KDA503/335 Timber, its origin and characteristics KDA503/335 Timber, its origin and characteristics Content Timber production - Basics From the tree to the building site www.csaw.utas.edu.au KDA503/335 Timber, its origin and characteristics • Wood’s broad product matrix • Primary board production • Primary veneer production • Grading • Secondary production and fabrication • Timber and standards Timber production - Basics www.csaw.utas.edu.au KDA503/335 Timber, its origin and characteristics The forest yields logs Wood’s broad product matrix www.csaw.utas.edu.au Timber production - Basics www.csaw.utas.edu.au KDA503/335 Timber, its origin and characteristics KDA503/335 Timber, its origin and characteristics … that are converted by various techniques … into products ready for fabrication… Harvested log Solid wood products Rounds and poles Sawn boards Peeled veneers Fuel Short grained elements Chip and flake boards Mulches Fiberal elements Fiber boards Paper & cardboards Chemicals Timber production - Basics Various compounds www.csaw.utas.edu.au Timber production - Basics www.csaw.utas.edu.au 1! KDA503/335 Timber, its origin and characteristics KDA503/335 Timber, its origin and characteristics … into imaginative elements or … utilitarian applications of varying scale Timber production - Basics www.csaw.utas.edu.au KDA503/335 Timber, its origin and characteristics Timber production - Basics www.csaw.utas.edu.au KDA503/335 Timber, its origin and characteristics Process overview Primary board production Green mill, drying, dry mill and treatment www.csaw.utas.edu.au Timber production - Basics KDA503/335 Timber, its origin and characteristics KDA503/335 Timber, its origin and characteristics Primary production stages Primary output - boards Log handling Green milling breakdown Drying Dry milling assembly Moisture control • The manufacture of hardwood and softwood boards has similar production stages • The equipment suite for each is very different • Each stage has specific moisture management requirements www.csaw.utas.edu.au Distribution and storage Dry hardwood and softwood boards for appearance and structural applications Fabrication Timber production - Basics www.csaw.utas.edu.au Timber production - Basics www.csaw.utas.edu.au 2! KDA503/335 Timber, its origin and characteristics KDA503/335 Timber, its origin and characteristics Log handling Green milling Logs are collected into a log yard at the sawmill and sorted for processing by size and grade Logs are sawn into boards to particular cutting patterns These vary with the species and the target product group Timber production - Basics www.csaw.utas.edu.au Timber production - Basics KDA503/335 Timber, its origin and characteristics KDA503/335 Timber, its origin and characteristics Drying Dry milling Boards of the same size and drying characteristics are arranged in racks and dried in the air and in kilns www.csaw.utas.edu.au Dry boards are assessed and moulded into their final form before grading for strength or appearance Hardwood drying in racks Timber production - Basics www.csaw.utas.edu.au KDA503/335 Timber, its origin and characteristics Timber production - Basics www.csaw.utas.edu.au KDA503/335 Timber, its origin and characteristics Distribution and storage Primary veneer production Dry moulded boards are assembled, stored and occasionally treated in packs before distribution for use Timber production - Basics www.csaw.utas.edu.au Peeling, drying, and gluing www.csaw.utas.edu.au 3! KDA503/335 Timber, its origin and characteristics KDA503/335 Timber, its origin and characteristics Primary production stages – veneer Primary product output – veneer – Appearance veneer by slicing or peeling – Structural veneer by peeling • Appearance veneer is used as a finish on a substrate • Structural veneer is glued into plywood or LVL panels Timber production - Basics Log handling Slicing/Peeling Drying Product assembly Distribution and storage Moisture control • Logs are converted into: Structural veneer products include plywood and laminated veneer lumber (LVL) Fabrication www.csaw.utas.edu.au Timber production - Basics KDA503/335 Timber, its origin and characteristics KDA503/335 Timber, its origin and characteristics Slicing Peeling www.csaw.utas.edu.au Appearance veneers are sliced off a sawn flitch, often softened by soaking in hot water Structural veneer is usually peeled from the log on a large lathe Timber production - Basics www.csaw.utas.edu.au Timber production - Basics KDA503/335 Timber, its origin and characteristics KDA503/335 Timber, its origin and characteristics Drying Product assembly After being cut into sheet and stacked, the green veneer is dried in large continuous-feed veneer driers Timber production - Basics www.csaw.utas.edu.au www.csaw.utas.edu.au The dry veneer is graded, coated with glue and then pressed into plywood sheets or continuous planks of LVL Timber production - Basics www.csaw.utas.edu.au 4! KDA503/335 Timber, its origin and characteristics KDA503/335 Timber, its origin and characteristics Distribution The LVL planks and plywood sheets are cut to standard sizes for distribution and use Grading Material has to be sorted into groups with similar performance Timber production - Basics www.csaw.utas.edu.au www.csaw.utas.edu.au KDA503/335 Timber, its origin and characteristics KDA503/335 Timber, its origin and characteristics Grading - hardwood Grading - softwood Timber production - Basics www.csaw.utas.edu.au KDA503/335 Timber, its origin and characteristics Timber production - Basics www.csaw.utas.edu.au KDA503/335 Timber, its origin and characteristics Grade – veneer products Secondary production and fabrication Engineered products and fabricated components Timber production - Basics www.csaw.utas.edu.au www.csaw.utas.edu.au 5! KDA503/335 Timber, its origin and characteristics KDA503/335 Timber, its origin and characteristics Appearance: Doors and windows Structural and appearance: glulam Small section timbers can be glued together into large structural elements that may be used in architectural structures Appearance timbers can be fabricated into external or internal joinery elements Glulam made to AS 1328 Glued-laminated structural timber Timber production - Basics www.csaw.utas.edu.au Timber production - Basics www.csaw.utas.edu.au KDA503/335 Timber, its origin and characteristics KDA503/335 Timber, its origin and characteristics Structural: wall frames Structural: nail-plated products Steel nail-plates can convert sawn boards into versatile truss elements designed for specific projects Timber production - Basics www.csaw.utas.edu.au KDA503/335 Timber, its origin and characteristics Timber production - Basics www.csaw.utas.edu.au KDA503/335 Timber, its origin and characteristics Standards • A standard describes an agreed quality or process of action or performance • Standards can be established by: Timber and standards Standards define the quality and required performance of most of the product suite www.csaw.utas.edu.au – Standards groups – Industry – Customers • Standards only have: – regulatory force if included in laws or codes, directly or indirectly – contractual force if included in the contract, implicitly or explicitly • Otherwise, they provide guidance for action • Standards Australia has traditionally produced standards in the country Timber production - Basics www.csaw.utas.edu.au 6! KDA503/335 Timber, its origin and characteristics KDA503/335 Timber, its origin and characteristics Key standards group Availability of standards • Structural adequacy of elements – – – – – – • AS 1328:1998 Glued-laminated structural timber AS/NZS 2269: 2008 Plywood - Structural - suite AS 2878: 2000 Timber – Classification into strength groups AS 2082: 2007 Hardwood – Visually stress-graded for structural purposes - suite AS/NZS 1748: 2011 Timber - Stress graded for structural purposes AS 2858: 2008 Timber - Softwood - Visually graded for structural purposes • You have access to Australian Standards through the SAI Global web site, via the UTas library at: Structural adequacy of building – AS 1720: 2010 Timber structures - suite – AS 1684: 2010 Residential timber-framed construction - suite – AS 1604: 2010 Specification for preservative treatment - Sawn and round timber - suite • Appearance – AS 2796: 2006 Timber - Hardwood - Sawn and milled products – suite – AS 4785: 2002 Timber - Softwood - Sawn and milled products - Product specification – suite • plus many more… Timber production - Basics www.csaw.utas.edu.au KDA503/335 Timber, its origin and characteristics Timber production - Basics www.csaw.utas.edu.au KDA503/335 Timber, its origin and characteristics Summary • With a broad product matrix, almost all of the harvested log is converted to a useful product • While significant differences exist, production of softwood and hardwood board and veneer have similar stages: – Log storage, primary breakdown, drying, dry milling/ assembly, and distribution and storage • The primary products are used in appearance, structural or industrial applications • They can be fabricated into the various components required in projects • Standards establish the required quality of most of the product suite • Short videos of some production steps are available on MyLO www.csaw.utas.edu.au Timber production - Basics www.csaw.utas.edu.au 7! ... applications Fabrication Timber production - Basics www.csaw.utas.edu.au Timber production - Basics www.csaw.utas.edu.au 2! KDA503/335 Timber, its origin and characteristics KDA503/335 Timber, its origin... and the target product group Timber production - Basics www.csaw.utas.edu.au Timber production - Basics KDA503/335 Timber, its origin and characteristics KDA503/335 Timber, its origin and characteristics... Hardwood drying in racks Timber production - Basics www.csaw.utas.edu.au KDA503/335 Timber, its origin and characteristics Timber production - Basics www.csaw.utas.edu.au KDA503/335 Timber, its origin