Nghiên cứu, thiết kế, chế tạo mảng anten 8 cổng tự cấu hình dựa trên bộ dịch pha khả trình kiểu phản xạ

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING NGUYEN CONG THUAN HANOI UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY - Nguyen Cong Thuan COMPUTER SCIENCE STUDY AND DESIGN OF 8-PORT RECONFIGURABLE PHASED ARRAY ANTENNA USING PROGRAMABLE REFLECTION TYPE PHASE SHIFTER MASTER THESIS OF SCIENCE COMPUTER SCIENCE 2016A Hanoi – 2018 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HANOI UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY - Nguyen Cong Thuan STUDY AND DESIGN OF 8-PORT RECONFIGURABLE PHASED ARRAY ANTENNA USING PROGRAMMABLE REFLECTION TYPE PHASE SHIFTER Specialty: Computer Science International Research Institute MICA MASTER THESIS OF SCIENCE COMPUTER SCIENCE SUPERVISOR: Dr Nguyen Thanh Huong Hanoi – 2018 Declaration of Authorship I, NGUYEN Cong Thuan, declare that this thesis titled, “Study and design of 8-port reconfigurable phased array antenna using programmable reflection type phase shifter” and the work presented in it are my own I confirm that:  This work was done wholly or mainly while in candidature for a research degree at this University  Where any part of this thesis has previously been submitted for a degree or any other qualification at this University or any other institution, this has been clearly stated  Where I have consulted the published work of others, this is always clearly attributed  Where I have quoted from the work of others, the source is always given With the exception of such quotations, this thesis is entirely my own work  I have acknowledged all main sources of help  Where the thesis is based on work done by myself jointly with others, I have made clear exactly what was done by others and what I have contributed myself Signed: Date: i Abstract Indoor positioning systems based on radio wave have attracted a lot of research interest over the last decade One of methods, named Angle of Arrival, locating object based on the relative angle of object to the reference points, requires a design of directional antenna Recently, antenna designs for this method mainly focus on sectorized antennas, reconfigurable antennas and switched-beam array antenna with limited number of predefined beams, which lowers the accuracy of indoor positioning system From this situation, I present in this thesis a design of 8-port phased array antenna using reflection type phase shifter The input power is split to each antenna through 8-port Wilkinson power divider with insertion loss of about 11dB and isolation of about 20dB To extract more accurate position, the main beam direction of phased array antenna can be steered smoothly by a design of a continuous and full 360o reflection type phase shifter with low insertion loss variation Microstrip patch antennas are used as elements in phased array antenna The steering of main beam from -45o to 45o with step 5o have been presented by radiation patterns of phased array antenna, measured in anechoic chamber The measured results show that the main beam direction is quite close the desired direction in simulation In most case, the side lobe level is less than main lobe about 10dB ii Acknowledgements It is an honor for me to be here to write thankful words to those who have been supporting, guiding and inspiriting me from the moment, when I started my work in International Research Institute MICA, until now, when I am writing my master thesis I owe my deepest gratitude to my supervisor, Dr Nguyen Thanh Huong Her expertise, understanding and generous guidance made it possible to work in a new topic for me She has made available her support in a number of ways to find out the solution to my works It is a pleasure to work with her Special thanks to Prof Eric Castelli, Dr Dao Trung Kien, Dr Nguyen Viet Tung and all of members in the Pervasive Space and Interaction Department for their guidance which help me a lot in how to study and to research in right way, and also the valuable advices for my works I would like to show my gratitude to Prof Vuong Tan Phu at University of Grenoble, France for his supporting His suggestions enable me to keep my thesis in the right direction Finally, this thesis would not have been possible if there were no encouragement from my family and friends Their words give me power in order to overcome all the embarrassment, discouragement and other difficulties Thanks for everything helping me to get this day Hanoi, 15/01/2018 Nguyen Cong Thuan iii Table of Contents Declaration of Authorship i Abstract ii Acknowledgements iii Table of Contents iv List of Tables vii List of Figures viii List of Abbreviations x Chapter - INTRODUCTION 1.1 Application and Technical Area 1.2 Problem Statement and Technical Issue 1.3 Research Aim and Objective 1.4 Thesis Outline Chapter - LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Basics of Microwave Engineering 2.1.1 Transmission Line Impedance 2.1.2 Microstrip Discontinuity 2.1.3 Scattering Matrix 11 2.2 Fundamental Parameters of Antennas 12 2.2.1 Return Loss and Voltage Standing Wave Ratio 12 2.2.2 Radiation Pattern 13 2.2.3 Polarization 15 2.3 Phased Array Antenna 16 iv 2.3.1 Array Geometry 18 2.3.2 Array Factor 20 2.3.3 Grating Lobe and Mutual Coupling 21 2.3.4 Feed Network 23 Chapter - DESIGN OF PHASED ARRAY ANTENNA 26 3.1 Structure 26 3.2 Power Divider 27 3.2.1 Requirement for Power Divider 27 3.2.2 Power Divider 28 3.3 Phase Shifter 31 3.3.1 Requirement for Phase Shifter 31 3.3.2 Phase Shifter Types 32 3.3.3 Reflection Type Phase Shifter 33 3.3.4 Design of Controller for Reflection Type Phase Shifter 44 3.4 Antenna Element 46 3.4.1 Requirement for Antenna Element 46 3.4.2 Microstrip Patch Antenna 47 Chapter - EXPERIMENTAL RESULT 49 4.1 Wilkinson Power Divider 49 4.2 Reflection Type Phase Shifter 53 4.3 Microstrip Patch Antenna 57 4.3.1 Return Loss and VSWR 57 4.3.2 Radiation Pattern 58 4.4 Phased Array Antenna 61 v Chapter - CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK 67 5.1 Conclusions 67 5.2 Future Works 68 PUBLICATIONS 69 REFERENCES 70 Appendix A: Calibration Procedure 72 Appendix B: Antenna Radiation Pattern Measurement System 74 Appendix C: Main beam angle versus DC bias look up table 76 Appendix D: Dimension of parts in phased array antenna 77 vi List of Tables Table 4-1: Comparison of main beam angle and side lobe level in simulation and measurement 62 Table 4-2: Comparison with previous antenna design for indoor localization 63 vii List of Figures Figure 2-1: A transmission line terminated in a load impedance [6] Figure 2-2: Bend: (a) geometry; (b) equivalent circuit[7] Figure 2-3: Mitered Bends [8] Figure 2-4: Open-Ends[7] Figure 2-5: Gaps[7] Figure 2-6: Step in Width[7] 10 Figure 2-7: T-junction discontinuity compensation configuration[8] 10 Figure 2-8: Fields regions of an antenna 14 Figure 2-9: Radiation pattern of array antenna: (a) in linear scale; (b) in dB 15 Figure 2-10: PLF according to different transmitter/receiver polarizations 16 Figure 2-11: Phased array antenna geometry: (a) Linear, (b) Planar, (c) Circular, (d) Spherical 18 Figure 2-12: Total field patterns of two dipole antenna array with element spacing λ/4 and different phase excitation β = -90o [10] 21 Figure 2-13: Series Feed Network for Phased Array Antenna 24 Figure 2-14: Parallel Feed Network for Phased Array Antenna 24 Figure 2-15: 4×4 Butler matrix network 25 Figure 3-1: Directivity as a function of the element spacing of linear array antenna [11] 27 Figure 3-2: T-junction divider: (a) Lossless; (b) Resistive 29 Figure 3-3: The Wilkinson power divider: (a) Microstrip line form, (b) Equivalent Transmission Line Circuit 30 Figure 3-4: An N-way, equal-split Wilkinson power divider[6] 30 Figure 3-5: An 8-way equal-split Wilkinson power divider 31 Figure 3-6: Types of phase shifter: (a) Switched Line; (b) Switched Network; 32 Figure 3-7: 3dB Hybrid Coupler 34 Figure 3-8: Structure of RTPS 35 Figure 3-9: Schematic Diagram of RTPS 37 Figure 3-10: Reflection Load of RTPS 38 Figure 3-11: The results of the first ZT1 survey: (a) Phase Shift, (b) d S 21 41 dVR Figure 3-12: The results of the second ZT1 survey: (a) Phase shift, (b) d S 21 42 dVR Figure 3-13: Impedance of DC Block VJ0603D8R2CXP 43 Figure 3-14: Block Diagram of controller 46 Figure 4-1: The 2-way WPD in theory: (a) Schematic Circuit; (b) Forward gains S21, S31 49 viii similar to the number of antenna elements This leads to the limitation of the number of lobes due to the size of an indoor antenna that cannot be too large Hence, the scan step of these design is quite large, namely 60o, 30o, 90o and 18o corresponding to researches [2]–[5] In this work, by controlling the Array Factor of array antenna through phase of wave coming to antennas, the number of beam does not depend on the number of antenna element Simultaneously, the full 360o continuous phase shifter enables me to arbitrarily adjust the phase shift, so the main beam can be steered continuously In this thesis, the angle step in steering is 5o Table 4-2: Comparison with previous antenna design for indoor localization Antenna Scanning range No of beam Average Step No of antenna [2] 360o 60o [3] 360o 12 30o 13 [4] 360o 90o [5] 73o 18o 90o 19 5o This work 63 64 65 Figure 4-19: Radiation pattern of phased array antenna at different angles 66 Chapter - CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK 5.1 Conclusions With the desire to improve the resolution of AoA-based indoor positioning system, this thesis has presented a design of 8-port phased array antenna using the reflection type phase shifter Initially, the analytical background related to this work was develop to choose the suitable structure of phase array antenna for indoor positioning After that, feed network, including power divider and phase shifter, and antenna element in turn are designed The 8-way power divider is composed of 2-way Wilkinson Power Dividers to limit the loss and increase the isolation between output ports The 8-way power divider, deployed on FR4 substrate, has insertion loss about 11dB and isolation about 20dB A reflection type phase shifter with proposed load topology using varactors SMV1247 and transmission lines is designed and fabricated on Roger4003c substrate This phase shifter can continuously control the phase shift in full 360o range with insertion loss about 2.5dB and 0.5dB variation Antenna elements are microstrip patch antennas on FR4 material that can operate in frequency range from 2.424GHz to 2.484GHz, and their half power beam width larger than 90o Finally, the radiation pattern of phased array antenna is measured in an anechoic chamber The main beam is controlled in direction from -45o to 45o with step 5o The measured results show that the main beam direction is quite close the desired direction in simulation The squint is due to the amplitude variation on both Wilkinson power divider and Reflection type phase shifter and small electrical length difference of assembly In most case, the side lobe level is less than main lobe about 10dB 67 5.2 Future Works I proposed some improvements for my system and summary it as following:  In short term, to verify the applicability of my phased array antenna, an indoor localization application will be built with the AoA algorithms used to reduce the influence of reflection in room such as Beamscan, ESPRIT and MUSIC  In long term, the control of side-lobes plays an important role in limiting the reflection in room Therefore, the design of variable gain amplifiers is very essential to control the amplitude of wave coming to each antenna With algorithms of beamforming for smart antenna, side-lobes are completely controlled 68 PUBLICATIONS International Conference Cong Thuan Nguyen, Trung Kien Dao, Thanh Huong Nguyen, "Design of an 8-port Antenna Array Feed Network with Programmable Phase Shifter at ISM 2.4GHz Band", 2016 9th Regional Conference on Electrical and Electronics Engineering (RCEEE 2016), 17-18 November 2016, Hanoi, Vietnam Thanh Huong Nguyen, Cong Thuan Nguyen, “A Continuous 360o Reflection Type Phase Shifter with Low Loss Variation at 2.4GHz for Indoor Localization”, 2018 International Conference on Information and Communication Technology and Digital Convergence Business (ICIDB 2018), 19-21 January 2018, Hanoi, Vietnam 69 REFERENCES [1] L Brás, N B Carvalho, P Pinho, L Kulas, and K Nyka, “A Review of Antennas for Indoor Positioning Systems,” Int J Antennas Propag., vol 2012, pp 1–14, 2012 [2] G Giorgetti, A Cidronali, S Gupta, and G Manes, “Single-anchor indoor localization using a switched-beam antenna,” IEEE Commun Lett., vol 13, no 1, pp 58–60, Jan 2009 [3] M Rzymowski, P Woznica, and L Kulas, “Single-Anchor Indoor Localization Using ESPAR Antenna,” IEEE Antennas Wirel Propag Lett., vol 15, pp 1183– 1186, 2016 [4] M R Kamarudin, Y I Nechayev, and P S Hall, “Onbody Diversity and Angleof-Arrival Measurement Using a Pattern Switching Antenna,” IEEE Trans Antennas Propag., vol 57, no 4, pp 964–971, Apr 2009 [5] T D Bui, B H Nguyen, Q C Nguyen, and M T Le, “Design of beam steering antenna for localization applications,” in Antennas and Propagation (ISAP), 2016 International Symposium on, 2016, pp 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no 6, pp 1883–1893, Jun 2015 [20] D W Gardner and M A Wickert, “Microwave filter design using radial line stubs,” in IEEE Region Conference, 1988:’Spanning the Peaks of Electrotechnology’, 1988, pp 68–72 [21] B C Wadell, Transmission line design handbook Artech House, 1991 [22] H A Atwater, “The design of the radial line stub: A useful microstrip circuit element,” Microw J., pp 149–156, 1985 [23] L Weijun, C Xiaojuan, L Xiaoxin, M Xiaolin, L Xinyu, and W Xiaoliang, “A radial stub test circuit for microwave power devices,” Chin J Semicond., vol 27, 2006 [24] R Sorrentino and L Roselli, “A new simple and accurate formula for microstrip radial stub,” IEEE Microw Guid Wave Lett., vol 2, no 12, pp 480– 482, Dec 1992 [25] M A Afridi, “Microstrip Patch Antenna- Designing at 2.4 GHz Frequency,” Biol Chem Res., vol 128, p 132, 2015 [26] G Casu, C Moraru, and A Kovacs, “Design and implementation of microstrip patch antenna array,” in Communications (COMM), 2014 10th International Conference on, 2014, pp 1–4 [27] Z Zhang, Antenna design for mobile devices Singapore: John Wiley & Sons (Asia), 2011 71 Appendix A: Calibration Procedure Calibration is the comparison of measurement values delivered by a device under test with those of a calibration standard of known accuracy The accuracy of the standard device will be higher than that of the calibrated device, so that from the measured results of the two devices, I can calibrate the calibrated device according to the standard device for more accurate results in subsequent measurements For scattering instrumentations such as Precision Network Analyzer (PNA), Vector Network Analyzer (VNA), loss power on the cable is quite significant and not fixed, and it can change according to environmental conditions, cable shape, contact between the cable with meters and measured device Therefore, when using meters, to obtain reliable results, I need to perform calibration step before measurement Note that, during the calibration and measurement process, the position of the cable should not move too much and make sure the connections are secure Figure A-1: Elements of 85052D calibration kit 72 For the PNA N5222A Network Analyzer on the RF Platform, I have an 85052D calibration kit that calibrates the frequency range from DC to 26.5GHz and a 3.5mm both male and female connector type for calibration of the two ports The 85052D calibration kit includes SHORT, OPEN, BROADBAND and ADAPTER 50 loads as shown in Figure A-1 Depending on the port number I need to use during the measurement, I will have different calibration processes For antenna performance measurement, I will use the calibration in one port mode, since the antenna is only one port element The calibration process is supported by the Calibration Wizard available in the network analyzer Specific steps are as follows: + Select the number of ports is 01 + Choose the 85052D calibration kit and 3.5 female connector + Set up frequency range + Sequentially connect OPEN, SHORT and BROADBAND to measure Figure A-2: OPEN, SHORT, BROADBAND elements of 85052D calibration kit For measuring the characteristics of the power divider and the phase shifter, which are inputs and outputs, I need to use at least two ports and calibrate them in two-port mode in that process The calibration process is also supported by the Calibration Wizard available in the PNA network analyzer with the following steps: + Select the number of ports is 02 + Choose the 85052D calibration kit and 3.5 female connector 73 + Set up frequency range + Sequentially connect OPEN, SHORT and BROADBAND to port then port and measure + Finally, connect ADAPTER 50  to ports then measure Appendix B: Antenna Radiation Pattern Measurement System The Antenna Radiation Pattern Measurement (ARPM) system includes main parts as shown in Figure B-1 Figure B-1: Block diagram of ARPM system + The rotating structure is where the test antenna is attached Antenna will be rotated in azimuth surface The rotary motion of the structure is driven by a stepped motor The design on Solidworks and picture about structure in real world are shown in Figure B-2 Figure B-2: Rotating structure 74 + The stepped motor is controlled by controller through the driver L298 module At the same time, controller also communicate with computer Figure B-3: Controller + The core part in this system is program on computer This program communicate with controller to rotate the structure and get the S21 results measured on PNA N5222A machine All result will be saved in a text file and drawn on OpenGL as a pattern cut of radiation pattern Figure B-4: Program on PC + Final part is the PNA N5222A machine that is used to measure the loss between reference antenna and test antenna 75 Appendix C: Main beam angle versus DC bias look up table Beam Angle PS1 PS2 PS3 PS4 PS5 PS6 PS7 PS8 0o 0V 0V 0V 0V 0V 0V 0V 0V 5o 0V 1.22V 1.71V 1.95V 2.11V 2.23V 2.34V 2.43V 10o 0V 1.71V 2.11V 2.34V 2.51V 2.65V 2.79V 2.93V 15o 0V 1.95V 2.34V 2.58V 2.79V 2.99V 3.20V 3.47V 20o 0V 2.11V 2.51V 2.79V 3.06V 3.37V 25o 0V 2.23V 2.65V 2.99V 3.37V 1.22V 2.34V 2.72V 30o 0V 2.34V 2.79V 3.20V 0V 2.34V 2.79V 3.20V 35o 0V 2.43V 2.93V 3.67V 2.11V 2.72V 3.20V 1.22V 40o 0V 2.51V 3.06V 0V 2.51V 3.06V 45o 0V 2.58V 3.20V 1.95V 2.79V 3.47V 2.34V 2.99V -5o 0V 3.70V 3.58V 3.47V 3.37V 3.28V 3.20V 3.13V -10o 0V 3.58V 3.37V 3.20V 3.06V 2.93V 2.79V 2.65V -15o 0V 3.67V 3.20V 2.99V 2.79V 2.58V 2.34V 1.95V -20o 0V 3.37V 3.06V 2.79V 2.51V 2.11V -25o 0V 3.28V 2.93V 2.58V 2.11V 3.70V 3.20V 2.86V -30o 0V 3.20V 2.79V 2.34V 0V 3.20V 2.79V 2.34V -35o 0V 3.13V 2.65V 1.95V 3.37V 2.86V 2.34V 3.70V -40o 0V 3.06V 2.51V 0V 3.06V 2.51V -45o 0V 2.99V 2.34V 3.47V 2.79V 1.95V 76 0V 0V 0V 0V 2.11V 2.51V 3.37V 2.86V 3.20V 2.58V 12.2 9.8 15.6 17.5 21.0 18.5 7.8 13.4 11.9 62.5 19.2 11.2 11.5 17.0 6.2 62.5 Reflection Type Phase Shifter 7.8 62.5 28.5 62.5 37.5 18.75 62.5 121.6 Wilkinson Power Divider 62.5 57.1 62.5 Appendix D: Dimension of parts in phased array antenna Patch antenna Unit: mm 77 ... advantage, planar phased array antenna are being used in smart antenna, beamforming antenna system In circular phased array, antennas also lie on same plane as planar phased array antenna, but they... transmitter/receiver polarizations 2.3 Phased Array Antenna Phased array antenna is a multiple antenna system in which antenna elements are fed coherently with variable phase or amplitude control to provide... h  100 and  r  1 28 l  3e11Z cC p  re h 135 4 (2-14) Where 1  0.434907 2   3    re0 .81  0.26(W / h) 0 .85 44  0.236  re0 .81  0. 189 (W / h) 0 .85 44  0 .87 (W / h) 0.371 2.35