Gene dynamics – during the lifetime of the cell expression of genes may change –one period are active some genes and second period another. genes – how to determine exactely expression[r]
(1)What are genetically changed
organisms and why leave the
(2)Traditional biotechnology and genetic engeneering
What are the GMO? (history,developement of gene engeneering)
Purpose of gentic engeneering on plants Gentic engeneering methodes
EU legislation
Uses of GMO-advantages
Uses of GMO-disadvantages and risks
Care for the authochthonic/ original vegetation GMO of next generation
(3)Traditional biotechnology and genetic engeneering
Traditional biotechnology (traditional selection and breeding techniques-production of organisms with more desirable
charachteristics –via mutations and recombinations of existing genes between genotypes; neer relationships
industrial use of living organisms to produce foods,drugs or other products
small assortiment of genes
Genetic engeneering – technic enable the identification of many
genes which confer desirable charachteristics and transfer them to organisms which did not posess them before; single-celled
organisms with modified DNA are used to produce different products
(4)Biotechnology in service of mankind
Traditional selection and breeding techniques as fermentation processes, used live organisms such as yeast and bacteria for production of bread, cheese, yoghourt, beer, vine etc
More extensive use of GMO at present leeds to intensive production of useful substances such as insuline (1979), growth hormone or the blood
(5)What are the GMO?
Are organisms in which genetic material has been altered in a way that does not occur naturally by mating and / or natural recombination
(6)GMO - history
1983 – first plant transformation (insertion of bacterial gene in tobacco plant)
1986 – first field experiment with transgenes plant (tobacco plant)
1992 – first economic production of transgene plant (virus resistant tobacco plant, China)
(7)Purpose of gentic engeneering on plants
Resistance to diseases and pathogenes (bacteria, fungi, viruses, insects…)
Resistance to novel herbicides
Protection against abiotic stress – salinity, drought, frost…
Functional food (cancer protecting tomato, …) Improved nutritional value in different food products
Increased amount of vitamins in products (golden rice – provitamin A)
Improved aroma, taste and structure of agricultural products
(8)Gentic engeneering methodes
Elementary methodes for bacteria genes developed in early 60’s
Other methodes for different organisms in 80’s
(9)TECHNOLOGY OF RECOMBINATION
1 Isolation of DNA molecule from donor organism, cut with enzymes (restriction endonucleases) and join with other DNA from s.c clone carrier
(vector) – new recombinant DNA
2 New DNA is inserted in to a host cell (plant or
bacterial) =TRANSFORMATION; the foreign DNA becomes a permanent feature of the host, being replicated and passed on to daughter cells along with the rest of its DNA
3 Host cells which already have inserted DNA are separated from other cells which are not yet
(10)The most frequent transformation places
Apical- meristematic cells
(11)Range of transformation
Laboratories ( 100 different plant species) Field experiments (more then 50 plant
species)
Market production (21 different plant
(12)Field releases of GMO in the world
Year Mio ha
(13)The most desirable
agricultural GMO species (2003)
GMO field species Area of field used for GMO (%)
soybean 55
rape 16
cotton 21
(14)Field releases of GMO’s in 2003 by country
Country % of all
USA 64
Argentina 21
Canada 6
China 4
(15)Field releases of GMO’ s in 1995 by country- EUROPE
France 93 %
Belgium 56 %
UK 47 %
Netherlands 42 %
Italy 19 %
Germany 11 %
Spain 10 %
Demnark 10 %
(16)EU legislation
For protection of health of citizens and the environment
(17)Documents Purpose
Dir.2001-18-EC Releasing of GMO to the environment ( base for food, feeding stuffs, seeds
Reg 258/97/EEC “New food”
Reg 1139/98/EEC Declarations (protection of consumers)
(18)Uses of GMO-advantages
Economical benefits in the case of sugar beet (GB)
use of selective herbicide decrease income for
5-15%
GMO plant needs less sprinkling, instead 4-6
just 2-3; 27 instead of 100 pounds
seeds costs more
less machine cultivation
less fuel used -> less emission of CO2 in the
(19)Advantages (2.)
Economical benefits – in the case of GMO-Bt corn from Spain
corn butterfly makes about 15 %
of damage
an average field production is
12,54 t/ha, GMO corn 13,35 t/ha
(20)Advantages (3.) Herbicid tolerance
Insect resistance Virus resistance
(21)Disadvantages, risks
Gene expression –Mendel’ s law of independent assortiment - every gene determinate one
charachteristics
– more genes determines one characteristics or more genes determine more characteristics
=>changing one gene may influence in change of more features
Gene dynamics – during the lifetime of the cell expression of genes may change –one period are active some genes and second period another
genes– how to determine exactely expression of a
(22)Risks (2.)
Coincidence of genes of different organisms
exl: plants, animals, people eating plants-plants are developed defense against herbivores- toxines
In thousands of years genetically supported
nevtralisations for undesirable vegetable products developed (in our saliva)
Evolution – selection are always linked with food – too sensitive persons (food) dissapeared from
population
New food (exotic or GMO) – increase of alergy
(23)Pollination
transfere of pollen and genes by
insects even in the area of more km from field with GMO
usually inside the species
rare between relative species
very rare or periodical transfer
between different species (weed)
(24)Risks (4.)
Transfer of genes from GMO to weed plant- develope of high tolerante weeds
GM plant become weed – high herbicide tolerance –difficulties with control of growth
The migration of inserted genes from cultivated plants to wild species
Artificially created selection pressure
(25)Risks (5.)
Transfer of genes to microorganisms Appereance of high tolerant injurer
(insects, viruses, bacteria)
Toxical properties for nontarget
(26)Polithic strathegy in EU countries
EU - possibilities for all types of
agriculture (classic, ecological, GMO…)
Consumer must have possibility to choose between GMO and others; declarations on food articles are obligated
Each EU country can choose freelly her own strathegy for use of GMO;by
(27)Care for the
authochthonic/ original vegetation
International convention of biotic diversity FAO contract on plant and genetic food
and agriculture resources
EU common programme for plant gene resources net
(28)GMO of next generation
Improving of nourishing values of food
macronutrients (peptides, carbohydrates,
lipids)
micronutrients (vitamins, minerals)
New applications
target proteins
transformation of plastids (chloroplasts) oral vaccine matter and medicines
(29)GMO of next generation
New agricultural interesting charachteristisc
modifficated growth
Stress toleranced plants (draught, frost, salinity, shadow)