Introduction (hệ điều HÀNH NÂNG CAO SLIDE)

Chapter 1: Introduction Operating System Concepts – 9th Edit9on Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013 Chapter 1: Introduction ■ What Operating Systems Do ■ Computer-System Organization ■ Computer-System Architecture ■ Operating-System Structure ■ Operating-System Operations ■ Process Management ■ Memory Management ■ Storage Management ■ Protection and Security ■ Kernel Data Structures ■ Computing Environments ■ Open-Source Operating Systems Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.2 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013 Objectives ■ To describe the basic organization of computer systems ■ To provide a grand tour of the major components of operating systems ■ To give an overview of the many types of computing environments ■ To explore several open-source operating systems Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.3 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013 What is an Operating System? ■ A program that acts as an intermediary between a user of a computer and the computer hardware: Là ch/trình hoạt động ng tr/gian máy tính phần cứng máy tính ■ Operating system goals: mục đích HĐH ● Execute user programs and make solving user problems easier: thực thi ch/trình giúp g/quyết vấn đề ng/dùng dễ dàng ● Make the computer system convenient to use: giúp hệt thống máy tính thuận tiện hơ để sử dụng ● Use the computer hardware in an efficient manner: sử dụng ph/cứng ph/pháp hiệu Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.4 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013 Computer System Structure ■ Computer system can be divided into four components: hệ thống m/tính chia làm th/phần ● Hardware – provides basic computing resources  CPU, memory, I/O devices ● Operating system  Controls and coordinates use of hardware among various applications and users: điều khiển xác định việc sử dụng ph/cứng nh~ ứng dụng ng dùng khác ● Application programs – define the ways in which the system resources are used to solve the computing problems of the users: đ/nghĩa cách t/ngun h/thống đc sử dụng để g/quyết v/đề tính tốn ng/dùng  Word processors, compilers, web browsers, database systems, video games ● Users  People, machines, other computers Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.5 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013 Four Components of a Computer System Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.6 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013 What Operating Systems Do ■ Depends on the point of view: p/thuộc vào điểm nhìn ■ Users want convenience, ease of use and good performance: ng/dùng muốn th/tiện, dễ dùng hiệu suất tốt ● Don’t care about resource utilization ■ But shared computer such as mainframe or minicomputer must keep all users happy: việc chia sẻ máy tính phải giữ cho tất ng/dùng vui vẻ ■ Users of dedicate systems such as workstations have dedicated resources but frequently use shared resources from servers: ng/dùng chia sẻ hệ thống nh~ workstation chia sẻ tài nguyên thường xuyên sử dụng tài nguyên từ server ■ Handheld computers are resource poor, optimized for usability and battery life: máy tính cầm tay có tài ngun nghèo nàn, tối ưu hóa cho việc sử dụng tuổithọ pin ■ Some computers have little or no user interface, such as embedded computers in devices and automobiles: vài mát tính có ko có g/diện ng/dùng, gắn máy tính vào Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013 th/bị –xe 1.7 Operating System Concepts Edition th Operating System Definition ■ OS is a resource allocator: cấp phát tài nguyên ● Manages all resources ● Decides between conflicting requests for efficient and fair resource use: q/định y/cầu cho việc sử dụng tài nguyên h/quả thuận tiện ■ OS is a control program ● Controls execution of programs to prevent errors and improper use of the computer: đ/khiển thực thi ch/trình để ngăn cản nh~ lỗi sử dụng ko m/tính Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.8 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013 Operating System Definition (Cont.) ■ No universally accepted definition ■ “Everything a vendor ships when you order an operating system” is a good approximation(ước chừng): ● But varies wildly ■ “The one program running at all times on the computer” is the kernel: ch/trình chạy suốt th/gian m/tính kernel ■ Everything else is either ● a system program (ships(vận chuyển): with the operating system) , or ● an application program Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.9 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013 Computer Startup ■ bootstrap program is loaded at power-up or reboot: ch/trình mồi đc load khởi động khởi động lại ● Typically stored in ROM or EPROM, generally known as firmware: lưu trữ điển hình ROM or EPROM, thường đc biết firmware ● Initializes all aspects of system: ch/bị tất khía cạnh h/thống ● Loads operating system kernel and starts execution: load nhân HĐH bắt đầu thực thi Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.10 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013 Kernel Data Structures ■ Binary search tree left