CFD modelling of CO2 gas dispersion in shallow sea water

STATUS OF THESIS CFD Modelling of CO2 Gas Dispersion in Shallow Seawater Title of thesis PHAM HOANG HUY PHUOC LOI I _ hereby allow my thesis to be placed at the Information Resource Center (IRC) of Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS (UTP) with the following conditions: The thesis becomes the property of UTP The IRC of UTP may make copies of the thesis for academic purposes only This thesis is classified as Confidential Non-confidential If this thesis is confidential, please state the reason: _ _ _ The contents of the thesis will remain confidential for _ years Remarks on disclosure: _ _ _ Endorsed by Signature of Author Signature of Supervisor 220/8, 14-9 Permanent address: Name of Supervisor Assoc Prof Dr Risza Rusli Street, Ward 5, Vinh Long Province, Vietnam 15 MAY 2020 Date : _ 15 MAY 2020 Date : UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI PETRONAS CFD MODELLING OF CO2 GAS DISPERSION IN SHALLOW SEAWATER by PHAM HOANG HUY PHUOC LOI The undersigned certify that they have read, and recommend to the Postgraduate Studies Programme for acceptance this thesis for the fulfillment of the requirements for the degree stated Signature: Main Supervisor: Assoc Prof Dr Risza Rusli Signature: Co-Supervisor: Assoc Prof Dr Lau Kok Keong Ap Signature: Head of Department: Assoc Prof Ir Dr Abd Halim Shah Assoc Prof Ir Dr Abdul Halim Shah Maulud Maulud Chair Chemical Engineering Department 18/05/2020 Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS Date: CFD MODELLING OF CO2 GAS DISPERSION IN SHALLOW SEAWATER by PHAM HOANG HUY PHUOC LOI A Thesis Submitted to the Postgraduate Studies Programme as a Requirement for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI PETRONAS BANDAR SERI ISKANDAR, PERAK APRIL 2020 DECLARATION OF THESIS Title of thesis CFD Modelling of CO2 Gas Dispersion in Shallow Seawater PHAM HOANG HUY PHUOC LOI I _ hereby declare that the thesis is based on my original work except for quotations and citations which have been duly acknowledged I also declare that it has not been previously or concurrently submitted for any other degree at UTP or other institutions Witnessed by Signature of Author Signature of Supervisor 220/8, 14-9 Street, Permanent address: Name of Supervisor Ward 5, Vinh Long Province, Vietnam Assoc Prof Dr Risza Rusli 15 MAY 2020 Date : _ 15 MAY 2020 Date : DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to my family, main supervisor and friends who always support me within these few years v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thanks to God for giving me patience despite the tears and sweat The helpful and knowledgeable supervisor, Assoc Prof Dr Risza Rusli who continuously educating me since my master and now PhD The Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS and Centre of Advanced Process Safety that are very supportive giving me the chance to pursue my dream I would like to thank my beloved family, especially my mother who always stands by me with her non-stop loving me This thesis is dedicated to her I would like to show my appreciation to Prof Faisal Khan and Dr Abdul Mutalib Embong whose supports contribute to the success of my research My million thanks also go to the good friends; Madam Azlin, Madam Hezlina, Dr Athar, Dr Diana, Dr Marhdati, Afiq Laziz, Esan, Haslinda, Aizat, Faizal Bindin, Faiz, Faiqa, Amira, Ah Hoi, Du Ngoc Uy Lan, Nguyen Tai Hong and Beh Per Phong My deep appreciation to my sisters here; Vo Thanh Nguyet, Phan Thi Cam Ha, Nguyen Thi Tuyet Hong, Nguyen Thi Thuy Hang and Nguyen Thi Oanh Last but not least, to those in beloved land; To Anh Nga, Tran Thi Nhu Hang, Nguyen Huynh Hac, To Anh Loan, Nguyen Thi Nhu Ngoc, Pham Thi Kim Lan, Le Thi Huong, Dang Minh Chau Van, Ho Phan Duy Quang, Vo Thi Tra Giang, Simon Trung, Tran Anh Linh, Vo Van Thanh, Phan Minh Nha, Pham Kim Ngan, Pham Kim Ngoc, Pham Huynh Thien Khanh, Pham Ngoc Truc Dao and Pham Ngoc Quoc Bao I love you guys Thank you once again vi ABSTRACT An accidental CO2 release from shallow reservoir presents a significant effect on the marine ecosystem Therefore, it is very crucial to establish the source term and dispersion models to assess the environmental impacts of the CO2 release from the shallow subsea storage to prevent major accidents Thus, this research aimed to establish a source term model which was enhanced by applying a volume of fluid (VOF) model in FLUENT ® to include the hydrostatic pressure to predict the initial size and shape of the CO2 bubble Besides, a dispersion model was established to include the reaction and the actual current velocity to predict the changes in the pCO2 and pH levels In order to achieve thence, a computational fluid dynamic (CFD)FLUENT ® code comprising Eulerian-Eulerian approach, realizable k-e turbulent model and species transport equation was integrated with the population balance model (PBM) in the numerical simulation The effects of release rate, release size, and current velocity on the release of the CO2 bubble in the seawater were also discussed in this study The enhanced source term model predicted the initial bubble size was in a range of 10-14 mm, which is similar to the result of the previous numerical analysis A comparison of the bubble shape predicted from the enhanced source term model and observed from the published experimental data showed a reasonable agreement The enhanced dispersion model predicted the highest pCO2 and the lowest pH were at 1591 μatm and 5.7 pH, respectively The relative differences between the simulation results and the published experimental data were % for the pCO2 and % for the pH This finding revealed that good agreement was observed between the simulation results with the chemical reaction and the published experimental data The initial bubble size increased with the increments of the release rate and the release size The study confirmed the earlier finding that high release rate in low tide (and low current) condition has the most severe impact vii ABSTRAK Pembebasan CO2 secara tidak sengaja dari takungan cetek memberi kesan yang penting kepada ekosistem marin Oleh itu, penghasilan model penyebaran dan sumber terma untuk menilai kesan pembebasan CO2 dari takungan cetek bawah laut kepada persekitaran adalah sangat penting bagi mencegah kemalangan besar Maka, penyelidikan ini bertujuan untuk menghasilkan model terma sumber yang dipertingkatkan dengan menggunakan model isipadu bendalir (VOF) dalam FLUENT® dan melibatkan tekanan hidrostatik bagi meramal saiz awal dan bentuk gelembung CO2 Selain itu, model penyebaran yang dihasilkan menggunakan tindak balas dan arus halaju sebenar untuk meramal perubahan pCO2 dan paras pH Untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut, kod dinamik bendalir komputasi (CFD)-FLUENT ® yang terdiri daripada pendekatan Eulerina-Eulerian, model pergolakan k-e dan persamaan pengangkutan spesies disatukan dengan model keseimbangan populasi (PBM) dalam simulasi numerik Kesan kadar pembebasan, saiz yang dibebaskan dan halaju semasa gelembung CO2 dikeluarkan dalam air laut juga dibincangkan dalam penyelidikan ini Model terma sumber yang dipertingkatkan telah meramalkan saiz awal gelembung berada dalam anggaran 10-14 mm, iaitu sama dengan keputusan analisis numerik sebelum ini Perbandingan bentuk gelembung yang diramalkan dari model terma sumber yang dipertingkatkan dan pemerhatian dari data eksperimen yang diterbitkan menunjukkan persetujuan yang wajar Model penyebaran yang dipertingkatkan telah meramalkan pCO2 paling tinggi dan pH terendah berada pada 1591 μatm dan 5.7 pH Perbezaan relatif antara keputusan simulasi dan data eksperimen yang diterbitkan ialah 6% untuk pCO2 dan 2% untuk pH Penemuan ini menunjukkan persetujuan yang baik antara hasil simulasi dengan reaksi kimia dan data eksperimen yang diterbitkan Saiz awal gelembung meningkat dengan kenaikan kadar dan saiz pembebasan Penyelidikan ini mengesahkan penemuan terdahulu bahawa kadar pembebasan yang tinggi dalam keadaan pasang surut (dan arus rendah) memberi kesan yang paling teruk viii In compliance with the terms of the Copyright Act 1987 and the IP Policy of the university, the copyright of this thesis has been reassigned by the author to the legal entity of the university, Institute of Technology PETRONAS Sdn Bhd Due acknowledgement shall always be made of the use of any material contained in, or derived from, this thesis © PHAM HOANG HUY PHUOC LOI, 2020 Institute of Technology PETRONAS Sdn Bhd All rights reserved ix TABLE OF CONTENT ABSTRACT .vii ABSTRAK viii LIST OF FIGURES xiv LIST OF TABLES xix NOMENCLATURE xxii CHAPTER INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background 1.1.1 Carbon Capture and Storage 1.1.2 Consequence Analysis in Quantitative Risk Assessment Procedure 1.1.2.1 Consequence Analysis 1.2 Problem Statement 1.3 Research Objectives 10 1.4 Scope of Study 11 1.5 Research Contributions 12 1.6 Outline of Thesis 12 1.7 Chapter Summary 14 CHAPTER LITERATURE REVIEW 16 2.1 Chapter Overview 16 2.2 Carbon Dioxide Emission and Implementation of Carbon Capture and Storage 17 2.3 Carbon Capture and Storage 18 2.3.1 CO2 Capture 21 2.3.2 CO2 Transport 23 2.3.3 CO2 Storage 24 2.4 Potential Risk in CCS System 27 2.4.1 Risk in CO2 Pipeline 27 2.4.2 Risk in Offshore CO2 Storage 28 2.5 Hazards Related to Carbon Dioxide and Impurities from CCS 29 x Sequestration in the UK - Egineering Gap Analysis,” in Transmission of CO2, H2 and Biogas: Exploring New Uses for Natural Gas Pipelines, 2007 [100] K Johnsen, K Helle, S Røneid, and H Holt, “DNV recommended practice: Design and operation of CO2 pipelines,” Energy Procedia, vol 4, pp 3032– 3039, 2011 [101] S M Forbes, S J Friedmann, L Livermore, S Anderson, E D Fund, and P Ashworth, CCS GUIDELINES Guidelines for Carbon Dioxide Capture , Transport , and Storage World Resources Institute, 2008 [102] S Selosse and O Ricci, “Carbon capture and storage: Lessons from a storage potential and localization analysis,” Appl Energy, vol 188, pp 32–44, Feb 2017 [103] N Heinemann, M Wilkinson, G E Pickup, R S Haszeldine, and N A Cutler, “CO2 storage in the offshore UK Bunter Sandstone Formation,” Int J Greenh Gas Control, vol 6, pp 210–219, 2012 [104] S Tanaka, H Koide, and A Sasagawa, “Possibility of underground CO2 sequestration in Japan,” Energy Convers Manag., vol 36, pp 527–530, 1995 [105] D P Schrag, “Storage of carbon dioxide in offshore sediments,” Science, vol 325, pp 1658–1659, 2009 [106] Department of Energy-National Energy Technology Laboratory editors, “Carbon Sequestration Atlas of the United States and Canada 2010,” 2010 [Online] Available: http://www.precaution.org/lib/carbon_sequestration_atlas.070601.pdf [107] D Zhou, P Li, X Liang, M Liu, and L Wang, “A long-term strategic plan of offshore CO2 transport and storage in northern South China Sea for a lowcarbon development in Guangdong province, China,” Int J Greenh Gas Control, vol 70, pp 76–87, Mar 2018 [108] A Sokołowski, D Brulińska, Z Mirny, D Burska, and D Pryputniewicz-Flis, “Differing responses of the estuarine bivalve Limecola balthica to lowered water pH caused by potential CO2 leaks from a sub-seabed storage site in the Baltic Sea: An experimental study,” Mar Pollut Bull., vol 127, pp 761–773, Feb 2018 [109] W L Zhu, L J Mi, and H Zhang, “Atlas of oil and gas basins, China Sea,” 178 Pet Ind Press Beijing, p 316, 2010 [110] D Luo and Editorial_Board, “The Volume of Oil/Gas Fields in the Area of Eastern South China Sea, Development History of Oil/Gas Fields in China,” Pet Ind Press Beijing, 2011 [111] I Duncan and H Wang, “Evaluating the likelihood of pipeline failures for future offshore CO2 sequestration projects,” Int J Greenh Gas Control, vol 24, pp 124–138, 2014 [112] B Hooper, L Murray, and C Gibson-Poole, “Latrobe Valley CO2 Storage Assessment Final Report,” no November, 2005 [113] DNV, “CO2RISKMAN Guidance on CCS CO2 Safety and environment major accident hazard risk management Level - Generic guidance DNV,” 2013 [114] J Lake, M Steven, K Smith, and B Lomax, “Environmental impact of a hypothetical catastrophic leakage of CO2 onto the ground surface,” J Pipeline Eng., vol 11, no 3, pp 239–248, 2012 [115] D G Jones, S E Beaubien, J C Blackford, E M Foekema, J Lions, C D Vittor, J.M West, S Widdicombe, C Hauton, A M Queirós, “Developments since 2005 in understanding potential environmental impacts of CO2 leakage from geological storage,” Int J Greenh Gas Control, vol 40, pp 350–377, Sep 2015 [116] J E Olsen and P Skjetne, “Current understanding of subsea gas release: a review,” Can J Chem Eng., vol 94, pp 209–219, 2016 [117] W Shear, “The Atlantic Salmon,” Halstead Press, 1992 [118] P Harper, “Assessment of the major hazard potential of carbon dioxide (CO2),” 2011 [119] EIGA, “Carbon dioxide physiological hazards: Not just an ashyxiant !’,” 2011 [120] MSDS, “Safety data sheet for nitrogen dioxide.” 2018 [Online] Available: http://alsafetydatasheets.com/download/dk/Nitrogen_dioxide_NOAL_0090_D K_EN.pdf [Accessed: 8-Jun-2019] [121] H Glade and A E Al-Rawajfeh, “Modeling of CO2 release and the carbonate system in multiple-effect distillers,” Desalination, vol 222, no 1–3, pp 605– 625, Mar 2008 [122] V M C Rérolle, C F A Floquet, M C Mowlem, D P Connelly, E P 179 Achterberg, and R R G J Bellerby, “Seawater-pH measurements for oceanacidification observations,” TrAC Trends Anal Chem., vol 40, pp 146–157, Nov 2012 [123] A Lichtschlag, R H James, and D Connelly, “Effect of a controlled subseabed release of CO2 on the biogeochemistry of shallow marine sediments, their pore waters, and the overlying water column,” Int J Greenh Gas Control, vol 38, pp 80–92, Jul 2015 [124] L Zhao, M C Boufadel, K Lee, T King, N Loney, and X Geng, “Evolution of bubble size distribution from gas blowout in shallow water,” J Geophys Res Ocean., vol 121, pp 1573–1599, 2016 [125] J B Kulkarni, A.A., Joshi, “Bubble formation and bubble rise velocity in gas– liquid systems: a review,” Ind Eng Chem Res., vol 44, pp 5873–5931, 2005 [126] H Drange, G Alendal, and O M Johannessen, “Ocean release of fossil fuel CO2: A case study,” Geophys Res Lett., vol 28, no 13, pp 2637–2640, 2001 [127] ANSYS, ANSYS Fluent Theory Guide Release 19.1 ANSYS Inc., USA, 2018 [128] T Sato and K Sato, “Numerical prediction of the dilution process and its biological impacts in CO2 ocean sequestration,” J Mar Sci Technol., vol 6, no 4, pp 169–180, 2002 [129] D W Moore, “The velocity of rise of distorted gas bubbles in a liquid of small viscosity,” J Fluid Mech., vol 23, no 4, pp 749–766, 1965 [130] R Clift, J R Grace, and M E Weber, Bubbles, drops, and particles Courier Corporation, 1978 [131] H Zhu, P Lin, and Q Pan, “A CFD (computational fluid dynamic) simulation for oil leakage from damaged submarine pipeline,” Energy, vol 64, pp 887– 899, 2014 [132] H Zhu, J You, and H Zhao, “Underwater spreading and surface drifting of oil spilled from a submarine pipeline under the combined action of wave and current,” Appl Ocean Res., vol 64, pp 217–235, Mar 2017 [133] X Li, G Chen, and H Zhu, “Modelling and assessment of accidental oil release from damaged subsea pipelines,” Mar Pollut Bull., vol 123, no 1–2, pp 133–141, Oct 2017 [134] A McGillivray and J Wilday, “Comparison of risks from carbon dioxide and 180 natural gas pipelines RR749,” HSE Reports, p 25, 2009 [135] IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme (IEA GHG), “Assessment of Sub Sea Ecosystem Impacts,” 2008 [136] R W Klusman, “Rate measurements and detection of gas micro seepage to the atmosphere from an enhanced oil recovery/sequestration project, rangely, Colorado, USA,” Appl Geochem., vol 18, pp 1825–1838, 2003 [137] D Silin, T Patzek, and S M Benson, “A model of buoyancy-driven two-phase countercurrent fluid flow,” Transp Porous Med., vol 76, no 3, pp 449–469, 2009 [138] J E Olsen, D Dunnebier, E Davies, P Skjetne, and J Morud, “Mass transfer between bubbles and seawater,” Chem Eng Sci., vol 161, pp 308–315, Apr 2017 [139] C J Geankoplis, Transport Processes and Separation Process Principles, 4th ed 2003 [140] P G Brewer, E T Peltzer, G Friederich, and G Rehder, “Experimental determination of the Fate of Rising CO2 Droplets in Seawater,” Environ Sci Technol., vol 36, pp 5441–5446, 2002 [141] M Nishio, S M Masutani, J Minamiura, and M Ozaki, “Study of liquid CO2 droplet formation under simulated mid-depth ocean conditions,” Energy, vol 30, pp 2284–2297, 2005 [142] K Shitashima, Y Maeda, Y Koike, and T Ohsumi, “Natural analogue of the rise and dissolution of liquid CO2 in the ocean,” vol 2, pp 95–104, 2008 [143] Y Maeda, K Shitashima, and A Sakamoto, “Mapping observations using AUV and numerical simulations of leaked CO2 diffusion in sub-seabed CO2 release experiment at Ardmucknish Bay,” Int J Greenh Gas Control, vol 38, pp 143–152, Jul 2015 [144] L T Premathilake, P D Yapa, I D Nissanka, and P Kumarage, “Impact on water surface due to deepwater gas blowouts,” Mar Pollut Bull., vol 112, no 1–2, pp 365–374, Nov 2016 [145] M Pourtousi, P Ganesan, A Kazemzadeh, S C Sandaran, and J N Sahu, “Methane bubble formation and dynamics in a rectangular bubble column: A CFD study,” Chemom Intell Lab Syst., vol 147, pp 111–120, 2015 181 [146] J Smagorinsky, “Some historical remarks on the use of nonlinear viscosities,” Large eddy Simul complex Eng Geophys flows, vol 1, pp 69–106, 1993 [147] J B Young, “The fundamental equations of gas-droplet multiphase flow,” Int J Multiph flow, vol 21, no 2, pp 175–191, 1995 [148] G Alendal and H Drange, “Two-phase, near-field modeling of purposefully released CO2 in the ocean,” J Geophys Res C Ocean., vol 106, no C1, pp 1085–1096, 2001 [149] B Chen, Y Song, M Nishio, S Someya, and M Akai, “Modeling near-field dispersion from direct injection of carbon dioxide into the ocean,” J Geophys Res Ocean., vol 110, no C9, Sep 2005 [150] G Bozzano and M Dente, “Shape and terminal velocity of single bubble motion: A novel approach,” Comput Chem Eng., vol 25, no 4–6, pp 571– 576, 2001 [151] L Zheng and P D Yapa, “Modeling gas dissolution in deepwater oil/gas spills,” J Mar Syst., vol 31, no 4, pp 299–309, 2002 [152] Q Wu, S Kim, M Ishii, and S G Beus, “One-group interfacial area transport in vertical bubbly flow,” Int J Heat Mass Transf., vol 41, no 8–9, pp 1103– 1112, Apr 1998 [153] T Hibiki and M Ishii, “One-group interfacial area transport of bubbly flows in vertical round tubes,” Int J Heat Mass Transf., vol 43, no 15, pp 2711–2726, Aug 2000 [154] T Hibiki and M Ishii, “Two-group interfacial area transport equations at bubbly-to-slug flow transition,” Nucl Eng Des., vol 202, no 1, pp 39–76, Nov 2000 [155] M Ishii and S Kim, “Micro four-sensor probe measurement of interfacial area transport for bubbly flow in round pipes,” Nucl Eng Des., vol 205, no 1–2, pp 123–131, Mar 2001 [156] X Y Fu and M Ishii, “Two-group interfacial area transport in vertical airwater flow - I Mechanistic model,” Nucl Eng Des., vol 219, no 2, pp 143– 168, Feb 2003 [157] W Yao and C Morel, “Volumetric interfacial area prediction in upward bubbly two-phase flow,” Int J Heat Mass Transf., vol 47, no 2, pp 307–328, 182 Jan 2004 [158] V T Nguyen, C H Song, B U Bae, and D J Euh, “Modeling of bubble coalescence and break-up considering turbulent suppression phenomena in bubbly two-phase flow,” Int J Multiph Flow, vol 54, pp 31–42, Sep 2013 [159] R Rzehak and E Krepper, “Euler-Euler simulation of mass-transfer in bubbly flows,” Chem Eng Sci., vol 155, pp 459–468, Nov 2016 [160] M Ndiaye, E Gadoin, and C Gentric, “CO2 gas–liquid mass transfer and kLa estimation: Numerical investigation in the context of airlift photobioreactor scale-up,” Chem Eng Res Des., vol 133, pp 90–102, May 2018 [161] ANSYS, ANSYS FLUENT Theory Guide Release 13.0 ANSYS, Inc., USA, 2010 [162] ANSYS, ANSYS CFX-Solver Theory Guide Release 15.0 ANSYS Inc., USA, 2014 [163] F Menter, “Two-equation eddy-viscosity turbulence models for engineering applications,” AIAA J., vol 32, p 1598, 1994 [164] M Ishii and N Zuber, “Drag coefficient and relative velocity in bubbly, droplet or particulate flows,” AIChE J., vol 65, pp 5527–5536, 1979 [165] A Tomiyama, H Tamai, I Zun, and S Hosokawa, “Transverse migration of single bubbles in simple shear flows,” Chem Eng Sci., vol 57, no 11, pp 1849–1858, Jun 2002 [166] ANSYS, ANSYS FLUENT Theory Guide Release 14.5 ANSYS Inc., USA, 2011 [167] R Bel Fdhila and O Simonin, “Eulerian prediction of a turbulent bubbly flow downstream of a sudden pipe expansion,” in 5th Workshop on Two-Phase Flow Predictions, p 264 [168] S Elghobashi and T Abou-Arab, “A two-equation turbulent model for twophase flows,” Phys FLuids (1958-1988), vol 26, no 4, pp 931–938, 1983 [169] W.-D Deckwer, I Adler, and A Zaidi, “A comprehensive study on CO2interphase mass tranfer in vertical cocurrent and countercurrent gas-liquid flow,” Can J Chem Eng., vol 56, no 43–55, 1978 [170] J Pruvost, B Le Gouic, O Lepine, J Legrand, and F Le Borgne, “Microalgae culture in building-integrated photobioreactors: Biomass production modelling 183 and energetic analysis,” Chem Eng J., vol 284, pp 850–861, 2016 [171] ANSYS, ANSYS FLUENT Theory Guide Release 17.2 ANSYS, Inc., USA, 2013 [172] A Tomiyama, I Kataoka, I Zun, and T Sakaguchi, “Drag Coefficients of Single Bubbles under Normal and Micro Gravity Conditions,” JSME Int J Ser B, vol 41, no 2, pp 472–479, 1998 [173] D A Drew and R T Lahey, In Particulate Two-Phase Flow Boston, MA509–566: Butterworth-Heinemann, 1993 [174] T.-H Shih, W W Liou, A Shabbir, Z Yang, and J Zhu, “A new k-ϵ eddy viscosity model for high reynolds number turbulent flows,” Comput Fluids, vol 24, no 3, pp 227–238, Mar 1995 [175] K Van Maele and B Merci, “Application of two buoyancy-modified k-ε turbulence models to different types of buoyant plumes,” Fire Saf J., vol 41, no 2, pp 122–138, Mar 2006 [176] P Rohdin and B Moshfegh, “Numerical predictions of indoor climate in large industrial premises A comparison between different k-ε models supported by field measurements,” Build Environ., vol 42, no 11, pp 3872–3882, Nov 2007 [177] M K Ji, T Utomo, J S Woo, Y H Lee, H M Jeong, and H S Chung, “CFD investigation on the flow structure inside thermo vapor compressor,” Energy, vol 35, no 6, pp 2694–2702, Jun 2010 [178] S M Tauseef, D Rashtchian, and S A Abbasi, “CFD-based simulation of dense gas dispersion in presence of obstacles,” J Loss Prev Process Ind., vol 24, no 4, pp 371–376, Jul 2011 [179] V Chintala and K A Subramanian, “A CFD (computational fluid dynamics) study for optimization of gas injector orientation for performance improvement of a dual-fuel diesel engine,” Energy, vol 57, pp 709–721, Aug 2013 [180] M S Lawal, M Fairweather, P Gogolek, D B Ingham, L Ma, M Pourkashanian, and A Williams, “CFD predictions of wake-stabilised jet flames in a cross-flow,” Energy, vol 53, pp 259–269, May 2013 [181] D Wolf-Gladrow and U Riebesell, “Diffusion and reactions in the vicinity of plankton: A refined model for inorganic carbon transport,” Mar Chem., vol 184 59, no 1–2, pp 17–34, Dec 1997 [182] B Jähne, G Heinz, and W Dietrich, “Measurement of the diffusion coefficients of sparingly soluble gases in water,” J Geophys Res Ocean., vol 92, no C10, pp 10767–10776 [183] P W Atkins, Physical Chemistry Oxford Univ Press., 1990 [184] R F Weiss, “Carbon dioxide in water and seawater: the solubility of a nonideal gas,” Mar Chem., vol 2, no 3, pp 203–215, Nov 1974 [185] D Ramkrishna, Population Balances: Theory and Applications to Particulate Systems in Engineering New York : Academic Press, 2000 [186] A D Canonsburg, ANSYS Fluent Advanced Add-On Modules ANSYS Inc., USA, 2018 [187] H Luo and H F Svendsen, “Theoretical model for drop and bubble breakup in turbulent dispersions,” AIChE J., vol 42, no 5, pp 1225–1233 [188] H Luo, “Coalescence, Breakup and Liquid Circulation in Bubble Column Reactors,” Trondheim,Norway, 1993 [189] B J Arntzen, “Modelling of turbulence and combustion for simulation of gas explosions in complex geometries,” Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 1998 185 APPENDIX A USER DEFINED FUNCTION OF REACTION RATE 186 #include “udf” #define sp_max #define k1 #define k1ˈ #define k2 #define k2ˈ #define n_co2 #define n_h #define n_hco3 #define n_oh #define n_h2o #define fluid_ID real mw[sp_max]; DEFINE_INIT (sample,d) { mw[0]=44.009; mw[1]=1.008; mw[2]=61.017; mw[3]=17.008; mw[4]=18.015; } DEFINE_NET_REACTION_RATE(temperature,c,t,particle,pressure,temp,yi,rr,jac) { 187 real k1; real k1ˈ; real k2; real k2ˈ; real m_co2; real m_h+; real m_hco3-; real m_oh-; real tem=C_T(c,t); m_co2=C_R(c,t)*yi[0]/mw[0]; m_h=C_R(c,t)*yi[1]/mw[1]; m_hco3=C_R(c,t)*yi[2]/mw[2]; m_oh=C_R(c,t)*yi[3]/mw[3]; rr[0]=-k1*m_co2+k1ˈ*m_hco3*m_h-k2*m_co2*m_oh+k2ˈ*m_hco3; rr[1]=k1*m_co2-k1ˈ*m_hco3*m_h; rr[2]=k1*m_co2-k1ˈ*m_hco3*m_h+k2*m_co2*m_oh-k2ˈ*m_hco3; rr[3]=-k2*m_co2*m_h+k2ˈ*m_hco3; rr[4]=0; } 188 APPENDIX B USER DEFINED FUNCTION OF ACTUAL CURRENT VELOCITY 189 #include "udf.h" #define H DEFINE_PROFILE(velocity_profile,t,i) { real x[ND_ND]; real y; real H; face_t f; begin_f_loop(f,t) { F_CENTROID(x,f,t); y = x[1]; F_PROFILE(f,t,i) = 0.05*(1-(1-y/H)*(1-y/H)); } end_f_loop(f,t) } 190 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS • PUBLISHED PAPER L H H P Pham, R Rusli, A M Shariff and F Khan, “Dispersion Model to Assess Impact of Carbon Dioxide Bubble Release from Shallow Subsea Carbon Dioxide Storage to Seawater,” Continental Shelf Research (Q2 ISI/Scopus indexed journal with the Impact factor of 2.134), vol 196, p 104075, 2020 L H H P Pham, R Rusli and A M Laziz, “Numerical Analysis of Initial CO2 Bubbles Leaked in Seawater from Ocean CO2 Storage Using Volume of Fluid Method,” International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering (Scopus indexed journal), vol 15, pp 5389-5399, 2018 L H H P Pham, R Rusli and L K Keong, “Consequence Study of CO2 Release from Ocean Storage,” Procedia Engineering (Scopus indexed journal), vol 148, pp 1081-1088, 2016 L H H P Pham and R Rusli, “A Review of Experimental and Modelling Methods for Accidental Release Behaviour of High-pressurised CO2 Pipelines at Atmospheric Environment,” Process Safety and Environment Protection (Q1 ISI/Scopus indexed journal with the Impact factor of 4.384), vol 04, pp 48-84, 2016 • PAPER PRESENTATION Consequence Modelling to Assess Impact of CO2 Releases from Shallow Sub- Sea CO2 Storage, presented at 2020 Spring Meeting & 16th Global Congress on Process Safety, Houston, Texas, March 29 – April 2, 2020 Numerical Simulation of the Influences of Current and Ocean Acidification on Leakage of Bubble CO2 from Shallow Subsea CO2 Storage, presented at 6th Conference on Emerging Energy & Process Technology (CONCEPT 2017), Johor Bahru, November 27-28, 2017 Numerical Analysis of Initial CO2 Bubbles Leaked in Seawater from Ocean CO2 Storage Using Volume of Fluid Method, presented in International 191 UNIMAS STEM 10th Engineering Conference (ENCON 2017), Kuching, Sarawak, September 13-14, 2017 Consequence Study of CO2 Release from Ocean Storage, presented in 4th International Conference on Process Engineering and Advanced Materials (ICPEAM 2016), Kuala Lumpur, August 15-17, 2016 192 ... constant of carbonic acid in seawater (mol/kg seawater) K 2SW second dissociation constant of carbonic acid in seawater (mol/kg seawater) KWSW dissociation constant of water in seawater (mol/kg seawater)... CO2 Bubble in Shallow Seawater 53 2.7.4 Modelling of Dispersion of CO2 Bubble in Shallow Seawater 53 2.8 Modelling of Bubbly Flow in Pure Water Using CFD 58 2.9 Model Validation ... CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI PETRONAS BANDAR SERI ISKANDAR, PERAK APRIL 2020 DECLARATION OF THESIS Title of thesis CFD Modelling of CO2 Gas Dispersion in Shallow Seawater PHAM