Optimization of some factors influencing lycopene extraction from tomato processing waste using response surface methodology

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE NGUYEN THI KIM THANH OPTIMIZATION OF SOME FACTORS INFLUENCING LYCOPENE EXTRACTION FROM TOMATO PROCESSING WASTE USING RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY Major: Food Technology Code: 24 18 05 57 Suppevisors: Assoc Prof Tran Thi Dinh Prof Marie-Louise Scippo AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY PRESS - 2017 DECLARATION I hereby declare that the data and results of research in my thesis are honest There is no material that has been accepted for the award of any other degrees or diploma in any educational institution and, to the best of my knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by another person, except where due reference is made in the text of the thesis I hereby declare that, all the help to carry out of my thesis was thanked and the cited information in this thesis has been written clearly the source Hanoi, May 10th, 2017 Master candidate Nguyen Thi Kim Thanh i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis was realized at Department of Food Processing Technology and Central laboratories of Food technology-Vietnam national university of Agriculture under the supervisor of Assoc Prof Tran Thi Dinh and Prof Marie-Louise Scippo To complete this thesis, besides the effort of myself, I have received encouragement and great help of many individuals and groups Foremost, I would like express my deep gratitude to my supervisor Assoc Prof Tran Thi Dinh and Prof Marie-Louise Scippo for their valuable advices and continuous guidance, encouragement and time sharing during my study I would like to express my sincere thanks to Msc Nguyen Thi Hoang Lan and Dr Hoang Hai Ha for enthusiasm, insightful comments, teaching me on the HPLC analytical technique and useful laboratory skills I am grateful to Research and Teaching Higher Education Academy – Committee on Development Cooperation (ARES – CCD) for awarding the scholarship grant I give my thanks to Dr Nguyen Thi Thanh Thuy for her great support during my study My sincere thanks are also sent to my friends especially, special thanks to my juniors Than Thi Huong, Nguyen Thi Hien and Pham Thi Bich for their assistance in the experimental work of this thesis Last but not least, I owe more than thanks to my family, my parents, my elder sister and my younger brother for their love, support, patience and inspiration Hanoi, May 10th, 2017 Master candidate Nguyen Thi Kim Thanh ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Declaration i Acknowledgements ii Table of contents iii List of abbreviations v List of tables vi List of figures vii List of figures vii Thesis abstract viii Chapter Introduction 1.1 Introduction 1.2 AIM 1.2.1 General objective 1.2.2 Specific objectives Chapter Literature review 2.1 Tomato 2.1.1 Origin and distribution of tomato 2.1.2 Tomato composition 2.1.3 Tomato processing waste 2.2 Lycopene 2.2.1 Source of lycopene 2.2.2 Role of lycopene in the human health 10 2.2.3 Physical and chemical properties of lycopene 11 2.3 Lycopene extraction 14 2.3.1 Solvent extraction method 15 2.3.2 Other methods of lycopene extraction 17 Chapter Materials and methods 20 3.1 Materials 20 3.1.1 Sample collection and preparation 20 3.1.2 Equipment 20 3.1.3 Chemical 21 iii 3.2 Research contents 21 3.3 Methodology 21 3.3.1 Experimental design 21 3.3.2 Analytical methods 25 3.3.3 Data analysis 28 Chapter Results and discussion 29 4.1 Selection of the suitable organic solvent for lycopene extraction 29 4.2 Selection of treatment regime of tomato waste for lycopene extraction 31 4.3 Response surface methodology for optimization of lycopene extraction 36 Chapter Conclusions and recommendations 42 5.1 Conclusions 42 5.2 Recommendations 42 References 43 Appendix 48 iv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Abbreviation Description DPPH 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl_C18H12N5O6 DW Dry weight HPLC High performance liquid chromatography w/v Weight/ volume v LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1 World tomato area, production and productivity, 2013 Table 2.2 World leading tomato producing countries in the world Table 2.3 Tomato area, production and productivity of some region in Viet Nam, 2009 Table 2.4 Typical composition in 100 gram of a ripe tomato fruit Table 2.5 Carotenoid composition of tomato fruit, tomato processing wastes and tomato paste (mg/100g wet sample) Table 2.6 Lycopene content of common fruit and vegetables Table 2.7 Lycopene content in common tomato –based food 10 Table 2.8 Physical properties of lycopene 11 Table 2.9 Total lycopene and Cis-isomer content in the dehydrated tomato 14 Table 3.1 Effect of solvent system on lycopene extraction from tomato waste 21 Table 3.2 Experimental design for drying of tomato waste 22 Table 3.3 Box- Behnken experimental design for lycopene extraction 23 Table 4.1 Results of optimization treatment regimens for tomato waste 31 Table 4.2 Summary of effect of independent factors to the output variables 32 Table 4.3 Results of the analysis of variance on lycopene content 32 Table 4.4 Result of the analysis of variance antioxidant capacity of lycopene extract 34 Table 4.5 Results of optimization condition for lycopene extraction 37 Table 4.6 Summary of effect of independent factors to the output variables 38 Table 4.7 Results of the analysis of variance of lycopene content 38 Table 4.8 Result of the analysis of variance of antioxidant capacity of lycopene extract 39 vi LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1 Structure of trans and cis isomeric forms of lycopene 13 Figure 3.1 A Tomato ‘Chanoka F1’ fruit, B Fresh tomato waste, C Dried tomato waste 20 Figure 3.2 HPLC chromatogram of (A) lycopene analytical standard at 0.25mg/ml and (B) CT5 sample in section 3.3.1.2 26 Figure 3.3 HPLC calibration curve for lycopene standards dissolved in n-hexan and dichloromethane (1:1) 27 Figure 3.4 Trolox calibration curve 28 Figure 4.1 Effect of solvents systems on lycopene concentration 29 Figure 4.2 Effect of solvents systems on antioxidant capacity of lycopene extract 30 Figure 4.3 Profiler showing the optimal drying conditions of tomato waste 35 Figure 4.4 Profiler showing the optimal extracting conditions of lycopene extraction 40 vii THESIS ABSTRACT Master candidate: Nguyen Thi Kim Thanh Thesis title: Optimization of some factors influencing lycopene extraction from tomato processing waste using response surface methodology Major: Food technology Code: 24180557 Educational organization: Vietnam National University of Agriculture (VNUA) Research Objectives: The aim of this research is to optimize some factor (solvent/material ratio, temperature and time) influencing lycopene extraction process from tomato waste which could be used to produce functional foods Materials and Methods: - Materials: The red ripe tomato cv Chanoka F1 was harvested in Bac Ninh province Tomato waste was obtained by removing the juice Tomato paste was passed through a fruit pulper to obtain waste Tomato waste was dried by a convective oven after that they were ground to use as material for lycopene extraction - Methods: Suitable organic solvent for lycopene extraction from tomato waste was studied ranging from single solvent (acetone, ethanol, ethyl acetate), double solvent (acetone: ethanol) and triple solvent system (acetone: ethanol: ethyl acetate) The treatment regime (moisture content and drying temperature) of tomato waste for lycopene extract also investigated Tomato waste, which was dried in the oven at the optimal temperature and moisture content, was used to optimize of several factors (ratio of solvent/dried tomato waste, temperature, time) influencing extraction of lycopene with the most suitable solvent by response surface methodology - Analytical methods: Moisture content of tomato waste (%) was measured using fast moisture detector (MA37, Germany) Lycopene content was quantified by HPLC Antioxidant capacity of lycopene content was quantified by DPPH radical scavenging test Main findings and conclusions The results of the present study indicated that ethyl acetate solvent proved to be the most efficient compared to other solvents for lycopene extraction The optimal conditions for drying of tomato waste is temperature of 65oC until the moisture content of the material reached 23% The optimal extraction conditions for lycopene were: + Ratio of solvent/waste 40/1 (v/w), + Temperature 55oC and viii + Extraction time 120 Under this optimization condition lycopene content in the extract was 7.391 mg/g DW and antioxidant capacity of extract was 10.384 µmol TE/g DW ix Table 4.6 Summary of effect of independent factors to the output variables Source Log worth P-value X1 41.244 0.00000 X2 25.923 0.00000 X2*X2 21.134 0.00000 X3 12.913 0.00000 X1*X1 8.911 0.00000 X1*X2 5.545 0.00000 X3*X3 1.510 0.03090 X1*X3 1.147 0.07126 X2*X3 0.467 0.34102 o X1: ratio of solvent /material (v/w); X2: temperature ( C); X3: time (min) Table 4.7 Results of the analysis of variance of lycopene content Term Estimate Std Error t Ratio P – value Intercept X1 X2 X3 X1*X1 X1*X2 X2*X2 X1*X3 X2*X3 X3*X3 3.3472318 -0.004696 0.0441097 0.0147892 0.0007333 0.0008341 -0.004525 8.7251e-5 0.0000948 -6.465e-5 0.372686 0.004646 0.004152 0.001657 0.000333 0.000276 0.000342 0.000139 0.000099 0.000038 8.98 -1.01 10.62 8.93 2.20 3.03 -13.24 0.63 0.96 -1.70