-However, this is noun felt to be excessively formal by most speakers and " who" is commonly used instead ( that is more usual than "who").And it is still more common to[r]
(1)RELATIVE CLAUSE(part 1)
I/ Relative pronouns:
Who ,whom, which, where, when, whose ,why , what, that II/Relative clauses:
1/ The Relative pronounis the subject of the relative clause : Ex : I don't like the man He lives next door
-> I don't like the man who lives next door I don't like the book It tells about a famous actor
-> I don't like the book which tells about a famous actor NOTE:"That" can replace " who" and " which"
The relative pronoun can't be omitted
2/ The relative pronoun is the object of the relative clause : Ex: Have you read the book ? I lent you that book last week -> Have you read the book which I lent you last week ? I like the shirt You are wearing it
> I like the shirt which you are wearing NOTE:
"That" can replace " Who"," whom" and " which" The relative pronoun can be omitted
3/ The relative clause with preposition:
Ex:I don't like the hotel We are living in that hotel -> I don't like the hotel which we are living in (OR) > I don't like the hotel in which we are living That girl is my sister.You are talking about her
> The girl who/(whom)you are talking about is my sister (OR) > The girl about whom you are talking is my sister NOTE:
" That"can replace "who" ," whom" and " which" when the preposition is at the end of the relative clause
In formal English preposition are pled before the relative pronoun III/There are kinds of relative clause : Defining, non- defining and connective.A/Defining relative clauses :
1/ A defining relative clause specifies which person or thing we mean It can not be separated from the person or thing it describes
Ex:
The man who told me this refused to give me his name
( "Who told me this " is a defining relative clause If we omit this it is not clear what the man talking about )
Notice that there is no comma between a noun and a defining relative clause.
-Defining relative clause usually follow "the"+ Noun but they can be also be used with " a/an" + noun, plural nouns without "the" and the pronouns : all, none , anybody ,
somebody and those
-Clauses following " a/an"+ noun , plural nouns without
(2)noun/ pronoun in these cases is usually the object of a verb or preposition Ex:
A doctor is a person/ someone who gives patients medical treatment I met a person who said he knew you
-Sometimes these clauses are separated from their noun/ pronoun by a word or phrase Ex:
I saw something in the paper which would interest you
-But normally, relative clauses should be placed directly after their noun /pronoun Ex :
Is there anything i can to help ?
The noise that he made woke everybody up
2/ Relative pronouns used in defining relative clauses : +/ For persons Subject :who /that
Object : who/whom/that possesive : whose a/ Subject : who/ that
"Who" is normally used but "that" is a possible alternative after " all/ everyone/ everybody/noone/ nobody/ those
Ex:
The man who has just come is our headmaster
Only those who had booked in advance were allowed in
b/ Object of a verb :Who/whom/that"Whom" is the Object form of " who" and is used formally in object clauses
Ex:
He is a person whom you can rely on
-However, this is noun felt to be excessively formal by most speakers and " who" is commonly used instead ( that is more usual than "who").And it is still more common to omit the object pronoun altogether
Ex:
The man whom i saw told me to come back today
(OR) The man who i saw /The man i saw / The man that i saw c/ With a preposition : Whom/ that
- In formal English " whom" has to be used if it follows a preposition Ex :
To whom Am I speaking?
-In formal speech , however, it is more usual to move the preposition to the end of the clause "Whom" then is often replaced by " that", but it's still common to omit the relative altogether
Ex:
The man to whon i spoke
(OR) The man who/ whom i spoke to
(OR) The man that i spoke to/ The man i spoke to
-However , in everyday use, it's usual to avoid this kind of construction Ex:
(3)d/Possessive :
- Whose = " of whom" and "whose" is the only possible form Ex:
Several guests whose rooms had been broken into complained to the manager