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Bamboo preservation in Vietnam Tang, Thi Kim Hong PhD. studying place: Centre of Wood Science, University Hamburg Leuschnerstr. 91 21031 Hamburg, Germany Working place: Faculty of Forestry, Nong Lam University of Ho Chi Minh City Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc Distric Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam BAMBOO RESOURCE AND UTILIZATION IN VIETNAM RESOURCE: • Vietnam belongs to the countries with the largest bamboo resources on the world (the Global Forest Resources Assessment 2005 of FAO) • Vietnam has about 1,482,000 hectares bamboo forest and around 81,500 hectares bamboo plantation • Vietnam has at least about 200 bamboo species of 30 genera. The important species for “timber” uses are Bambusa asper, B. balcooa, B. bamlos, B. stenostachya, B. vulgaris, Dendrocalamus asper, D. barbatus, D. longivaginus, D. parvigemmiferus, Thyrostachys siamensis, and several species of Schizostachyu and Dendrocalamus especially for housing UTILIZATION • In Vietnam bamboo is available in suitable dimensions for a reasonable price. Consequently, it is used for many purposes, which range from the traditional utilization up to the industrial production of parquet, furniture or bamboo‐ based panels and pulp • Until now, the processing and utilization of bamboo have still relied on traditional practice, mainly for housing and constructions, furniture making and interior decoration, splits for utilities, agriculture crops, transport, fishing and hunting, household things, electronic popes • In recent years, bamboo became the raw material for the industrial manufacturing of round and laminated bamboo furniture, parquet and pulp for export to the international market(Japan, Korea, Taiwan, European countries, North America, Canada, and Australia ) Importance of bamboo preservation • Bamboo has a lower natural durability against fungi and insects compared to wood the service life of bamboo structures is often short • Vietnam has a tropical climate with high temperature and humidity with advantageous conditions for moulds and insects attack easily bamboo culms and products. • According to a recent survey by Handicraft and Wood Industry Association (HAWA) of Vietnam, one of the reasons for a weak export of bamboo and rattan products is the problem possible damage by mould and insect attack. Treatment of bamboo raw material is an important part of processing for bamboo products and housing Methods of bamboo preservation in Vietnam Non chemical methods (traditional method) • Curing : culms are cut at the bottom and left on the clump for some time with branches and leaves. • Water‐logging: freshly bamboo culms are put into running or stagnant water or even mud for 1‐3 months • Heating over open fire: heating over open fire after applying oil on the surface • Lime‐dipping/‐painting: bamboo culms, splits and mats are dipped in lime CaO solution for 1 or 2 hours • Reduction starch content in harvested bamboos Reduction starch content in harvested bamboos Harvesting of bamboo during low‐sugar content season Sugar content in almost all plants varies with season. In Vietnam, it is advisable to harvest bamboo after the expansion of the new culms (from November through March) because the starch content has been used up for the growth Harvesting of bamboo at completed growth Sugar content in bamboos varies with ageing. It is lowest during the first year of growth but felling of one‐year‐old bamboo has to be avoided because of low strength and reduction of the next year yield. Bamboo normally matures at 3‐4 years Post‐harvesting transpiration of bamboo culms Sugar content in bamboo culms can also be reduced by keeping fresh cut, culms upright or leaning them against trees for a few days (see curing). Parenchyma cells in plants continue to live for some time. During this period, the stored food materials are utilized and the sugar or starch content in bamboos is lowered Advantageous and disadvantageous of traditional methods Advantageous The methods are mostly simple, require minimal equipment and are easy to apply. They are acceptable for small quantity making in rural areas. Some traditional methods are environmental friendly Disadvantageous Firstly, the traditional methods are not real efficient for bamboo protection against fungi and insects. Secondly, the treatment period is usually long and capacity of this method is limited, which are unsuitable for greater production Therefore, for many fields of utilization chemical methods are needed Chemical methods Preservatives •Boron compounds are most widely used for treatment of rubber wood and bamboo in the South of Vietnam and some places in the North. •In the North of Vietnam, a chemical substance XM5 containing Cu‐sulphate and K2Cr2O7 is used for bamboo preservation. •Othere chemicals like sodium fluoride or creosote have been but rarely applied. In Vietnam, Chromate Copper Arsenate (CCA) has never been used Problems on preservatives • Pentachlorophenol is a wood preservative effective against mould and fungi and economical. pentachlorophenol has been widely used in wood and bamboo preservation in Vietnam for long. • Pentachlorophenol is banned in most of the world as well as in Vietnam Bamboo manufacturers have pressing problems on suitable bamboo preservation of products for export. (For export in container most products need protection against moulds and insects. They are urgently waiting for a treatment method against mould with cost‐ effective and environment‐friendly.) solution • Therefore, the project: ” Investigation on treatment of some important bamboo species of Vietnam against fungi” is being undertaken at the Centre of Wood Science of University Hamburg Impregnation methods Non‐ pressure methods •Soaking Freshly culms after cut to desire length and branches removed as well as bamboo splits are submerged in solution of boron compounds 7% or chemical substance XM5 10% for diffusion. The treatment time takes about 2‐ 3 days for splits and 7‐9 days for culms •Steeping or butt‐end treatment Freshly cut culms with the braches, soon after harvesting are placed upright in suitable container (usually plastic buckets) containing a solution of boron compounds at 8% or the chemical substance XM5 15%. The butt‐end of culm is kept immersed in the treatment solution up to about 25 cm. The time of treatment may take 8‐14 days, depending on the freshness and the length of the culms as well as preservative. Gravity method (Vietnam‐method) The principle of this method: the inner cavity of the culm, called lacuna, is used as a reservoir for the treatment solution. The lacuna of an internode of a fresh culm is filled with the preservative. It serves as a vessel for moving into the inside wall, the parenchyma tissue and the fibers and also into the vessels, in which it flows down by gravity In detail: the inner wall of this internode is generally scraped at a depth of 1‐2mm or a round incision by a sharp tool to disrupt the inner terminal layer. The culms are placed standing against a wall or fence with a declination of at least 60 degree. The foot of culms should be put into a plastic bucket to avoid pollution and to measure the out coming of liquid. Finally, this internode is filled up with the preservative solution. It is a daily need to observe the loss and to fill up this internode. The impregnation period will be completed when drops occur at the foot of culm, which have almost same colour as the initial solution Pressure method • In Vietnam, the full cell method is commonly applied in bamboo treatment by boron compounds with concentration 3‐ 7% or the chemical XM5 8% in a cylinder with diameter 1.4 m and various lengths like 3.5m, 6.5m, 8m and 9.5 m. This vacuum‐pressure process is conducted with 6‐7kg/cm2 pressure for 2‐3 hours. • This schedule is mostly applied for bamboo species in Vietnam an improper pressure treatment like a high pressure can cause defects of culms (cracks and collapse). The defects happen particularly with thin walled species like Schizostachyum polymorphum • In fact, the pressure treatment schedule has to be related to the properties of bamboo, mainly thickness of wall. it is necessary to study the best preservative treatment of bamboo species used • Problems for bamboo preservation in Vietnam • In Vietnam no national standards exist for wood and bamboo preservation. Also, the general information on international standards is not well introduced or known in Vietnam. • The lack of information on preservative treatment relates to the following areas: Knowledge about possibilities for bamboo protection regarding treatment facilities and preservative chemicals, such as preservatives being banned national and international The advantages of bamboo preservation extending the service life of bamboo structures, economics of bamboo preservation, its environmental impact • Research on bamboo preservation in Vietnam relates only to the treatment for construction in rural areas. No research project is undertaken on bamboo preservation for industrial products like parquet, furniture. Only recently some investigations have been started CONCLUSIONS • Bamboo is currently the major raw material in Vietnam for a wide range of utilization from the traditional use up to the industrial production. • The biological durability of bamboo is relative low. Therefore, protection of bamboo is an essential tool for the quality of bamboo structures. • For bamboo preservation, it concerns the quality of the bamboo material to be treated, the choice, concentration and uptake of the preservative and a sufficient distribution within the culm tissue RECOMMENDATIONS As an overview of the situation of bamboo industry as well as the development of bamboo preservation in Vietnam, the following steps are recommended: • Attention to bamboo preservation such as basic and systematic research on technology of bamboo preservation by traditional as well as industrial methods • Exchange of experience and cooperation within industry and related institutions • International contacts such as IRG‐Conference and World Bamboo Congress. • Foreign advises by international organizations, like INBAR, ITTO, FAO, and UNIDO RECOMMENDATIONS As an overview of the situation of bamboo industry as well as the development of bamboo preservation in Vietnam, the following steps are recommended: • Attention to bamboo preservation such as basic and systematic research on technology of bamboo preservation by traditional as well as industrial methods • Exchange of experience and cooperation within industry and related institutions • International contacts such as IRG‐Conference and World Bamboo Congress. • Foreign advises by international organizations, like INBAR, ITTO, FAO, and UNIDO Acknowledgements • Thanks to IRG for giving me the Award to participate the Annual Meeting in Beijing on 24‐28 May 2009 as well as for presentation of the article. • Grateful to Prof. Walter Liese, University Hamburg, Germany, for his invaluable advice. And thank you very much for your attention! ... Water‐logging: freshly? ?bamboo? ?culms are put into running or stagnant water or even mud for 1‐3 months • Heating over open fire: heating over open fire after applying oil on the surface • Lime‐dipping/‐painting:? ?bamboo? ?culms, splits and ... pentachlorophenol has been widely used? ?in? ?wood and bamboo? ?preservation? ?in? ?Vietnam for long. • Pentachlorophenol is banned? ?in? ?most of the world as well as? ?in? ?Vietnam Bamboo? ?manufacturers have pressing problems on suitable? ?bamboo? ?preservation? ?of products for export. ... Problems for? ?bamboo? ?preservation? ?in? ?Vietnam • In? ?Vietnam no national standards exist for wood and? ?bamboo? ? preservation. Also, the general information on international standards is not well introduced or known? ?in? ?Vietnam.