523 For white cement 39 32 2011 35 29 Faster than Scheduled 2709 Condensate 15 10 2009 10 Faster than sched 15 10 2009 10 Faster than Scheduled 2917 Dioctyl orthophthalates 10 2012 Faster than Scheduled Source: Calculated by the authors of CIEM, 2010 Appendix 5: Top 15 Vietnam’s Merchandises Exported to China in 2010 Merchandises Rubber Coal Computer and Components Cassava and Cassava products Wood and Wood products 464,372 Value (USD 1000) 1,420,789 Proportion in total exports (%) 19.44 Unit Quantity ton ton 14,644,571 961,855 13.16 USD 1000 - 659,433 9.02 ton 1,584,190 516,296 7.06 USD 1000 - 404,909 5.54 Gasoline (various types) ton 556,077 391,325 5.35 Crude oil ton 593,997 367,632 5.03 USD 1000 - 250,386 3.43 Machinery and equipments, tools, accessories Cashew nuts ton 32.132 183,367 2.51 Sea food (Aquatic products) USD 1000 - 162,558 2.22 Footwear USD 1000 - 154,971 2.12 ton 1,399,846 101,915 1.39 USD 1000 - 93,552 1.28 ton 111,038 87,383 1.20 USD 1000 - 74,901 1.02 Total of 15 5,831,272 79.77 Others 1,477,528 20.23 Vietnam’s total exports to China 7,308,800 100 Ores and Minerals Textiles Iron and Steel Fruits and Vegetables Source: Author calculated from figures published by the Vietnam General Statistics Office Appendix 6: Top 15 Vietnam’s Merchandises Imported from China in 2010 Merchandises Machineries and equipments, tools, accessories Fabrics Computers, electronic products, components Irons, steels Gasoline Raw materials for textiles, leather, and footwear Fertilizers Products from Irons and Steels Chemical (material for manufacturing)* Chemical Products (finished products)** Plastic Products Vehicle Parts and accessories Liquefied Gas Fibers and Yarns Other normal Metals Total of 15 Others Vietnam’s total imports from China Unit Quantity USD 1000 USD 1000 USD 1000 ton ton USD 1000 ton USD 1000 USD 1000 USD 1000 USD 1000 USD 1000 ton ton ton 2,188,545 1,523,028 1,712,004 318,375 108,136 73,364 Value (USD 1000) 4,477,616 2,218,368 1,682,616 1,519,044 1,060,888 671,007 603,400 532,553 506,749 405,583 356,376 285,072 246,795 239,450 228,340 15,033,857 4,984,970 20,018,827 Proportion in total imports (%) 22.37 11.08 8.41 7.59 5.30 3.35 3.01 2.66 2.53 2.03 1.78 1.42 1.23 1.20 1.14 75.1 24.9 100 Note: *, **: Author’s judgments (these were translated from figures published by Vietnam’s GSO) Source: Author calculated from figures published by the Vietnam’s General Statistics Office Appendix 7: The WTO Accession Date of 157 Members in August 24, 2012 Albania September 2000 Angola 23 November 1996 53 54 Germany January 1995 Ghana January 1995 105 106 Nigeria January 1995 Norway January 1995 Antigua and Barbuda January 1995 Argentina January 1995 55 56 Greece January 1995 Grenada 22 February 1996 107 108 Oman November 2000 Pakistan January 1995 Armenia February 2003 Australia January 1995 57 58 Guatemala 21 July 1995 Guinea 25 October 1995 109 110 Panama September 1997 Papua New Guinea June 1996 Austria January 1995 Bahrain, Kingdom of January 1995 59 60 Guinea-Bissau 31 May 1995 Guyana January 1995 111 112 Paraguay January 1995 Peru January 1995 10 Bangladesh January 1995 Barbados January 1995 61 62 Haiti 30 January 1996 Honduras January 1995 113 114 Philippines January 1995 Poland July 1995 11 12 Belgium January 1995 Belize January 1995 63 64 Hong Kong, China 1/1/1995 Hungary January 1995 115 116 Portugal January 1995 Qatar 13 January 1996 13 Benin 22 February 1996 65 Iceland January 1995 117 Romania January 1995 14 Bolivia, Plurinational State of 12/9/1995 66 India January 1995 118 Russian Federation 22 August 2012 15 Botswana 31 May 1995 67 Indonesia January 1995 119 Rwanda 22 May 1996 16 Brazil January 1995 68 Ireland January 1995 120 Saint Kitts and Nevis 21 February 1996 17 Brunei Darussalam January 1995 69 Israel 21 April 1995 121 Saint Lucia January 1995 18 Bulgaria December 1996 70 Italy January 1995 122 Saint Vincent & the Grenadines January 1995 19 Burkina Faso June 1995 71 Jamaica March 1995 123 Samoa 10 May 2012 20 Burundi 23 July 1995 72 Japan January 1995 124 Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of 11 December 2005 21 Cambodia 13 October 2004 73 Jordan 11 April 2000 125 Senegal January 1995 22 Cameroon 13 December 1995 74 Kenya January 1995 126 Sierra Leone 23 July 1995 23 24 Canada January 1995 Cape Verde 23 July 2008 75 76 Korea, Republic of 1/1/1995 Kuwait, the State of 1/1/1995 127 128 Singapore January 1995 Slovak Republic January 1995 25 26 Central African Republic 31 May 1995 Chad 19 October 1996 77 78 Kyrgyz Republic 20/12/1998 Latvia 10 February 1999 129 130 Slovenia 30 July 1995 Solomon Islands 26 July 1996 27 28 Chile January 1995 China 11 December 2001 79 80 Lesotho 31 May 1995 Liechtenstein September 1995 131 132 South Africa January 1995 Spain January 1995 29 Colombia 30 April 1995 81 Lithuania 31 May 2001 133 Sri Lanka January 1995 30 Congo 27 March 1997 82 Luxembourg January 1995 134 Suriname January 1995 31 Costa Rica January 1995 83 Macao, China January 1995 135 Swaziland January 1995 32 Côte d'Ivoire January 1995 84 Madagascar 17 November 1995 136 Sweden January 1995 33 Croatia 85 Malawi 31 May 1995 137 Switzerland July 1995 34 Cuba 20 April 1995 86 Malaysia January 1995 138 Chinese Taipei January 2002 35 Cyprus 30 July 1995 87 Maldives 31 May 1995 139 Tanzania January 1995 36 Czech Republic January 1995 88 Mali 31 May 1995 140 Thailand January 1995 37 Democratic Republic of the Congo 1/1/1997 89 Malta January 1995 141 Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 4/4/2003 38 Denmark January 1995 90 Mauritania 31 May 1995 142 Togo 31 May 1995 39 Djibouti 31 May 1995 91 Mauritius January 1995 143 Tonga 27 July 2007 40 Dominica January 1995 92 Mexico January 1995 144 Trinidad and Tobago March 1995 41 42 Dominican Republic March 1995 Ecuador 21 January 1996 93 94 Moldova, Republic of 26/7/2001 Mongolia 29 January 1997 145 146 Tunisia 29 March 1995 Turkey 26 March 1995 43 Egypt 30 June 1995 95 Montenegro 29 April 2012 147 Uganda January 1995 44 El Salvador May 1995 96 Morocco January 1995 148 Ukraine 16 May 2008 45 46 Estonia 13 November 1999 European Union January 1995 97 98 Mozambique 26 August 1995 Myanmar January 1995 149 150 United Arab Emirates 10 April 1996 United Kingdom January 1995 47 48 Fiji 14 January 1996 Finland January 1995 99 100 Namibia January 1995 Nepal 23 April 2004 151 152 United States of America January 1995 Uruguay January 1995 49 50 France January 1995 Gabon January 1995 101 102 Netherlands January 1995 New Zealand January 1995 153 154 Vanuatu 24 August 2012 Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of January 1995 51 The Gambia 103 Nicaragua September 1995 52 Georgia 14 June 2000 104 Niger 13 December 1996 155 156 Viet Nam 11 January 2007 Zambia January 1995 157 Zimbabwe March 1995 30 November 2000 23 October 1996 Source: Retrieved from http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/org6_e.htm, accessed December 4, 2012 Appendix 8: Variables and Data Resources Variables Data Resources LnFDIjt, LnFDIjt-1 Vietnam Ministry of Planning and Investment (MPI), Vietnam General Statistics Office LnEXjt, LnEXjt-1 Vietnam Ministry of Industry and Trade, Vietnam General Statistics Office, ADB LnIMjt, LnIMjt-1 LnDISVNj Vietnam Ministry of Industry and Trade, Vietnam General Statistics Office, ADB CEPII (the French Institute for Research on the International Economy) LnGDPVNt United Nations Statistics Division, World Bank LnGDPjt United Nations Statistics Division, World Bank LnRERCURj/VNDt United Nations Statistics Division, World Bank, Asian Development Bank Ln(insVNt*insjt) World Bank AFTA WTO’s website page, Vietnam WTO central website page USBTA WTO’s website page, Vietnam WTO central website page ACFTA WTO’s website page, Vietnam WTO central website page AKFTA WTO’s website page, Vietnam WTO central website page JVEPA WTO’s website page, Vietnam WTO central website page, Japan Customs website page AJCEP WTO’s website page AANZFTA WTO’s website page, Vietnam WTO central website page BothinVNjt WTO’s website page OneinVNjt CRIj1997 WTO’s website page Laeven and Valencia (2008) CRIj2008 Laeven and Valencia (2008); Rose and Spiegel (2012); etc Appendix 9: Summary the Statistics (Period: 1995-2011; Countries: 17; Observations: 289) Variables LnFDIjt LnFDIjt-1 LnEXjt LnEXjt-1 LnIMjt LnIMjt-1 LnDISVNj LnGDPVNt LnGDPjt LnSIMSIZE LnRERCURj/VNDt Ln(insVNt*insjt) AFTA USBTA ACFTA AKFTA JVEPA AJCEP AANZFTA BothinVNjt OneinVNjt BORVNj CRIj1997 CRIj2008 Observations Mean Standard Deviation Min Max 289 289 289 289 289 289 289 289 289 289 289 289 289 289 289 289 289 289 289 289 289 289 289 289 18.0240 18.0012 20.5201 20.3200 20.4010 20.2259 8.2815 24.5363 27.2646 -2.2820 7.9673 8.0069 0.1522 0.0415 0.1730 0.0865 0.0138 0.0692 0.0519 0.2941 0.6608 0.0588 0.1522 0.2802 1.8452 1.8665 1.1501 1.2547 1.4905 1.5313 0.9503 0.3192 1.3901 1.1671 2.1171 0.2793 0.3598 0.1998 0.3789 0.2815 0.1170 0.2542 0.2222 0.4564 0.4742 0.2357 0.3598 0.4499 10.6048 10.6048 16.7017 15.2265 16.8974 16.1206 6.7140 23.9940 24.9592 -5.1491 2.2857 7.0925 0 0 0 0 0 0 21.7692 21.7692 23.5033 23.4143 23.8168 23.7405 9.5226 25.0309 30.2141 -0.7707 10.3280 8.3058 1 1 1 1 1 1 Appendix 10: The Correlations Matrix (LnFDIjt Equation) Correlations LnFDIjt LnDISVNj LnGDPVNt LnGDPjt LnEXjt-1 LnIMjt-1 LnRER Ln(inst.) AFTA USBTA ACFTA AKFTA JVEPA AJCEP AANZFTA BothinVNjt OneinVNjt LnFDIjt 1.0000 LnDISVNj -0.3075 1.0000 LnGDPVNt -0.0011 0.0000 1.0000 LnGDPjt 0.0892 0.7167 0.1222 1.0000 LnEXjt-1 0.2891 -0.0508 0.7038 0.3524 1.0000 LnIMjt-1 0.5549 -0.4520 0.5456 0.0850 0.7457 1.0000 LnRERCURj/VNDt -0.3371 0.5559 -0.0075 0.2002 -0.1097 -0.4422 1.0000 Ln(insVNt*insjt) 0.1416 0.5274 -0.0193 0.2696 -0.0438 -0.1348 0.4833 1.0000 AFTA -0.0406 -0.5228 0.2620 -0.4857 0.1205 0.2115 -0.1334 -0.4110 1.0000 USBTA 0.1212 0.2723 0.1067 0.4320 0.3106 0.0759 0.1605 0.0770 -0.0882 1.0000 ACFTA 0.0074 -0.5016 0.3311 -0.3207 0.2376 0.3497 -0.1325 -0.5551 0.8247 -0.0952 1.0000 AKFTA 0.1222 -0.3172 0.3696 -0.2363 0.2221 0.3187 -0.2400 -0.2566 0.5548 -0.0640 0.5101 1.0000 JVEPA 0.1403 -0.0034 0.1485 0.1679 0.2294 0.1975 -0.1772 0.0527 -0.0502 -0.0247 -0.0542 -0.0365 1.0000 AJCEP 0.0891 -0.2707 0.3418 -0.1410 0.2734 0.2987 -0.1538 -0.2145 0.4916 -0.0568 0.4520 0.6921 0.4345 1.0000 AANZFTA -0.0302 -0.2049 0.2988 -0.1728 0.2125 0.2066 -0.0308 -0.1737 0.4219 -0.0487 0.3878 0.5939 -0.0277 0.6737 1.0000 BothinVNjt 0.0654 0.0000 0.7753 0.1027 0.5334 0.4460 -0.0169 0.0146 0.1492 0.0560 0.2067 0.4767 0.1835 0.4224 0.3625 1.0000 OneinVNjt -0.0852 0.0645 -0.6436 -0.0833 -0.4974 -0.4399 0.0669 0.0768 -0.1033 -0.0341 -0.1555 -0.4296 -0.1654 -0.3807 -0.3266 -0.9012 1.0000 BORVNj 0.0016 -0.1373 -0.0000 0.1887 0.1752 0.2140 -0.0482 -0.5382 -0.1059 -0.0520 0.2744 -0.0769 -0.0296 -0.0682 -0.0585 0.0000 -0.1626 BORVNj 1.0000 Appendix 11: The Correlations Matrix (LnEXjt Equation) Correlations LnEXjt LnDISVNj LnGDPVNt LnGDPjt LnSIMSIZE LnFDIjt-1 LnRER AFTA USBTA ACFTA AKFTA JVEPA AANZFTA AJCEP BothinVNjt OneinVNjt LnEXjt 1.0000 LnDISVNj -0.0305 1.0000 LnGDPVNt 0.6960 0.0000 1.0000 LnGDPjt 0.3856 0.7167 0.1222 1.0000 LnSIMSIZE -0.2470 -0.6897 0.1053 -0.9694 1.0000 0.2791 -0.3043 -0.0198 0.0796 -0.0907 1.0000 LnRERCURj/VNDt -0.1146 0.5559 -0.0075 0.2002 -0.1986 -0.3356 1.0000 AFTA 0.1001 -0.5228 0.2620 -0.4857 0.4967 -0.0528 -0.1334 USBTA 0.3528 0.2723 0.1067 0.4320 -0.4428 0.1266 0.1605 -0.0882 ACFTA 0.2341 -0.5016 0.3311 -0.3207 0.3551 -0.0092 -0.1325 0.8247 -0.0952 AKFTA 0.2267 -0.3172 0.3696 -0.2363 0.2976 0.0848 -0.2400 0.5548 -0.0640 0.5101 JVEPA 0.2415 -0.0034 0.1485 0.1679 -0.1371 0.1278 -0.1772 -0.0502 -0.0247 -0.0542 -0.0365 1.0000 AJCEP 0.2705 -0.2707 0.3418 -0.1410 0.1919 0.1022 -0.1538 0.4916 -0.0568 0.4520 0.6921 0.4345 AANZFTA 0.1908 -0.2049 0.2988 -0.1728 0.2254 -0.0069 -0.0308 0.4219 -0.0487 0.3878 0.5939 -0.0277 0.6737 1.0000 BothinVNjt 0.5445 0.0000 0.7753 0.1027 0.0750 0.0131 -0.0169 0.1492 0.0560 0.2067 0.4767 0.1835 0.4224 0.3625 1.0000 OneinVNjt -0.5090 0.0645 -0.6436 -0.0833 -0.0714 -0.0280 0.0669 -0.1033 -0.0341 -0.1555 -0.4296 -0.1654 -0.3807 -0.3266 -0.9012 1.0000 BORVNj LnFDIjt-1 BORVNj CRIj1997 CRIj2008 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.1917 -0.1373 -0.0000 0.1887 -0.1817 -0.0238 -0.0482 -0.1059 -0.0520 0.2744 -0.0769 -0.0296 -0.0682 -0.0585 0.0000 -0.1626 1.0000 CRIj 1997 -0.1295 -0.2290 -0.3896 -0.1494 0.0513 0.1062 -0.1931 -0.1796 -0.0399 -0.1938 -0.1304 -0.0502 -0.1156 -0.0992 -0.2736 0.1408 0.0578 1.0000 CRIj 2008 0.5497 -0.0170 0.7560 0.1143 0.0587 0.0640 -0.0288 0.1430 0.0632 0.2034 0.4657 0.1898 0.9668 -0.8712 0.0077 -0.2645 0.4369 0.3749 1.0000 Appendix 12: The Correlations Matrix (LnIMjt Equation) Correlations LnIMjt LnDISVNj LnGDPVNt LnGDPjt LnSIMSIZE LnFDIjt-1 LnRER AFTA USBTA ACFTA AKFTA JVEPA AANZFTA AJCEP BothinVNjt OneinVNjt BORVNj CRIj1997 LnIMjt 1.0000 LnDISVNj -0.4608 1.0000 LnGDPVNt 0.5236 0.0000 1.0000 LnGDPjt 0.0912 0.7167 0.1222 1.0000 LnSIMSIZE 0.0175 -0.6897 0.1053 -0.9694 1.0000 LnFDIjt-1 0.5548 -0.3043 -0.0198 0.0796 -0.0907 1.0000 LnRERCURj/VNDt -0.4544 0.5559 -0.0075 0.2002 -0.1986 -0.3356 1.0000 AFTA 0.2139 -0.5228 0.2620 -0.4857 0.4967 -0.0528 -0.1334 1.0000 USBTA 0.0809 0.2723 0.1067 0.4320 -0.4428 0.1266 0.1605 -0.0882 1.0000 ACFTA 0.3644 -0.5016 0.3311 -0.3207 0.3551 -0.0092 -0.1325 0.8247 -0.0952 1.0000 AKFTA 0.3167 -0.3172 0.3696 -0.2363 0.2976 0.0848 -0.2400 0.5548 -0.0640 0.5101 1.0000 JVEPA 0.1966 -0.0034 0.1485 0.1679 -0.1371 0.1278 -0.1772 -0.0502 -0.0247 -0.0542 -0.0365 1.0000 AJCEP 0.2877 -0.2707 0.3418 -0.1410 0.1919 0.1022 -0.1538 0.4916 -0.0568 0.4520 0.6921 0.4345 1.0000 AANZFTA 0.1992 -0.2049 0.2988 -0.1728 0.2254 -0.0069 -0.0308 0.4219 -0.0487 0.3878 0.5939 -0.0277 0.6737 1.0000 BothinVNjt 0.4356 0.0000 0.7753 0.1027 0.0750 0.0131 -0.0169 0.1492 0.0560 0.2067 0.4767 0.1835 0.4224 0.3625 1.0000 OneinVNjt -0.4381 0.0645 -0.6436 -0.0833 -0.0714 -0.0280 0.0669 -0.1033 -0.0341 -0.1555 -0.4296 -0.1654 -0.3807 -0.3266 -0.9012 1.0000 BORVNj 0.2395 -0.1373 -0.0000 0.1887 -0.1817 -0.0238 -0.0482 -0.1059 -0.0520 0.2744 -0.0769 -0.0296 -0.0682 -0.0585 0.0000 -0.1626 1.0000 CRIj1997 -0.0394 -0.2290 -0.3896 -0.1494 0.0513 0.1062 -0.1931 -0.1796 -0.0399 -0.1938 -0.1304 -0.0502 -0.1156 -0.0992 -0.2736 0.1408 0.0578 1.0000 2008 0.4553 -0.0170 0.7560 0.1143 0.0587 0.0640 -0.0288 0.1430 0.0632 0.2034 0.4657 0.1898 0.4369 0.3749 0.9668 -0.8712 0.0077 -0.2645 CRIj CRIj2008 1.0000 ... of the main WTO agreements Chapter The impact of the WTO on FDI inflows into Vietnam Chapter The impact of the WTO on exports and imports of Vietnam Chapter Conclusion 1.2 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY. .. The implementation of the commitments of the GATT The implementation of the commitments of the TRIMs The implementation of the commitments of the TRIPS The implementation of the commitments of. .. objectives of the WTO; (iii) the principles of the WTO; (iv) and the structure of the WTO 2.2.1 The Formation of the WTO 25 The Great Depression of the 1930s was basically triggered as a result of recourse