Changes in reasons for study or work in japan of vietnamese self financed students at japanese language institutes

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY NGUYEN THI HUYEN TRANG CHANGES IN REASONS FOR STUDYOR-WORK IN JAPAN OF VIETNAMESE SELF-FINANCED STUDENTS AT JAPANESE LANGUAGE INSTITUTES MASTER’S THESIS Hanoi, 2018 VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY NGUYEN THI HUYEN TRANG CHANGES IN REASONS FOR STUDYOR-WORK IN JAPAN OF VIETNAMESE SELF-FINANCED STUDENTS AT JAPANESE LANGUAGE INSTITUTES MAJOR: AREA STUDIES RESEARCH SUPERVISORS: PROFESSOR FURUTA MOTOO NAKATOMI HISASHI Hanoi, 2018 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This research paper could not have been completed without the constant and always timely academic guidance, comments and suggestions from two supervisors: Professor Furuta Motoo and Professor Nakatomi Hisashi I would like to express my deepest gratitude for all of their patience and understanding throughout the prolonged process of conducting this research I am also immensely grateful for all the physical and psychological support during the conduction of this study from all the professors in MAS program at Vietnam Japan University, especially, professor Ito Mariko, professor Pham Thi Thu Giang Special thanks are sent to the program assistant Nguyen Huyen Hao for all their tolerance and patience This research can never have been finished if it had not been for the participants, who have spare their time many times to answer my questions Many of them are just strangers but they were really kind and enthusiastic in the interviews Lastly, I would like to thank my sisters and family for always being the greatest source of emotional strength and hope for me to persist in completing this research Student (Signature and full name) NGUYEN THI HUYEN TRANG i TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i TABLE OF CONTENTS .ii LIST OF TABLES v LIST OF FIGURES vi LIST OF ABRREVIATIONS vii CHAPTER INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale for the research 1.2 Research questions 1.3 Scope of the study 1.4 Significance of the study CHAPTER LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 International migration 10 2.1.1 Overview 10 2.1.1.1 Definitions and data availability 10 2.1.1.2 Classification of migrants 12 2.1.1.3 Theories of international migration 13 2.1.1.4 Contemporary international migrations: general trends 16 2.1.2 International migration in Asia 17 2.1.3 International migration in Japan and Vietnam 19 2.1.3.1 Japan 19 2.1.3.2 Vietnam 21 2.2 International student mobility 24 2.2.1 International student mobility: a global perspective 25 2.2.1.1 Who are international students? 25 2.2.1.2 Global student mobility: a historical view 25 2.2.1.3 International and regional trends 26 2.2.1.4 Theories and approaches in international student mobility research 28 2.2.2 International student mobility in Japan and Vietnam 29 ii 2.3 Vietnam and japan: related studies 34 2.3.1 Vietnam and Japan: international migration 34 2.3.2 Vietnam and Japan: international student mobility 35 2.3.3 Vietnamese self-financed students at Japanese language Institutes: Related studies 36 CHAPTER METHODOLOGY 40 3.1 Design 40 3.2 Data collection 41 3.2.1 The participants 41 3.2.1.1 Selection of participants 41 3.2.1.2 The coding 42 3.2.2 Methods 42 3.3 Data analysis 43 3.3.1 Participants‟ profiles and accounts 43 3.3.1.1 BE01, STAY01 – Em Tài 43 3.3.1.2 BE02, STAY02 – em Trinh 45 3.3.1.3 BE03 – RETURN01 – Em Đức 48 3.3.1.4 BE04 – STAY03 – Em Hải quán ăn 50 3.3.1.5 AF01-RETURN02 – em Hồng 53 3.3.1.6 AF02 – RETURN03: Em H.H 55 3.3.1.7 AF03 – RETURN04 – Minh 56 3.3.1.8 AF04 – STAY04: Đông 59 3.3.1.9 AF05 – STAY05: Linh 60 3.3.1.10 AF06 – RETURN05: An 62 3.3.1.11 AF07 – STAY06: Quang 65 3.3.1.12 AF08 – STAY 07; AF09 – STAY08; AF10 – STAY 09, AF11 – STAY10 67 3.3.1.13 AF12 – STAY 11: Khanh Chi 67 CHAPTER RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 70 4.1 Research question 1: 70 iii 4.2 Research question 2: 73 4.3 Research question 3: 75 CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 77 5.1 Conclusions 77 5.2 Recommendations 80 5.3 Limitations of the study 83 REFERENCES 85 iv LIST OF TABLES Page Table 3.1 Groups of student participants 69 v LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 2.1 Basic indicators on Vietnam, 2016 22 Figure 2.2 Vietnam‟s export workers to selected countries, 2006 23 Figure 2.3 Total number of international students in Japan (2004-2017) 30 Figure 2.4 Top 15 receiving destinations for Vietnamese workers, 2012-2016 34 Figure 2.5 Number of Vietnamese students in Japan 2004-2017 35 vi LIST OF ABRREVIATIONS JLI Japanese Language Institutes MoET Ministry of Education and Training OECD Organisation for Economic Development and Cooperation VSS Vietnamese self-financed students vii CHAPTER INTRODUCTION This chapter aims to give an overview of the whole research paper starting with the reasons for which the researcher investigates the issue of Vietnamese students studying at Japanese Language Institutes (JLI) Followed are the focal research questions, the scope, significance and limitations of the study 1.1 Rationale for the research International migration and immigration has long been a phenomenon of critical significance in the development of nations, regions and the whole world An account of all the major mass movements in the history can help to sketch out the patterns or point out the irregularities (Segal, 1993; Skeldon, 1997; Castles & Miller, 2009) Literature on international migration proves that not only such movements of a large population have a close causal link with development but it plays a pivotal role in generating and boosting development, especially if well managed It is the essential role migration and immigration play in development at all levels and with regards to all aspects that fixates the researcher to this challenging topic It is widely agreed in scholarship about international migration that this is primarily an economically driven phenomenon (Skeldon, 1997; Castles & Miller, 2009) and the most commonly known aspect to the general public is that of labour migration Despite the complexity and diversity in nature of international migration and immigration, the most researched issue in modern time has been labour migration However, the propensity has been moving away from a simplified economic-only approach to one that recognises the diverse nature of migration and immigration Research on a large scale aiming at an eagle view of the matter has revealed the outstanding sending and receiving points on the world map However, it takes scrutiny of each linkage or route between two ends of the movement to truly understand how varied the experiences migrants and immigrants might have The present study hopes to contribute one more small hue in the colorful picture of they experience the reality of all their expectations for Japan Because the question is „are there any changes‟, the answer is yes and no The answer „yes‟ is truer to the before 2013 students The most obvious change is the students see a new or slightly different long-term plan for their life in and after Japan from their original ones Working to earn money was what originally drove these students out of Vietnam and into Japan However, they realised education will be the tool and prerequisite for their longer term plan of working in Japan This comes along with the realisation of how important Japanese language proficiency can be in facilitating integration in Japanese society It started with their realizing that they have a bigger advantage in the labour market with their better Japanese than others However, the most important thing is that they see a longer-run path or at least want that path for themselves They banish the short-term „quick‟ money through manual labour they had at first They want employment and life the Japanese way The point here is they just accept the Japanese way and act by these “rules‟ which is not always inferred as legally, but culturally The „no‟ is better applied to the after 2013 students and financially strong ones „No‟ here means their original plans for studying or for working did not change after they lived in Japan for some time Either they intended to go there to work and earn his living (Quang) or to study (Linh, Hong) or just to test the waters and enjoy new experiences (Minh, H.H, Chi), they stick to their master plans This suggests how prepared and well-informed they are They all know how challenging and stressful their life in Japan working and studying at the same time may be They have some various levels of surprise or shock when they actually experience the reality of life in Japan They suffer boredom, loneliness, or physical uncomfortable of personal illnesses, etc But their plans are fundamentally the same as the original one 74 In sum, although the change in the reasons for study-or-work in the cases of this study‟s participants was very subtle and observed in only very few instances, the point here is there IS such a shift Simply speaking, it can be explained as the natural way of reacting to the given situation It is undeniably the students‟ selfjudgements and reactions to their situations, but the fact is there are other factors affecting the final results These factors include the students‟ family‟s ability to support them financially after they are in Japan; their ability in Japanese language either their good preparation before or their effort after they go to Japan; and their willingness to accept and conform to the Japanese way of life 4.3 Research question 3: Are there changes in reasons for the decision of staying in Japan or not after finishing studying at JLI? In regards to the decision to stay in Japan or return to Vietnam, there are two ways in which the students deal with this decision First, they decide they want to stay Here is the tough question Some students managed to stay on legally and successfully, like in the cases of Tai, Trinh, and Hai in a sense that they have and be able to realise their sound long-term goal Some other students choose to „linger‟ rather than to really „stay‟ They choose a school to be able to get their visa to legalize their „stay‟ in Japan Some choose to stay in an illegal way In this study, there are no students who overstayed (or admitted their overstaying state) but it is a fact that every student in this study claims they know or are aware of Second, they choose to return or at least accept the fact they have to return Most of the cases of returnees in this study not have a hard time accepting the fact that they have to return They know it is their fault when exceeding the hours of part-time jobs They accept that even if they know they are just „unlucky‟ to be picked among all the students As Minh said his friends who are in the critical situation where they have a problem with their visa are very worried and angry 75 However, the students who returned or are going to return either have had a terrible experience in Japan or have some plan for their life back in Vietnam This is the reason why they find it easier to accept the return more easily than others Generally speaking, in this study, there are some changes in the decision of staying on in Japan or returning to Vietnam In the extreme case of An, who planned to stay on and finish her master degree, she had to even quit even before she could complete her Japanese language course In other cases, like Tai, Trinh, and Hai, they shifted their intention obviously from earning money for a few years into studying higher to secure better employment in Japan Others, especially students coming to Japan after 2013, take it for granted that after JLI they will stay on in Japan as long as possible The important thing is which way Most students just follow the mainstream way of applying for another educational institution Their choice of the institution reflects their family‟s financial well-being and their ultimate goal in Japan: for education or for economic reason 76 CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS From the findings which answer the three main research questions, the researcher came to some conclusions and have some suggestions concerning the general issue of Vietnamese youngsters study in Japanese language schools at their own expenses, and broader issues of labour migration and internationalisation of higher education in Japan and Vietnam The limitations of the present study as well awared of by the researcher conclude the chapter 5.1 Conclusions The aim of this research is to answer the three research questions concerning whether there are changes in the reasons Vietnamese self-financed students at JLI choose to go to Japan, revolving around to study or to work Being aware of the complexity of the research topic, still the researcher would like to focus on the two main concerns of the educational or economic reasons for going to Japan There are some conclusions to be reached after the completion of the research as followed: First, there are a variety of reasons for the students to choose to go to Japan It is just impossible to oversimplify the problem into the two main aspects of studying or working All the other factors affecting the students and their rational decisions are important and in some cases have the defining role This should not be a breakthrough conclusion because it has been more and more unanimously agreed in the international migration scholar community, that although migration is mainly an economically driven phenomenon, people have been found to move for a range of all very varied reasons (Castles and Miller, 2009; Liu-Farrer, 2011: 142-143) Second, Japanese language institutes in Japan is mainly a supply of cheap labour migration Although the researcher theorized that it may not be and may be a gateway for opportunities for higher education, it requires certain conditions to be the case In theory, JLI can be a gateway for students who aspire to achieve high quality education in Japan by working to partly finance themselves through the 77 courses But in reality, the students either need to have a „real‟ ability to fund their study or will have to break the regulation of part-time job hours for international students In many cases, as told by the participants and the participants themselves, the students have to work too many hours and even night shifts, and consequently, they have no time or health to study They will just go to class and sleep to make up for the sleepless nights What troubles here is the fact that the language school turn blind eyes on the low academic performance and achievements of the students The attractions for students to choose the language school include their lax regulations and their connections with companies and their ability to introduce students to parttime job vacancies The booming growth of the trend to go to Japan to study and work is based on the fact that the students can or implicitly are allowed to work and exceed the time limit for them (28 hours/ week) The fact that all of the students in this study accept the fact that they will have to work certain kinds of part-time jobs which are mainly manual labour proves that JLI has been settled as a channel for cheap and low-skilled labour in Japan Why low-wage and low-skilled labour? Because the students only some certain kinds of jobs like „porters‟, „construction workers‟, „dish washer‟, „cơm hộp‟ - food packaging, „waiters‟ or cashiers in convenient stores There are other kinds of jobs but basically these jobs are the most common because they are available and they require no or very little Japanese skills or academic ability This is exactly the same as the situation Chinese students experienced in Japan (Liu-Farrer, 2011) Third, although there are many other factors affecting the experience of Vietnamese students when they are in Japan, the way the students and their family react still play a very important role Starting with the preparation stage, when they were considering their trip to Japan, the way the students and their families get themselves informed of the facts and figures or real life experiences will help them to make better decisions Once in Japan, the student‟s acceptance of the Japanese way of life and willingness to integrate and emerge in is crucial For instance, the realisation of having a good command of the native language when you go and live 78 in a foreign country should never be any kind of „realisation‟ However, the students in this study all conclude that it is important to be good at Japanese This can be a typical characteristic of Japan, but this is not something new discovery This is the advice that is stressed a lot when given to the students who want to go and study in Japan When in difficulty, it is also the students‟ and their families‟ reaction, that either solve the difficulties or make them worse If the students share their difficulties in Japan with their families and reach for help, and the families have the ability to provide help, there will not be too bad experiences for the students Fourth, the role of networks proves to be really important for an easier and smoother coping and integration process for the students Students with trusted and available support from friends or family in Japan seem to have better experiences than those who don‟t have With the increasing number of Vietnamese students in Japan, the forming of a community with their own typical characteristics is indispensable The impact of such a community can be both positive and negative on the students‟ decisions and experiences In sum, either the students aim for educational experiences or economic opportunities, the students themselves and their families should be better informed and be clear and certain of their main purpose and their financial ability 79 5.2 Recommendations There are a number of recommendations for various parties involved in the issue of Vietnamese self-financed students in Japanese Language Institutes concerning particularly the quality of the students‟ experiences, the internationalisation of higher education, and the labour force in both countries To begin with, although it sounds like a matter of fact, it is still crucial to recommend the students and the families to consider carefully their decision to go to Japan They should be well-informed decision makers, which is an easy task to in this modern day where we can access information in various forms Additionally, both the students and the families should be certain of their purpose of the experience When they are fully aware of all the adversities and physical, psychologically and financially prepared to deal with them, their experiences will not be sufferings and instead can be as fruitful as they want Concerning the use of Japanese language institutes as a channel for low-wage labourers, it should only be a short-term solution for Japan to deal with the labour shortage crisis The attitude of not accepting migrant workers or to be precise, not openly admit Japan‟s dependence on international migrant workers led to the employment of programs and schemes such as the internship or trainee programs, or Japanese Language Institutes (Stalker, 2001; Papademetriou and Hamilton, 2000) These programs are not seen with the purpose or values their names express, but the side door for low-skilled workers This causes contradiction in the attitude of controlling international migration and the actual practice of controlling it This means the government must deliberately turn blind eyes on the issue of exceeding part-time job hours This solution will cause disapproval and aggression among the students due to the arbitrary unfair treatment they get It is better to stop or try to draw a clear line between labour migration and international students or else it will wreak havoc on the government‟s efforts to control both issues 80 There should be stricter regulation and monitoring right at the beginning of the process of letting the students in To be exact, the reinforcement of the laws should be taken more seriously The fact that the companies in Vietnam and the schools themselves create loops in the recruiting and admission process causes the subsequent problems For example, the guarantee of financial capacity of the student or their patron can be easily falsified That means many families not have the financial ability to support the students to study in Japan but still the companies and school accept and help to provide the false documents This may push the students when in need of financial support can turn to no one and nowhere, and understandably commit either petty or major crimes in Japan This fact is so easily understood among the student community The image of Vietnamese students or Vietnamese people in general in Japan have been badly ruined in this way The attitude of Japanese people towards Vietnamese migrants has been turned sour and skeptical as a result Moreover, Vietnam will in the long-run have to deal with the returnee issues Because Japan is unwilling to admit immigrants, these students will have to be sent back home eventually Vietnam will have to face a big group of young people without good language command, academic expertise, or vocational skills This should be a serious problem in the labour force in Vietnam in the future In conclusion, stricter control on both side of Japan and Vietnam should be seen soon to better filter the students and prevent the bad consequences later Regarding the internationalisation of higher education plan in both Japan and Vietnam, this process should be and intrinsically is about the internationalised quality of higher education If the goal of the plan is about increasing the number of international students, and especially in the case of Japanese language schools in Japan, the number of 300,000 foreign students are not really a good indicator of how much higher education in Japan has been internationalised The trend for Vietnam case in international student mobility will be following the one in other Asian countries (Kell and Vogl, 2012: 7) That is, because of economic growth in Vietnam, there is a „new growing affluence‟ – a new middle class These people 81 have money, and they treasure and appreciate education highly, which means they are readily willing to pay for their children to be able to enjoy education at prestigious schools Japanese language institutes, if function as it is originally supposed to – prepare the students linguistically and culturally, should be and will be a crucial link in the process to true internationalisation of higher education And it will still a lucrative business for them because their target customers now will be the middle class families For Japan, the suggestions will be one of these or the concoction of all these: 1/ to enforce stricter laws on educational quality control on Japanese Language Institutes; 2/ create more connections between good language schools and prestigious universities or higher education institutions; 3/ provide more support and preferable conditions for international students to be able to access and complete their study 4/ test and implement new forms of higher education service providers A combination of transnational education experience and high quality educational service will be highly likely to gain popularity Especially in the case of Japan whose has a very unique culture and a hesitant attitude towards opening to and integrating immigrants, this form of education can attract many international students For Vietnam, from the higher education perspective, Vietnam should also notice this „new growing affluence‟ and their demands What Vietnam should pay attention to is at the same time, improve their higher education system and attract or try to pull Vietnamese international students back home These two are actually closely and complementary to each other If the students who finished their education abroad at good establishments return and work in educational system, the improvement will have real strong boosts When the higher education system of 82 Vietnam develops, the new growing wealth that has been spending outside will take a round turn and get back in And better projection is Vietnam will become the destination for international students who seek internationally standardised higher education This is actually the story of China and their higher education system development and international student mobility (Bhandari and Blumenthal, 2011; Kell and Vogl, 2012) With appropriate policies to favour potential students to encourage their returning and keeping them in Vietnam, the changes are just round the corner Moreover, just like Japan, the suggestion is to make distinct boundaries between labour migrants and international students Remittances are important for Vietnamese economy but a blurred line between these two groups will be more likely to wreak havoc on both socio-economic and educational situation of Vietnam than to bring good benefits 5.3 Limitations of the study During the course of conducting and after finishing the research, there are some limitations and areas for improvements the researcher would like to clarify and emphasize for better understanding of the study‟s results, conclusions and suggestions First of all, because there is a scarcity of literature on this exact topic of Vietnamese students at JLI in Japan, it was difficult for the researcher to find information or preceding examples of the most suitable methodology for such research Moreover, the researcher had difficulty in collecting statistics due to her low proficiency in Japanese This is a huge disadvantage for the researcher because she can only access statistics provided publicly in English or Vietnamese This led to the shortage of updated data on the international students at Japanese Language Institutes and their educational profiles A good proficiency in Japanese is pivotal in conducting research in this close connection to Japan In sum, hopefully subsequent and further studies will complement on the gaps of information necessary for deeper or comprehensive understanding of this topic or related issues 83 Secondly, access to a large quantity of participants and high quality of data collected is a major obstacle for this research In order to guarantee the randomness of the subject selection process, the researcher resorted to all sources of relationships and mediums of access However, the convenient sample must be used because it is beyond her volition that the students would agree to take part in the interviews The distance between Vietnam and Japan and Hanoi and other provinces have forced the researcher to utilise the calling, and chatting forms of interview, which in return led to difficulties of different time zones, timetables, internet connection, and data recording Most of the subjects are not the researcher‟s even acquaintances, which makes it difficult for the researcher to get information relating to sensitive subjects such as financial matters, personal problems or relationships in a short period of friends-making Better preparation for building trust and rapport with interviewees should be considered seriously if other studies would like to 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(3) Are there any changes in reasons for the decision of staying in Japan or not after finishing studying at. .. students of Vietnamese nationality, who either has studies or is studying or is planning to study at one of Japanese language institutes in Japan ? ?Japanese language institutes? ?? as defined in the official...VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY NGUYEN THI HUYEN TRANG CHANGES IN REASONS FOR STUDYOR -WORK IN JAPAN OF VIETNAMESE SELF- FINANCED STUDENTS AT JAPANESE LANGUAGE INSTITUTES