Constructing the map of offshore wind energy potential along the coast of vietnam

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY VU DINH QUANG CONSTRUCTING THE MAP OF OFFSHORE WIND ENERGY POTENTIAL ALONG THE COAST OF VIETNAM MASTER'S THESIS Hanoi, 2019 VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY VU DINH QUANG CONSTRUCTING THE MAP OF OFFSHORE WIND ENERGY POTENTIAL ALONG THE COAST OF VIETNAM MAJOR: INFRASTRUCTURE ENGINEERING CODE: PILOT RESEARCH SUPERVISOR: Prof Dr Sci NGUYEN DINH DUC Dr DOAN QUANG VAN Hanoi, 2019 ACKNOWLEDGMENT After two years studying at Vietnam Japan University, VNU, I would like to express my sincere thanks to the Board of Directors, the departments and the lectures of Vietnam Japan University who have enthusiastically taught and created favourable conditions to help me in the process of studying and doing Thesis In particular, I would like to express my appreciation and deep gratitude to Prof Nguyen Dinh Duc and Dr Doan Quang Van who directly guided and assisted the author during the process of implementing the thesis I must express my gratitude to Dr Dinh Van Nguyen for his consistent support and guidance during the running of this thesis I have been extremely lucky to have a supervisor who cared so much about my work, and who responded to my questions and queries so promptly Furthermore, I want to express my deepest thanks to Prof Hironori Kato, Assoc Prof Mai, Dr Phan Le Binh and Dr Nguyen Tien Dung for provided materials and valuable advice for me to make this thesis My deepest thanks to Assoc.Prof Tomonori Nagayama who supported me during the internship in Japan He gave me very useful advice on my thesis I would like to thank all members of Bridge and Structural Laboratory, the University of Tokyo From the bottom of my heart, I would like to express my deep gratitude to my family, thank my dear friends for taking care of and encouraging me during years of studying at VJU Vu Dinh Quang i ABSTRACT Offshore wind energy is expected to have high potential to cope with increasing energy demand in Vietnam which is forecast to grow 2.5 times in the next 20 years This study aims to assess offshore wind energy potential in Vietnam using the CrossCalibrated Multi-Platform (CCMP) ocean surface wind data The CCMP dataset is firstly validated against observational data from weather stations in the offshore islands in the Vietnam sea Assuming the hypothetical wind turbine LEANWIND 8MW, this study assesses offshore wind energy potential of four sea areas of Vietnam base on the temperature in the year In zone 1, the area around the location where have latitude and longitude are (19.8,108) respectively has the most potential offshore wind energy The offshore wind energy potential is the largest at the sea area of Binh Thuan province and Ninh Thuan province where located in zone In zone 4, the sea area near Ba Ria - Vung Tau province has good potential energy Marine zoning can effectively increase the use of marine resources not only for a specific purpose but also in combination with other uses The government, investors can use the results obtained in this research in combination with regional conditions to select the optimal location of the offshore wind farm Keywords: Offshore wind energy, CCMP data, Vietnam sea ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENT i ABSTRACT ii TABLE OF CONTENTS iii LIST OF FIGURES iv LIST OF TABLES vi CHAPTER INTRODUCTION 1.1 Wind energy overview .1 1.2 Status of wind power development in the world 1.3 Status of wind power development in Vietnam .6 1.4 Research objectives CHAPTER LITERATURE REVIEW .9 2.1 Wind energy research situation in the world 2.2 Wind energy research situation in Vietnam 11 CHAPTER METHODOLOGY OF RESEARCH 12 3.1 Methodology 12 3.2 CCMP dataset 13 3.3 Zoning the offshore wind resources 15 3.4 Estimation of wind energy potential .19 CHAPTER RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 21 4.1 Data validation 21 4.2 Evaluation of spatial and temporal variation of offshore wind resources 26 4.3 Evaluation of wind energy and the variation for each zone 29 4.4 Capacity factor 34 4.5 Power distribution 40 CHAPTER CONCLUSION 44 REFERENCES 46 iii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1 Installed wind power capacity in the world (Kaplan, 2015) .4 Figure 1.2 Installed wind power capacity in the European Union (Council, 2012) Figure 1.3 Installed wind power capacity in the United States (Council, 2012) Figure 1.4 Installed wind power capacity in China (Council, 2012) Figure 1.5 Total installed wind power capacity of Vietnam and other countries by the end of 2013 (Luong, 2015) Figure 1.6 Location of wind farms in Vietnam Figure 3.1 Methodology flowchart of the study .12 Figure 3.2 Major synchronous power sources and power transmission lines in Vietnam (EREA, 2019) .16 Figure 3.3 Location of major ports and container terminals in Vietnam (data source: (SeaRates), (VPA), some in-land river ports accessible to large vessels) 17 Figure 3.4 Four zones are considered in the study 18 Figure 4.1 Meteorological stations on the map 22 Figure 4.2 Surface wind speed probability distribution of the CCMP data and observed data at Co To station .23 Figure 4.3 Surface wind speed probability distribution of the CCMP data and observed data at Bach Long Vi station 23 Figure 4.4 Surface wind speed probability distribution of the CCMP data and observed data at Hon Ngu station 24 Figure 4.5 Surface wind speed probability distribution of the CCMP data and observed data at Ly Son station 24 Figure 4.6 Surface wind speed probability distribution of the CCMP data and observed data at Phu Quy station 25 Figure 4.7 Surface wind speed probability distribution of the CCMP data and observed data at Truong Sa station 25 Figure 4.8 Surface wind speed probability distribution of the CCMP data and observed data at Phu Quoc station .26 Figure 4.9 Seasonal average surface wind speed within five years 27 Figure 4.10 Wind speed average at 100 m from 2007 to 2011 28 iv Figure 4.11 Inter-annual wind speed at four islands period 2007-2011 28 Figure 4.12 Power curve of LEANWIND MW turbine .30 Figure 4.13 Seasonal accumulated wind energy in zone .31 Figure 4.14 Seasonal accumulated wind energy in zone .31 Figure 4.15 Seasonal accumulated wind energy in zone .32 Figure 4.16 Seasonal accumulated wind energy in zone .32 Figure 4.17 Annual accumulated wind energy in four zones 33 Figure 4.18 Seasonal average capacity factor of turbine in zone 35 Figure 4.19 Seasonal average capacity factor of turbine in zone 35 Figure 4.20 Seasonal average capacity factor of turbine in zone 36 Figure 4.21 Seasonal average capacity factor of turbine in zone 36 Figure 4.22 Annual average capacity factor of turbine in four zones .37 Figure 4.23 Annual capacity factor at Bach Long Vi islands period 2007-2011 .38 Figure 4.24 Annual capacity factor at Ly Son islands period 2007-2011 38 Figure 4.25 Annual capacity factor at Phu Quy islands period 2007-2011 39 Figure 4.26 Annual capacity factor at Phu Quoc islands period 2007-2011 39 Figure 4.27 Seasonal average power distribution in zone .41 Figure 4.28 Seasonal average power distribution in zone .41 Figure 4.29 Seasonal average power distribution in zone .42 Figure 4.30 Seasonal average power distribution in zone .42 Figure 4.31 Annual average power distribution in four zones .43 Figure 4.32 Inter-annual wind power density at four islands period 2007-2011 43 v LIST OF TABLES Table 3.1 Information of the CCMP dataset (NASA/GSFC/NOAA, 2009) 14 Table 4.1 Coordinates of seven meteorological stations of Vietnam .22 Table 4.2 Information of LEANWIND MW turbine .29 Table 4.3 Maximum of seasonal wind energy (GWh/km2) 33 vi CHAPTER INTRODUCTION 1.1 Wind energy overview Renewable energy is the type of energy generated from continuously added sources or sources that are considered infinite with human exploitation Renewable energy includes solar energy, hydropower, tidal energy, wind energy, biomass energy, geothermal energy Wind energy has great potential from nature Wind energy is a clean and abundant form of energy and almost endless energy supply Wind energy originates from the Sun like most other energy sources on Earth Solar radiation, when exposed to the Earth, does not evenly distribute the heat on the surface of continents and oceans This differential heat distribution produces high pressure and low pressure, thereby producing pressure gradients between different areas To compensate for the pressure difference, the air mass from the high-pressure area will move to the low-pressure area, thereby creating wind Because the air has weight, moving air masses will generate kinetic energy This kinetic energy is converted into electricity by wind turbines Wind energy is one of the fastest growing energy sources in the world because it has many advantages such as:  Wind energy is renewable and sustainable: Wind power will never be exhausted, unlike fossil energy sources (such as coal, oil, and gas) This makes it a suitable source to provide sustainable energy  Wind energy is environmentally friendly: Using wind turbines to generate electricity does not create pollution So wind energy is environmentally friendly compared to other traditional energy sources The process of exploiting non-renewable energy sources releases gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) into the atmosphere In contrast, wind turbines not produce greenhouse gases when generating electricity  Wind energy can reduce fossil fuel consumption: The electricity generated from wind will contribute to reduce the pressure on demand for fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and gas This can help preserve the exhausting supply of natural resources Therefore, natural resources will survive and support future generations longer  Wind energy is free: Wind power is completely free and it will never run out Therefore, wind energy will be a choice to generate cheap electricity  Wind energy has a small footprint: Wind farms are often built on fields, on hills or in the sea Wind turbines use less ground or sea area At these locations, wind turbines have little effect on the use of surrounding land  Wind energy can provide power for far locations: Wind turbines can be used to generate electricity in places where access to the national grid is difficult Wind turbines are a suitable and effective solution for remote locations  Wind energy can increase energy security: By using local wind energy sources, we can reduce dependence on other energy sources That could enhance the nation's energy security  The wind energy industry creates jobs: The developing wind power industry will create more job opportunities all over the world Jobs related to the manufacturing, maintenance, and installation of wind turbines will require more manpower Wind power experts are also needed to determine whether the wind farm project is profitable Besides the above advantages, wind energy still has some disadvantages One of them is the wind turbine that creates noise pollution Another disadvantage of wind turbines is to visual pollution In spite of the fact that many people really like the shape of the wind turbine, others don't As we implement more wind farm projects, people will become more familiar and accept Wind power on the shore has a low wind speed, affecting noise and visibility so the economic efficiency is lower because the areas with potential onshore wind power have been fully exploited Some outstanding advantages of offshore wind power, especially with the community, the national electricity grid, and the ecological environment (Dinh & McKeogh, 2018) Figure 4.22 Annual average capacity factor of turbine in four zones 37 Figure 4.23 Annual capacity factor at Bach Long Vi islands period 2007-2011 Figure 4.24 Annual capacity factor at Ly Son islands period 2007-2011 38 Figure 4.25 Annual capacity factor at Phu Quy islands period 2007-2011 Figure 4.26 Annual capacity factor at Phu Quoc islands period 2007-2011 39 4.5 Power distribution Information about power distribution is important in assessing project operation that is shown from Figures 4.27 to Figure 4.31 Based on the layout of the wind farm, we can install up to LW turbines (8 MW) per square kilometer Therefore, the maximum power distribution for square kilometer is 16 MW for hour In the Tonkin Gulf (zone 1), the power distribution increases gradually to 100 nautical miles (about 185 km) from the coastline of Vietnam Similar to the two sections above (3.3 and 3.4), zone is still the region with the highest potential for offshore wind energy in relation to the other three regions Maximum of annual average power distribution in zone is about 9.3 MW/km2 The area around Phu Quoc Island has the lowest potential for wind energy in zone Figure 4.32 provided the time histories of interannual wind power density at four islands between 2007 and 2011 Clearly, Phu Quy island has a higher wind power density than any other islands The maximum value of wind power density is 15.42 MW/km2, which is higher than in other regions At Bach Long Vi, Ly Son and Phu Quy, wind power density does not change much over the years Meanwhile, there is a largely changed over the years at Phu Quoc There is a big gap in the maximum value of wind power density between 2008 and 2011 with 4.081 MW/km2 and 8.001 MW/km2, respectively From Figure 4.32 it can also see that wind power density rise in the winter at all islands 40 Figure 4.27 Seasonal average power distribution in zone Figure 4.28 Seasonal average power distribution in zone 41 Figure 4.29 Seasonal average power distribution in zone Figure 4.30 Seasonal average power distribution in zone 42 Figure 4.31 Annual average power distribution in four zones Figure 4.32 Inter-annual wind power density at four islands period 2007-2011 43 CHAPTER CONCLUSION Shortage of reliable dataset, lack of comprehensive assessment of offshore wind resources and infrastructures, wind temporal and spatial variations, and integration of offshore wind development and operation into other marine strategies and activities have been highlighted as the major domestic challenges to offshore wind policy makers and developers in Vietnam Addressing these challenges has been strategically presented, in which the CCMP data in five years 2007 – 2011 were validated with the measurement data at seven meteorological stations The offshore wind resource in Vietnam was classified into four sea zones The LEANWIND 8MW has been chosen as the reference turbine for estimating wind energy potential The following conclusions are drawn:  The CCMP dataset is reliable as their wind speed probability distribution was in good agreement with that of the measurement data  The largest and average wind speeds were about 12 m/s and 11 m/s in Phu Quy island (Zone 3) in January The ranges in Bach Long Vi (Zone 1) and Ly Son (Zone 2) are from 3.578 - 9.682 m/s and 2.91 m/s - 9.275 m/s, respectively The wind speed range during this period in Phu Quoc (Zone 4) was lowest and from 2.765 m/s to 7.347 m/s  The major ports with channel depths greater than 10m and accepts vessel of up to 30,000 DWT all locate in Zone 1, the southern of Zone 2, Zone and Zone Especially, the Van Phong port in Zone has the depth range of 15 – 20 m and expects to accept the vessel of up to 120,000 DWT  The highest density of energy is in the winter months and autumn is the second largest Zone contains the highest wind energy potential during the four seasons where the annual accumulated wind energy density is about 80 GWh/km2  The CFs in five years 2007 – 2011 in Phu Quy, Bach Long Vi, Ly Son, and Phu Quoc were 54.5%, 40.4%, 25.2%, and 17.8%, respectively The 44 considerable temporal variations inter-annually are an important input to designing energy storage systems, grid, and synchronous power sources, as well as in energy demand management  Zone (particularly Binh Thuan and Ninh Thuan sea), the southern of Zone 2, and Ba Ria - Vung Tau in Zone are most suitable to offshore wind energy development, thanks to 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