Awareness and willingness to reduce single use plastic in hanoi in relation to climate change mitigation

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY NGUYEN THI DANG HUE AWARENESS AND WILLINGNESS TO REDUCE SINGLE-USE PLASTIC IN HANOI IN RELATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION MASTER’S THESIS VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY NGUYEN THI DANG HUE AWARENESS AND WILLINGNESS TO REDUCE SINGLE-USE PLASTIC IN HANOI IN RELATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION MAJOR: CLIMATE CHANGE AND DEVELOPMENT CODE: 8900201.02QTD RESEARCH SUPERVISOR: Dr TAKEUCHI RYO ASSOC.PROF TAMURA MAKOTO Hanoi, 2020 PLEDGE I declare that this master thesis has conducted by the author This result has not submitted to any papers and hasn’t published yet The references and citations from research paper, book, report, websites were in the list of references of the thesis Author of the thesis Nguyen Thi Dang Hue i TABLE OF CONTENT PLEDGE i TABLE OF CONTENT ii LIST OF FIGURES iv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS vi ACKNOWLEDGMENT vii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Research background 1.2 Motivation 1.3 Purpose of the study 1.4 Scope 1.5 Research questions 1.6 Hypothesis 1.7 Structure of the thesis CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Single – use plastic 2.1.1 Plastic bags 2.1.2 Plastic takeaway food containers 12 2.2 Plastic issue and climate change 13 2.2.1 Heat emissions from crude oil making 13 2.2.2 Greenhouse gases emission from plastic waste treatment 14 2.2.3 Greenhouse gases emission from plastic 16 2.2.4 Impact on the oceanic carbon sink 17 2.3 Waste management in Vietnam 19 2.4 Mitigating plastic related greenhouse gas emissions 21 CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY 25 3.1 Research process 25 3.2 Sampling and data collection 25 3.3 Questionnaire design 26 3.4 Statistic method 26 3.5 Expert method 27 3.6 Study site 27 CHAPTER 4: RESULTS 29 4.1 Background information 29 4.2 Consumption behavior 30 ii 4.3 Environmental impacts awareness 39 4.4 Willingness to reduce 42 4.4.1 Single – use plastic container 42 4.4.2 Single – use plastic bag 47 CHAPTER 5: DISCUSSION 52 CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 58 6.1 Conclusion and recommendation 58 6.2 Limitation 60 REFERENCES 62 APPENDIX 67 iii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1: Disposal of all plastic waste generated in 2015 Figure 2.2: Single- use plastic bags life cycle 11 Figure 2.3: Plankton processes 18 Figure 2.4: Waste collection process 20 Figure 2.5: Net greenhouse gas emissions from source reduction and municipal solid waste management option 22 Figure 3.1: Research process proposed by the author 25 Figure 4.1: Gender and aged of respondent 29 Figure 4.2: Education level 30 Figure 4.3: Number of single - use plastic container per week in general 30 Figure 4.4: Number of single - use plastic container used base on gender per week 31 Figure 4.5: The number of containers use base on ages 32 Figure 4.6: Reusable container usage 32 Figure 4.7: The reasons for bring reusable container 33 Figure 4.8: The reason for not bring reusable container 34 Figure 4.9: Number of plastic bags used per week 35 Figure 4.10: Plastic bags usage base on gender 36 Figure 4.11: Plastic bag used after carrying 36 Figure 4.12: Reusable bags usage status 37 Figure 4.13: The reason for not bringing reusable bags 38 Figure 4.14: Environmental impact awareness 39 Figure 4.15: Environmental impact awareness with detail 39 Figure 4.16: Important of the environmental issue (on a scale from to 5) 40 Figure 4.17: Sources of information 41 Figure 4.18: Shopping priority 42 Figure 4.19: Willingness to reduce single – use plastic container 43 Figure 4.20: Willingness to reduce single – use plastic container based on gender 44 Figure 4.21: Willingness to reduce plastic container based on age 44 Figure 4.22: Willingness to cooperate by paying for single - use eco-friendly container 45 Figure 4.23: Education level and willingness to cooperate by paying for single–use eco-friendly container 46 iv Figure 4.24: Willingness to reduce the usage of single – use plastic bag in general 47 Figure 4.25: Willingness to reduce the usage of single – use plastic bag based on gender 47 Figure 4.26: Willingness to reduce the usage of single – use plastic bag based on ages 48 Figure 4.27: Willingness to cooperate to stop taking plastic bag at the shopping places 49 Figure 4.28: Education and willingness to cooperate by how people accept to stop taking plastic bag at the shopping places 49 Figure 4.29: The acceptance of strategies to reduce plastic bags 50 v LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS CO2 CO2e EPS GAIA GHG HDPE IPCC LDPE LLPE Mt MONRE kWh PE PET PLA PS PVC WRAP ATSDR Carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide equivalent Expanded polystyrene Global Alliance for Incinerator Alternatives Greenhouse gas High-Density Polyethylene Intergovernmental Panel on Climate change Low-Density Polyethylene Linear Low-Density Polyethylene Metric ton Ministry of National Resources and Environment kilowatt - hour Polypropylene Polypropylene terephthalate Polylactic acid Polystyrene Polyvinyl chloride Waste and Resource Action Program Agency for Toxic Substainces and Disease Registry vi ACKNOWLEDGMENT I’m grateful to our faculty lectures of the Master in Climate Change and Development Program, Vietnam Japan University, who has given me many guidance to process my project I’m very thankful to my supervisors - Dr Ryo Takeuchi and Assoc.Prof Makoto Tamura, who provided insight and expertise that greatly assisted the research and always encourages me, and to Bui Thi Hoa – MCCD program assistant for helping me during doing survey, and to my classmates Tieu Thi Diu, who was patient to help me while I was processing the data I want to express my appreciation to the lectures, staffs in Ibaraki University and friend especially Suziki Shunya for supporting me so much during the internship I would like to show my appreciation to all of friends who helps me to share my survey, and to everyone who spend time to review and give the comments Finally, I would like to express our gratitude to all the people who help me by providing their valuable assistance and time for this study Nguyen Thi Dang Hue vii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Research background Increasing plastic waste poses threat to globally sustainable development as they are destroying ocean ecosystem and sustain in the environment for hundreds of years Plastic production is one of the industrial production activities causing serious pollution to the air environment (Center for International Environmental Law, 2019) The amount of harmful emissions with extremely unpleasant odors seriously affects the health of those exposed In the process of burning plastic will produce toxic substances, including toxic gases: CO2, SO2 and vinyl chloride In the long term, they also affect the atmosphere, creating a greenhouse effect The plastic production in global scale has been increasing rapidly since past 50 years When comparing the global production of 1950, which respectively accounts for million tones, annual production has increased nearly 200-fold, reaching 381 million tones by 2015 (Plastic global production, 2018) While the impacts of plastic waste causing to the environment, the ecosystem, especially the marine ecosystem have been clearly shown, the effects of plastic on climate change are gradually being clarified (Center for International Environmental Law, 2019) The plastic production is highly dependent on fossil coal, a non-renewable resource In 2019, the burning and production of plastic contributed 850 million metric tons of GHG to the atmosphere This is equivalent to emissions from 189 megawatt coal fired power plant By 2030, this amount of emissions could reach 1.34 gigatons per year if plastic production and use grow under the current plan This is equivalent to emissions from more than 295 new 500 MW coal fired power plants By Gallego-Schmid, M J (2019) Environmental impacts of takeaway food containers Journal of Cleaner Production, 417–427 Gervet (2017) The Use of Crude Oil in Plastic Making Contributes to Global Warming Sweden: University of Technology Lule Geyer, R (2017) Production, use, fate of all plastic ever Science Advances, 917 - 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A B – C – D 7– 10 E >10 Câu Bạn có mang hộp theo mua đồ ăn không? A Có B Khơng Câu Tơi có mang hộp theo mua đồ ăn (bạn chọn nhiều đáp án): A Tôi lo lắng loại hộp nhựa, hộp xốp dùng lần ảnh hưởng đến sức khoẻ B Tôi quan tâm đến bảo vệ môi trường C Tôi hưởng ứng phong trao giảm rác thải nhựa từ nơi làm việc/ trường học D Tôi bị ảnh hưởng từ lối sống gia đình/ bạn bè xunh quanh tơi E Lý khác: ………………………………………………………… Câu Tôi không mang hộp theo mua đồ ăn (bạn chọn 68 nhiều đáp án): A Nó khơng tiện B Tơi nghĩ khơng có vấn đề sử dụng loại hộp nhựa, hộp xốp dùng lần C Tôi quên mang theo D Lý khác:…………………………………………………………… Câu Bạn có ưu tiên mua sắm cửa hàng sử dụng hộp thân thiện với môi trường không? A Không Tôi không quan tâm đến loại hộp B Có Tơi ưu tiên C Có, tơi ý chênh lệch giá D Ý kiến khác:…………………………………………………………… Câu Bạn có sẵn sàng mang hộp theo mua đồ ăn bạn nhận lại số tiền định? A Có B Khơng C Tuỳ thuộc vào số tiền nhận D Ý kiến khác:…………………………………………………… Câu Bạn sẵn sàng trả tiền/hộp để sử dụng loại hộp dùng lần thân thiện với môi trường hộp làm từ bã mía, ngơ, (đơn vị: đồng) A B > – 3000 C > 3000 – 5000 E > 5000 – 1000 E > 10.000 Câu Bạn có sẵn sàng giảm việc sử dụng loại hơp nhựa dùng lần, hộp xốp khơng? 69 A Có B Không C Khác B Túi nilong Câu Bạn lấy túi nilong tuần mua sắm? A.0 B – C – 10 D >10 Câu 10 Bạn làm với túi nilong mang nhà? A Bỏ hết vào thùng rác B Vứt số cái, tái sử dụng số C Tái sử dụng toàn D Khác:……………………………………………………… Câu 11 Bạn có thường xuyên mang túi theo mua sắm không? A Luôn B Thường xuyên C Thỉnh thoảng D Không Câu 12 Tơi khơng mang túi theo : A Tơi khơng biết thơng tin loại túi sử dụng nhiều lần B Giá loại túi sử dụng nhiều lần cao C Tơi thích dùng túi nilong cung cấp nơi bán hàng D Tôi quên mang theo E Lý khác: Câu 13 Nếu cửa hàng hoàn lại bạn số tiền nhỏ, bạn chấp nhận hoàn lại tiền /1 túi để dừng việc lấy túi nilong? A B > – 3000 70 C > 3000 – 5000 D > 5000 – 1000 E > 10.000 Câu 14 Bạn có sẵn sàng giảm việc sử dụng túi nilông mua sắm không? A Có, tơi làm B Khơng, tơi thấy việc khó C Khác C Hiểu biết tác động đồ nhựa lần tới môi trường Câu 15 Bạn có nghĩ đồ nhưạ lần gây ảnh hưởng xấu tới môi trường? A Không B Có C Tơi khơng biết Câu 16: Ảnh hưởng (bỏ qua câu 13 bạn chọn A C ? (Bạn chọn nhiều đáp án) A Ơ nhiễm nước (sơng, biển) B Ơ nhiễm đất C Ơ nhiễm khơng khí D Khác:………………………………………………………………… Câu 17 Bạn biết đến thông tin ảnh hưởng rác thải nhựa ? A Trải nghiệm thân A Gia đình bạn bè A Trường học B Truyền thông (TV, đài, báo mạng) C Khác :………………………………………………………………… Câu 18 Mức quan trọng vấn đề ô nhiễm môi trường đựơc nêu 71 bạn Không quan trọng nào? (thang đo từ đến 5) Rất quan trọng D Background information Câu 19: Độ tuổi bạn ? A 18 – 25 B 26 – 35 C 36 – 45 55 Câu 20: Giới tính bạn A Nam B Nữ Câu 22: Học vấn A Tiểu học B Trung học sở C Trung học phổ thông D Đại học E Sau đại học 72 D 46 – 55 E > APPENDIX III Phỏng vấn chuyên gia Tôi Nguyễn Thị Đăng Huệ - học viên thạc sĩ trường Đại học Việt Nhật – Đại học Quốc Gia Hà Nội Hiện tại, tiến hành nghiên cứu đề tài “Nhận thức mức độ sẵn sàng giảm thiểu đồ nhựa dùng lần Hà Nội mối liên hệ với giảm thiểu biến đổi khí hậu” phục vụ cho khố luận tốt nghiệp Mục đích buổi vấn để hiểu rõ sách liên quan đến rác thải nhựa nay, chương trình triển khai nhằm giảm thiểu rác thải nhựa Hà Nội, khó khăn kinh nghiệm q trình triển khai Tồn thơng tin buổi vấn phục vụ cho việc làm luận văn khơng tiết lộ bên ngồi I Thơng tin chung - Tên tổ chức: …………………………………………………………… - Địa chỉ: ………………………………………………………………… - Ngày vấn: ……………………………………………………… II Câu hỏi Ông bà cho biết nhận định mức độ quan tâm hiểu biết người Hà Nội rác thải nhựa nay? Theo ông bà, mức độ sử dụng đồ nhựa dùng lần, phổ biến túi nilong, ống hút nhựa, loại hộp nhưạ lần dùng người dân Hà Nội ? 73 Gần bắt đầu cửa hàng không sử dụng đồ nhựa, siêu thị gói đồ lá, nhóm, cộng đồng tiêu dùng không sử dụng nhựa lần mạng xã hội Theo ông/bà, mức độ sẵn sàng giảm sử dụng đồ nhựa lần dân ? Theo ông bà, đâu yếu tố ảnh hưởng tới việc người dân cắt giảm sử dụng nhựa lần? Những hiệu thu khó khăn gặp phải triển khai chương trình gì? Xin ơng/ bà chia sẻ chi tiết Trong giai đoạn từ năm 2006 – 2009 , JICA – quan hợp tác quốc tế Nhật Bản tài trợ chương trình phân loại rác Hà Nội, thí điểm phường Phan Chu Trinh, Nguyen Du , Thanh Cong, Lang Ha Kết báo cáo sau dự án kết thúc tốt giảm 30% - 40% lượng rác chôn lấp, tiết kiệm chi phí, giảm tượng vứt rác bừa bãi Nhưng sau dự án kết thúc việc phân loại rác khơng cịn trì Xin ơng/bà cho biết hoạt động khơng thể nhân rộng trì tồn địa bàn thành phố đến nay? Tại phiên họp khí hậu môi trường Hội nghị G20 Nhật Bản, Thủ tướng Nguyễn Xuân Phúc phát biểu Việt Nam phấn đấu đến năm 2025 khơng cịn sử dụng đồ nhựa dùng lần Xin ông/bà chia sẻ kế hoạch hoạt động mà Bộ chuẩn bị để đạt mục tiêu đó? Theo ơng/ bà, đâu cách hiệu để giảm nhựa dùng lần Việt Nam nói chung Hà Nội nói riêng? Xin chân thành cảm ơn Ông/Bà trả lời câu hỏi này! 74 APPENDIX IV Matrix of Learning Outcome for the Master’s thesis Program Learning Outcomes (PLOs) Results of MCCD of Master Thesis Result Result Result Result PLO1: Accumulating and mastering the basic knowledge on principles of Marxism – Leninism, Political Theory and Ideology of Ho Chi  Minh; and general knowledge about administration and management PLO2: Mastering the fundamental, interdisciplinary knowledge and methodologies to assess and address actual problem (fact and features) relates to climate change (CC)  mitigation, adaptation for sustainable development at global, national and local levels PLO3: developing Understanding systematic and thinking;  necessary knowledge on science, technology, innovation Other outcomes and 75 governance related to CC response for development; identifying, analyzing, assessing and forecasting the issues related to CC and CCR; predicting the developing trend of CC science PLO4: Applying knowledge to solve the problem of CC and CCR; planning and approaching the works the works in fields of CC; proposing the initiatives as well as  the researches on CC’ implementing the solution on science, technology, mechanism, policy and finance for CCR and development PLO5: Having skills of cooperation with personal, agencies, organization domestically and internationally to solve the CC issue, communication  in works, projects on CC, and organizing, managing and administrating advanced career development PLO6: Accumulating soft skills to self– directed and adapt to compete the working environment such as 76 English proficiency, Japanese   communication skills, having on time management, using basic computer skills proficiently; working and having researching skills independently; of research and development; and using technologies creatively in academic and professional fields Note: Results 1: Showing the relationship between climate change and single – use plastic by using second data Results 2: Findings and recommend the solutions for reduce the single – use plastic in Hanoi Result 3: Having interview with MONRE in Viet Nam and Ministry of the Enviroment in Japan Result 4: Completing the shool work in Vietnam Japan University and internship works in Japan 77 ... UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY NGUYEN THI DANG HUE AWARENESS AND WILLINGNESS TO REDUCE SINGLE- USE PLASTIC IN HANOI IN RELATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION MAJOR: CLIMATE CHANGE AND DEVELOPMENT... units, including small-capacity incinerators (42%), composting plants (24%), facilities incorporating composting incinerators and incinerators (24%), and other technologies (10%) The total installed... Willingness to reduce single – use plastic container based on gender 44 Figure 4.21: Willingness to reduce plastic container based on age 44 Figure 4.22: Willingness to cooperate by paying