European Intellectual Property Law KUR 9781848448797 PRINT.indd i 06/12/2012 16:52 KUR 9781848448797 PRINT.indd ii 06/12/2012 16:52 European Intellectual Property Law TEXT, CASES AND MATERIALS Annette Kur Max Planck Institute for Intellectual Property and Competition Law, Munich, Germany Thomas Dreier Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany Edward Elgar Cheltenham, UK • Northampton, MA, USA KUR 9781848448797 PRINT.indd iii 06/12/2012 16:52 © Annette Kur and Thomas Dreier 2013 All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical or photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior permission of the publisher Published by Edward Elgar Publishing Limited The Lypiatts 15 Lansdown Road Cheltenham Glos GL50 2JA UK Edward Elgar Publishing, Inc William Pratt House Dewey Court Northampton Massachusetts 01060 USA A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Control Number: 2012946662 ISBN 978 84844 879 (cased) 978 84844 880 (paperback) 03 Typeset by Servis Filmsetting Ltd, Stockport, Cheshire Printed and bound by MPG Books Group, UK KUR 9781848448797 PRINT.indd iv 06/12/2012 16:52 Overview Contents Foreword List of abbreviations Table of cases vi xxii xxv xxix IP, IPRs and the international context IP in the European legal framework Patents Trade marks Copyright Other intellectual property rights: plant varieties, geographical indications, industrial designs, semiconductor topographies IPRs and competition law Remedies in cases of infringement Jurisdiction and applicable law 39 84 157 241 Recommended literature Index 531 539 KUR 9781848448797 PRINT.indd v 323 378 434 484 06/12/2012 16:52 Contents Foreword List of abbreviations Table of cases IP, IPRs and the international context 1.1 Introduction 1.2 The nature of IP and IPRs 1.2.1 Concept and definition 1.2.1.1 ‘Immaterial’ character of IP 1.2.1.2 Types of rights and protection requirements 1.2.2 Rationales and economic importance 1.2.2.1 Rationales for protection 1.2.2.2 Economic importance 1.3 Principles of international IP law 1.3.1 Preliminary remarks: sources of international law and treaty interpretation 1.3.2 Specific features of IP conventions 1.3.2.1 Territoriality: the defining element of international protection 1.3.2.2 Typical elements of international IP treaties 1.3.3 Different types of treaties 1.3.3.1 Differentiation by membership (bilateral, multilateral and plurilateral treaties) 1.3.3.2 Differentiation by legal objectives 1.3.4 Administration of IP treaties 1.4 Major IP conventions 1.4.1 The Paris and Berne Conventions 1.4.1.1 Coverage and structural commonalities 1.4.1.2 Minimum rights in the Paris Convention 1.4.1.3 Minimum rights and limitations in the Berne Convention 1.4.2 Special agreements based on the Paris and Berne Conventions 1.4.2.1 Special agreements in copyright 1.4.2.2 Special agreements on industrial property rights KUR 9781848448797 PRINT.indd vi xxii xxv xxix 1 2 5 10 10 12 12 14 15 15 16 17 18 18 18 19 20 21 22 22 06/12/2012 16:52 Contents · vii 1.4.3 TRIPS 1.4.3.1 Background 1.4.3.2 Structure and contents 1.4.3.2.1 Overview 1.4.3.2.2 Part I of TRIPS: general provisions; principles and objectives 1.4.3.2.3 Substantive minimum requirements 1.4.3.2.4 The three-step test 1.4.3.2.5 Procedural measures and sanctions; registration proceedings 1.4.3.2.6 Dispute prevention and settlement; transitional arrangements; final provisions 1.5 Post-TRIPS developments 1.5.1 Appraisal of results; ensuing policies 1.5.2 Follow-up activities at WIPO 1.5.2.1 Treaties and recommendations 1.5.2.2 The WIPO Development Agenda 1.5.3 Post-TRIPS developments in the arena of international trade law 1.5.3.1 The Doha Round 1.5.3.2 Bilateral trade agreements; ACTA 1.5.4 IPRs in other fora 24 24 25 25 IP in the European legal framework 2.1 Introduction: treaties, aims and institutions 2.1.1 From Rome to Lisbon 2.1.2 Institutions 2.1.3 Membership; relationship with EFTA and EEA 2.1.3.1 Treaty membership and successive enlargements 2.1.3.2 EFTA and EEA 2.2 Intellectual property rights and the Basic Treaties 2.2.1 Free movement of goods and services 2.2.1.1 Issue and legal basis 2.2.1.2 Early case law: from Grundig to Deutsche Grammophon 2.2.1.3 Further development of case law 2.2.1.3.1 Trade mark law 2.2.1.3.1.1 Trade marks having the same origin 2.2.1.3.1.2 Repacking, rebranding, relabeling 2.2.1.3.2 Copyright 39 39 39 41 43 43 43 44 44 44 KUR 9781848448797 PRINT.indd vii 26 26 27 28 29 31 31 32 32 34 35 35 36 37 45 47 48 48 49 50 06/12/2012 16:52 viii · European intellectual property law 2.2.1.3.2.1 The notion of ‘industrial or commercial property’ 2.2.1.3.2.2 Distribution of copies v other forms of exploitation 2.2.1.3.2.3 Disparities of substantive law 2.2.1.3.3 Patent law 2.2.2 Non-discrimination 2.3 Secondary legislation on intellectual property 2.3.1 Legal instruments 2.3.1.1 Primary and secondary Community law 2.3.1.2 Directives 2.3.1.3 Regulations 2.3.1.4 Enhanced cooperation 2.3.2 Current state of EU legislation on intellectual property: overview 2.3.2.1 Trade mark law 2.3.2.2 Industrial designs 2.3.2.3 Copyright 2.3.2.4 Patent law 2.3.2.5 Further legislation in IP and adjacent areas 2.3.2.5.1 Further unitary Community rights 2.3.2.5.2 Competition law 2.3.2.5.3 Enforcement 2.3.2.5.4 Jurisdiction and applicable law 2.3.3 Primacy of EU law 2.4 International conventions and EU intellectual property law 2.4.1 Membership in international agreements 2.4.2 Competence 2.4.2.1 Previous situation: joint competence 2.4.2.2 Changes under the TFEU 2.4.3 ECJ case law addressing international obligations 2.4.3.1 Compatibility of EU legislation with TRIPS 2.4.3.2 Direct effect of international norms 2.5 Human rights and European intellectual property law 2.5.1 The European Human Rights Convention 2.5.2 Human Rights and Community law 2.5.2.1 The European Communities and the ECHR 2.5.2.2 The Charter of Fundamental Rights 2.5.3 Case law 2.5.3.1 ECtHR 2.5.3.2 ECJ KUR 9781848448797 PRINT.indd viii 50 50 51 53 54 57 57 57 58 59 61 62 62 63 63 65 66 66 66 67 67 68 70 70 70 70 72 73 73 75 77 77 79 79 80 80 80 82 06/12/2012 16:52 Contents Patents 3.1 Introduction 3.1.1 Objectives and developments 3.1.2 Patent law in Europe 3.2 European patents: structure and proceedings 3.2.1 Overview 3.2.1.1 Legal basis and structure 3.2.1.2 The European Patent Organisation 3.2.1.3 Member States 3.2.1.4 Workload, quality and international cooperation 3.2.2 Granting procedure 3.2.2.1 Overview 3.2.2.2 Application requirements 3.2.2.3 Languages and translations 3.2.2.4 Examination of formal requirements and search report 3.2.2.5 Publication of the patent application 3.2.2.6 Examination procedure and grant 3.2.2.7 Opposition and limitation procedure 3.2.2.8 Appeals; petition for review; referrals in order to ensure a harmonised case law 3.2.2.9 National validation 3.2.2.10 Relationship with the PCT system 3.2.2.10.1 Euro-PCT applications 3.2.2.10.2 EPO acting as International Searching Authority (ISA) 3.3 Substantive patent law 3.3.1 Overview 3.3.2 Patentable subject matter 3.3.3 Types of patents 3.3.4 Conditions for protection 3.3.4.1 Novelty 3.3.4.2 Inventive step 3.3.4.3 Industrial application 3.3.5 Scope of protection 3.3.5.1 Interpretation of claims (Article 69 EPC) 3.3.5.2 Prohibited acts 3.3.5.3 Limitations and exceptions 3.3.6 Patents and patent applications as object of property; duration of patents 3.3.6.1 Regulations in the EPC KUR 9781848448797 PRINT.indd ix · ix 84 84 84 86 90 90 90 92 93 93 97 97 98 99 100 101 101 102 103 104 104 104 105 106 106 107 109 111 111 112 113 114 114 117 118 121 121 06/12/2012 16:52 x · European intellectual property law 3.3.6.2 Unitary patents 3.3.6.3 Duration 3.4 Patents relating to specific fields of technology 3.4.1 The Biotechnology Directive 3.4.1.1 History and purpose 3.4.1.2 Contents 3.4.1.2.1 Patentability 3.4.1.2.2 Scope of protection 3.4.1.3 Contentious issues and ethical concerns 3.4.1.3.1 Regular assessment 3.4.1.3.2 Case law 3.4.1.3.2.1 Animal suffering; animal varieties: the Oncomouse case 3.4.1.3.2.2 Stem cell patenting 3.4.1.3.2.2.1 EPO: WARF (the Edinburgh patent) 3.4.1.3.2.2.2 ECJ: the Brüstle judgement 3.4.1.3.2.3 Purpose-bound protection: Monsanto 3.4.1.3.2.4 Essentially biological methods: tomatoes and broccoli 3.4.2 Computer-implemented inventions 3.4.2.1 The issue 3.4.2.2 Granting practice and figures 3.4.2.3 The failed Commission proposal for a Directive and the rejected proposal for the EPC 2000 3.5 Supplementary protection certificates 3.5.1 History and purpose 3.5.2 Mechanism 3.5.3 Case law 3.6 Towards a unitary patent 3.6.1 First phase of developments (2000–2009) 3.6.1.1 The EPC and European Patent Litigation Agreement (EPLA) 3.6.1.2 Renewed efforts regarding the Community patent 3.6.2 Post-2009 developments 3.6.2.1 Unitary patents 3.6.2.2 The common judiciary 3.6.2.2.1 The EEUPC and the ECJ opinion 1/09 3.6.2.2.2 The Unified Patent Court KUR 9781848448797 PRINT.indd x 122 122 123 123 123 125 125 126 128 128 129 129 130 130 131 133 135 137 137 140 142 144 144 146 148 149 149 149 150 151 151 153 153 155 06/12/2012 16:52 534 · European intellectual property law Unfair competition law Henning-Bodewig, Frauke: Unfair Competition Law – European Union and member states, Kluwer Law International, The Hague, 2006 Hilty, Reto M & Henning-Bodewig, Frauke: Law against unfair competition – Towards a new paradigm in Europe? Springer, Berlin, 2007 Ohly, Ansgar & Spence, Michael: Comparative advertising Hart, Oxford, 2000 Enforcement Cottier, Thomas & Véron, Pierre: Concise International and European IP Law, Kluwer Law International, Alphen aan den Rijn, 2008 Geiger, Christophe (ed.): Constructing European IP: Achievements and News Perspectives Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, 2012 Jurisdiction and applicable law Basedow, Jürgen, Drexl, Josef, Kur, Annette & Metzger, Axel (eds): Intellectual property in the conflict of laws, Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen, 2005 Leible, Stefan & Ohly, Ansgar (eds): Intellectual Property and Private International Law, Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen, 2009 Fawcett, James & Torremans, Paul: Intellectual Property and Private International Law, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1998, 2nd ed forthcoming in 2012 Important websites1 EU institutions DG Agriculture and Rural Development – Quality Policy: ec.europa.eu/agriculture/quality/ index_en.htm DG Communications Networks, Content and Technology: ec.europa.eu/dgs/connect/ index_en.htm DG Competition: ec.europa.eu/dgs/competition/index_en.htm DG Health and Consumers – Consumer Affairs: ec.europa.eu/consumers/index_en.htm DG Internal Market and Services – Copyright and Neighboring Rights: ec.europa.eu/ internal_market/copyright/index_en.htm DG Internal Market and Services – Industrial Property: ec.europa.eu/internal_market/ indprop/index_en.htm DG Justice – European Judicial Network in civil and commercial matters: ec.europa.eu/ civiljustice/index_en.htm DG Taxation and Customs Union – Counterfeit, Piracy and other IPR violations: ec.europa eu/taxation_customs/customs/customs_controls/counterfeit_piracy/index_en.htm Court of Justice of the European Union; General Court: curia.europa.eu European Parliament: europarl.europa.eu All websites last accessed November 2012; to avoid lengthy repetition (both here and in the text) where a website address is not prefixed with ‘www’ the default prefix is ‘http://’ or ‘https://’ KUR 9781848448797 PRINT.indd 534 06/12/2012 16:52 Recommended literature · 535 EU legislation Regulations Council Regulation (EC) No 2100/94 of 27 July 1994 on Community plant variety rights: eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:1994:227:0001:0030:EN:PDF Regulation (EC) No 1610/96 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 July 1996 concerning the creation of a supplementary protection certificate for plant protection products: eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:1996:198:0030:0035:E N:PDF Council Regulation 44/2001 of 22 December 2000 on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters (‘Brussels I’): eur-lex.europa.eu/ LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2001:012:0001:0023:EN:PDF Council Regulation (EC) No 6/2002 of 12 December 2001 on Community designs: eur-lex europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2002:003:0001:0024:en:PDF Council Regulation (EC) No 1383/2003 of 22 July 2003 concerning customs action against goods suspected of infringing certain intellectual property rights and the measures to be taken against goods found to have infringed such rights: eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/ LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2003:196:0007:0014:EN:PDF Council Regulation (EC) No 2006/510 of 20 March 2006 on the Protection of Geographical Indications and Designations of Origin for Agricultural Products and Foodstuffs: eur-lex europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2006:093:0012:0025:EN:PDF Regulation (EC) No 864/2007 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 July 2007 on the law applicable to non-contractual obligations (Rome II): eur-lex.europa.eu/ LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2007:199:0040:0049:EN:PDF Regulation 593/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 June 2008 on the Law Applicable to Contractual Obligations (‘Rome I’): eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/ LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2008:177:0006:0016:EN:PDF Council Regulation (EC) No 207/2009 of 26 February 2009 on the Community trade mark (Codified version): eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2009:078:0001 :0042:en:PDF Regulation (EC) No 469/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of May 2009 concerning the creation of a supplementary protection certificate for medicinal products (Codified version): eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2009:152 :0001:0010:en:PDF Directives Council Directive 93/83/EEC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 September 1993 on the coordination of certain rules concerning copyright and rights related to copyright applicable to satellite broadcasting and cable retransmission: eur-lex.europa.eu/ LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:1993:248:0015:0021:EN:PDF Directive 96/9/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 1996 on the legal protection of databases: eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:1996: 077:0020:0028:EN:PDF Directive 98/44/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of July 1998 on the legal protection of biotechnological inventions: eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ do?uri=OJ:L:1998:213:0013:0021:EN:PDF Directive 98/71/EC of 13 October 1998 of the European Parliament and of the KUR 9781848448797 PRINT.indd 535 06/12/2012 16:52 536 · European intellectual property law Council on the legal protection of designs: eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ do?uri=CELEX:31998L0071:EN:HTML Directive 2000/31/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council June 2000 on certain legal aspects of information society services, in particular electronic commerce, in the Internal Market (‘Directive on Electronic Commerce’): eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/ LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2000:178:0001:0001:EN:PDF Directive 2001/29/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 May 2001 on the harmonisation of certain aspects of copyright and related rights in the information society: eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2001:167:0010:0019:EN: PDF Directive 2001/84/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 September 2001 on the resale right for the benefit of the author of an original work of art: eur-lex.europa.eu/ LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2001:272:0032:0036:EN:PDF Directive 2004/48/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 on the enforcement of intellectual property rights: eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ do?uri=OJ:L:2004:195:0016:0025:EN:PDF Directive 2005/29/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 May 2005 concerning unfair business-to-consumer commercial practices in the internal market and amending Council Directive 84/450/EEC, Directives 97/7/EC, 98/27/EC and 2002/65/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council and Regulation (EC) No 2006/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council: eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri =OJ:L:2005:149:0022:0039:EN:PDF Directive 2006/114/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council 12 December 2006 concerning misleading and comparative advertising (Codified version): eur-lex.europa.eu/ LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2006:376:0021:0027:EN:PDF Directive 2006/115/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 December 2006 on rental right and lending right and on certain rights related to copyright in the field of intellectual property (Codified version): eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri= OJ:L:2006:376:0028:0035:EN:PDF Directive 2008/95/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 October 2008 to approximate the laws of the Member States relating to trade marks (Codified version): eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2008:299:0025:0033:en:PDF Directive 2009/24/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 on the legal protection of computer programs (Codified version): eur-lex.europa.eu/ LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2009:111:0016:0022:EN:PDF Directive 2011/77/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 September 2011 amending Directive 2006/116/EC 2006 on the term of protection of copyright and certain related rights: eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2011:265:0001:000 5:EN:PDF Directive 2012/28/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2012 on certain permitted uses of orphan works: eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?ur i=OJ:L:2012:299:0005:0012:EN:PDF Offices, organisations and institutions Association of European Performers’ Organisations: bie-paris.org American Law Institute: ali.org CLIP (International Max-Planck Group on Conflicts of Law in Intellectual Property): cl-ip eu KUR 9781848448797 PRINT.indd 536 06/12/2012 16:52 Recommended literature · 537 CELAS: celas.eu Community Plant Variety Office: cpvo.eu Council of Europe: coe.int Eidgenössisches Justiz- und Polizeidepartement (Switzerland): ejpd.admin.ch Electronic Frontier Foundation: w2.eff.org/patent/wp.php European Court of Human Rights: echr.coe.int European Patent Office: epo.org International Chamber of Commerce: iccwbo.org International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV): upov.org Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers: icann.org Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market (OHIM; Spanish: OAMI): oami.europa.eu Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD): oecd.org World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO): wipo.org World Trade Organization (WTO): wto.org Texts of international conventions and declarations (selected) Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS): wto.org/ english/docs_e/legal_e/27-trips.pdf Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works: wipo.int/treaties/en/ ip/berne/trtdocs_wo001.html Convention on Biological Diversity: cbd.int/convention/text (European) Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms: conventions.coe.int/Treaty/en/Treaties/Html/005.htm London Agreement (translation arrangements for European Patents): epo.org/law-practice/ legal-Protexts/london-agreement.html Madrid Agreement: see Protocol Relating to the Madrid Agreement Paris Convention on the Protection of Industrial Property: wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/paris/ trtdocs_wo020.html Patent Cooperation Treaty: www.wipo.int/treaties/en/registration/pct/ Protocol Relating to the Madrid Agreement Concerning the International Registration of Marks: wipo.int/treaties/en/registration/madrid_protocol/ UNESCO Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity: portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ ID=13179&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=20 1.html UN Framework Convention on Climate Change: unfccc.int/2860.php Universal Declaration of Human Rights: un.org/en/documents/udhr Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (VCLT): untreaty.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/ english/conventions/1_1_1969.pdf WIPO Copyright Treaty (WCT): wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/wct/trtdocs_wo033.html 7WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty (WPPT): wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/wppt/ (Other international IP treaties administered by WIPO to be found at wipo.int/treaties/ en/) Miscellaneous European Copyright Code: copyrightcode.eu Fordham University (Law) Publications: law.fordham.edu/publications Frank Schechter, The Rational Basis of Trademark Law: 40 Harv L Rev 813 (1926–27) Hargreaves Report: ipo.gov.uk/ipreview-finalreport KUR 9781848448797 PRINT.indd 537 06/12/2012 16:52 538 · European intellectual property law MPI – Statements of the Institute regarding (diverse) legislative proposals: ip.mpg.de/en/ pub/publications/opinions.cfm MPI – Study on the Overall Functioning of the European Trade Mark System: ec.europa.eu/ internal_market/indprop/docs/tm/20110308_allensbach-study_en.pdf Opinion of European Academics on ACTA: iri.uni-hannover.de/acta-1668.html jipitec.eu/issues/jipitec-2-1-2011/2965/JIPITEC_ACTA.pdf Washington Declaration on Intellectual Property and the Public Interest: infojustice.org/washington-declaration KUR 9781848448797 PRINT.indd 538 06/12/2012 16:52 Index abuse of a dominant market position 46, 379–80, 403–11 acquiescence 229–30 Agreement on a Unitary Patent Court (draft dUPCA) 89, 107, 117 American Law Institute (ALI) 529 Amsterdam Treaty 39 Andean Pact 16 animal body 108 animal varieties 125 anti-circumvention protection 252, 272, 312–13, 317 Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA) 16, 36, 439, 457, 470, 476–82 border measures 478–9 civil remedies 476–8 criminal sanctions 480–82 ISP liability 479–80 applicable law 259, 516–30 characteristic performance 519–18 commercial effect 528 contracts 516–19 dUPCA 525 first copyright ownership 522–3 freedom of choice 516 moral rights 522–3 remedies 525 ubiquitous infringement 526–30 unitary community rights 524–6 work made for hire 522 authors’ rights average consumer 188–9, 203, 208–11, 217, 360, 417–19, 428–9 balance 7, 26, 37, 81, 160, 273, 287–8, 305–306, 320, 444, 455, 460–61 Beijing Treaty on Audiovisual Performances 22, 33 Berne Convention 4, 15, 18–22, 24–7, 33, 55–6, 70, 73, 261–3, 266, 273, 275, 319, 367, 451, 469, 520, 522 Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs) 16, 36–7 biological processes 108 KUR 9781848448797 PRINT.indd 539 Biotech Directive 65, 82, 86, 123–37, 337 biotechnological inventions 65–6, 108, 123–37 animal varieties 125 case law 129–36 cloning 126, 128 essentially biological methods 135–6 ethical concerns 128–36 gene sequence 126 human body 125–6 human embryos 83, 126, 130–32 plant varieties 125 purpose-bound protection 133–5 stem cell patenting 130–32 suffering of animals 129–30 Border measures 197, 462–8 ACTA 478–9 Border Measures Regulation 438, 462–8 practical effects 466–8 procedure 462–3 broadcasting organizations 3, 18, 22, 33, 55, 241, 255–6, 259–60, 270, 282, 300, 303–304 Brussels Convention 485 Brussels I Regulation 67, 486–510, 512 business methods 139, 142 business names 191 Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU 40, 80, 121 civil remedies 440–61, 476–8 corrective measures 446 damages 446–7 evidence 442–4 injunctions 445–6 right to information 441, 444 CLIP 504–505, 517, 529 Coexistence see trade marks Co-decision procedure 60 collecting societies 259–60, 282–6, 315, 381 Barcelona and Santiago/BIEM Agreements 402 competition law 399–403 sister-agreements 400 collective marks 194 06/12/2012 16:52 540 · European intellectual property law commercial effect 528 commercial expression 81 commercial scale 29, 418, 443, 445, 458, 470–71, 473, 475, 480–82 Commission 41–6, 59–61, 70, 72–3, 123–4, 128, 136, 142–3, 150–53, 163–5, 205, 220, 232, 244–8, 253, 254–60, 264, 269–71, 274–90, 315–20, 342–51, 366, 381–7, 391, 398–9, 402–404, 409–11, 440–47, 456, 469–70, 472–5, 485, 504–505, 509, 517 Community Copyright 315–21 Community Design Courts 511 Community Design Regulation (CDR) 63, 357–66, 485 applicable law 524–6 jurisdiction 511–12 Community law (primary and secondary) 57–62 Community Patent Convention (CPC) 65, 87–8, 106, 117–19, 149, 326 Community Patent Regulation (CPR) 150–51 Community Plant Variety Office (CPVO) 42, 328–35 Community Plant Variety Organization (CPVOrg) 328–30 Community Plant Variety Rights Regulation (CPVR Reg.) 325–38 Community Trademark 159–237 see also trade marks Community Trademark Courts 511 Community Trademark Regulation (CMTR) 62, 73, 159–239, 354, 426, 485, 511 applicable law 524–6 jurisdiction 511–12 see also trade marks community-friendly interpretation 68 comparative advertising 419–26 case law 421–6 Directive 66, 81, 413, 419–21 relationship to trade mark law 424–6 Comparative and misleading advertising Directive 66, 81, 413, 419–21 competition law 66–7, 378–412 abuse of a dominant market position 380 abuse of a dominant position 403–11 agreements and concerted practices 340–94 block exemptions 381, 384–90 collecting societies 399–403 Commissions Guidelines 391–2 compulsory licensing 404 existence/exercise dichotomy 393–4 KUR 9781848448797 PRINT.indd 540 horizontal co-operation agreements 391–2 and IP law 393–411 patent pools 390–92 pharmaceutical sector 396–9 R&DBER 387–90 refusal to license 405–11 relationship to national law 383 standardization 390–92 TTBER 381, 385–7 compulsory (cross-)licenses 20, 27, 30, 54, 122, 127, 334–5; see also competition law Computer Program Directive 63, 250–53, 292, 296, 309, 450 computer-implemented inventions 87, 108, 137–44 granting figures 142 Conditional Access Directive 273, 312, 314, 450 Constitution for Europe 40, 68 constitutional law Consumer Injunctions Directive 414 consumer policy 158 consumer satisfaction Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) 37 Conventions (EU-Membership) 70 copyright 3, 255–322 Better Regulation approach 276–8 Community Copyright 315–21 cultural concerns 248–9 and designs 367–70 Directives 63–4, 250–75, 282 droit d’auteur approach 242 economic concerns 247–8 exceptions (limitations) 242, 271–2, 302–308 exhaustion 309–10 harmonisation strategy 246–9 policy papers 286–9 rationales 241–3 role of ECJ 290–314 technological protection measures 252, 272, 312–13, 317 term of protection 241, 310–11 three-step test 308–309 TRIPS 27, 247, 255–7, 308 unitary right (European Copyright Code) 246, 289, 321, 412 Council 41 Council of Europe (CoE) 77–8 counterfeit goods 25, 29, 37, 67, 70, 197, 434–42, 447, 454, 463, 465–68, 470–73, 476–82 counterfeiting and piracy (definition) 435 06/12/2012 16:52 Index country of origin principle 13, 414, 527 Court of First Instance see General Court Court of Justice of the Eurpean Union (CJEU) see European Court of Justice (ECJ) criminal sanctions 438, 469–75 ACTA 480–82 TRIPS 470–72 culture flat-rate 457 customary international law 10 data protection 444, 449, 455, 458–61 Database Directive 63, 266–9, 293–4, 300–302 database protection (copyright) 268 database protection (sui generis) 268–9 decompilation 252 Design Directive (CD) 63, 355–7 designated offices 90, 104–105 designs 354–74 and copyright 367–70 Directive 63, 335–7 employees 364–2 freedom of designer 360–62 legal basis 354–60 novelty 362–4 options for protection 359–60 registered Community Designs 357–9 Regulation 357–66 spare parts 365–6 and unfair competition law 371–4 unregistered Community Design 359 developing countries 25 DG Competition 382, 402, 404 Digital Economy Act 2010 (UK) 456 direct effect (of international law) see Treaties Directives biotechnology 65, 82, 86, 123–37, 337 conditional access 273, 312, 314, 450 consumer injunctions 414 copyright 63–4, 244, 250–75, 282 data protection 444, 449, 455, 458–61 design 63, 355–7 E-commerce 66–7, 271, 312, 414, 438, 444, 449–61, 527 enforcement 67, 252–3, 271, 312, 440–48, 484 failure to implement 68 foodstuffs labeling, presentation and advertising 414 information in the field of technical standards and KUR 9781848448797 PRINT.indd 541 · 541 rules on information Society services 66, 438, 450 misleading and comparative advertising 66, 413, 419–26 satellite and cable 63, 257–60, 295, 297, 300, 311, 313, 317–18, 526–7 semiconductor topographies 375–7 television without frontiers 257, 414 trade marks 62, 159–237, 426, 465–6 unfair commercial practices 66, 413, 415, 420, 427–33 unfair contract terms 414 discoveries 86, 108 dispute settlement (WTO) 29–30 doctrine of equivalents 116 Doha Declaration 30, 36 Doha Round (TRIPS) 35–6 droit d’auteur approach 242 E-Commerce Directive 66–7, 271, 312, 414, 438, 444, 449–61, 527 country of origin principle 414, 527 ISP liability 449–57 Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs) 16, 36, 70 enforcement 67, 434–82 civil remedies 440–61, 476–8 counterfeiting 434–7 criminal sanctions 438, 469–75 Directive 67, 252–3, 271, 312, 440–48, 484 internet 447, 449–57 piracy 434–7 of treaty rules 15 TRIPS 29, 454–48, 463, 469, 470–71, 476–7, 480 Enforcement Directive 67, 252–3, 271, 312, 440–48, 484 enhanced cooperation 61–2, 152–3 essential function (of trade marks) see trade marks Euro-PCT Application 97, 104–105 European Copyright Code (Wittem) 289, 321 European Council 77 European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) 78, 80–82 European Court of Justice (ECJ) 41–2, 73–7, 82–3, 131–5, 169, 201–206, 290–315, 383, 405–11, 453–5, 459–61, 498–500 European Economic Area (EEA) 43–4, 223 European Economic Community (EEC) 39 European Free Trade Agreement (EFTA) 43–4 06/12/2012 16:52 542 · European intellectual property law European Group on Ethics in Science and New Technologies, 128–9 European Human Rights Convention (EHRC) 77–83 European Observatory on Counterfeiting and Piracy 438–9 European Parliament 40–41, 58–61, 72–3, 87, 124, 128, 136, 143, 152–3, 246, 265, 366, 382, 438–9, 456, 470, 474–6, 480, 482 European Patent 90–144 appeal 103–104 application 98–9 claims 98–9 doctrine of equivalents 116 duration 122–3 examination 97, 101–102 granting procedure 97–106 industrial application 113–14 interpretation of claims 114–16 inventive step 112–13 languages and translations 99–100 legal basis and structure 90–92 limitation procedure 98 limitations and exceptions 117–18 national validation 104 novelty 111–12 opposition procedure 97, 101–102 organisatorial framework 90–96 patentable subject matter 107–109 prohibited acts 117–18 publication of application 101 revocation procedure 98 scope of protection 114–21 search report 100–101 European patent attorney 98 European Patent Convention (EPC) 8, 65–6, 87, 89–116, 118, 121–31, 135, 139–43, 149–54, 166, 250, 325, 336, 499, 512–15, 522 Implementing Regulations 92, 95–100, 125, 129–31 revision 2000 91, 102, 142–3 Protocol on the interpretation of Article 69, 106, 115–16 European Patent Judiciary (EPJ) 150 European Patent Litigation Agreement (EPLA) 149–51 European Patent Office (EPO) 65, 88–108, 111–13, 115, 124, 129–32, 135–7, 140–44, 150–53, 336, 512 boards of appeal 93 KUR 9781848448797 PRINT.indd 542 enlarged board of appeal 93 Examination Guidelines 112–13 examining divisions 92, 98 filing figures 95 International Searching Authority 105 opposition divisions 93 quality 93–5 raising the bar 95 receiving section 92 workload 93–4 European Patent Organisation (EPOrg) 92–4 extension states 93–4 internal structure 92–3 member states 93–4 European Union (EU) 39–69 basic treaties 44–57 competence in IP 70–77 institutions 41–3 member states 43 primacy of EU law 68–9 treaties 39–41, 43–4 unitary patent 66, 89, 122, 149–56 European Union Patents Court (EEUPC) Agreement 153–4 European Union Treaty 40 exhaustion 45–54, 223–8, 244, 309–10, 314, 335 burden of proof 225–6 consent 225 copyright 50–53, 244, 309–10, 314 patents 53–4 plant varieties 335 right to oppose further commercialisation 226–8 trade marks 48–9, 223–8 experimental use 118 farmer’s privilege 118, 325, 332–4 FLOSS see Open Source Software folklore 35, 189 Foodstuff Regulation 341–53 Foodstuffs Labeling, Presentation and Advertising Directive 414 forum non conveniens see jurisdiction ‘Four Freedoms’ 44 FRAND 85, 391–2 free movement of goods 415–17 free movement of goods and services 44–54, 378 06/12/2012 16:52 Index Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) 16 freedom of speech 81 fundamental rights 7, 77–83 games 108 GATT 25, 465 gene sequence 126–8, 135, General Court 42–3, 77, 151, 169, 180–81, 184–7, 193, 330, 348, 358, 361–6, 383, 397, 409, 411 genetic resources 35, 37 geographical indications 3, 338–54 applicable law on the internet 528–9 definitions 341–2 effects of registration 345 EU and national protection system 349–51 Foodstuff Regulation 66, 341–53 generic names 345–7 non EU-States 343 primary EU law 351–3 procedure 342–3 specification 344 trade marks 186, 347–9 TRIPS 27, 340, 343, 347–8 HADOPI 456 Hague Agreement Concerning the International Registration of Industrial Designs 23, 358 human body 108, 125–6 human embryos 83, 126, 130–32 human rights 7, 77–83 Hess report see Report on Regulation Brussels I ICANN 34 immaterial goods 2, 5–6, 241 non-rivalry ubiquity Immaterialgüterrechte immaterialrettigheder indigenous knowledge 189, 366 industrial application 113–14 industrial designs see designs industrial or commercial property 50 industrialized countries 25 Information in the Field of Technical Standards and Rules on Information Society Services Directive 66, 438, 450 Information Society Directive 63, 247, 270–73, 292–3, 295–300, 303–309, 444 KUR 9781848448797 PRINT.indd 543 · 543 infringement 434–7 see also enforcement INPADOC 93 intellectual property definition 2–4 economic importance and competition law 393–411 protection as ‘property’ 80–81, 121–3, 238–9, 241 rationales for protection 5–10 International Convention for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV Convention) 18, 325, 327, 330–31 International Conventions 10–37 international IP law 10–37 principles 10–18 International Preliminary Examination Authority (IPEA) 90, 105 International Searching Authority (ISA) 90, 105 International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV) 18, 324–5 Internationally registered (IR) trade marks 166–8, 190 and CTMR 168 Internet 32–4, 64, 143, 159, 197, 200, 204–205, 219, 243, 145, 248, 264, 280, 287, 299, 309, 312, 402, 414, 432, 438, 444, 449–57, 479–80, 494–6, 526–9 internet service provider (ISP) 447, 449–57 ACTA 479–80 caching 451–2 conduit 451–2 data protection 455, 458–61 duty to monitor 451–3, 456–7 filtering 455 hosting 451–5 liability 449–57, 479–80 notice-and-take-down 453, 456 inventive step 3, 112–13 inventor (right to be named) 20 investment 6, 16, 72, 86, 88, 110, 124, 133, 145, 201, 204, 206–207, 212–13, 241–2, 247, 251, 266–9, 293–4, 300, 323, 375, 380 IP5 96 joint competence 70 Joint Recommendation Concerning Provisions on the Protection of Marks, and Other Industrial Property rights in Signs, on the Internet 528–9 Joint Recommendations Concerning Provisions on the Protection of Well-Known Marks 193 06/12/2012 16:52 544 · European intellectual property law Joint Recommendation on recordal of licences 34 jurisdiction 485–515 central 493–6, 511–12 contractual matters 490–91 cross-border injunctions 500–502 cross-border litigation 492–515 and damages 493–6, 500 exclusive 487, 511 forum non conveniens 488–9 general 486 infringement actions 491–7 internet 494–6 limitations 500–505 multiple defendants 497–500 negative declaratory actions 496–7 Protocol on Recognition 512–13 provisional and protective measures 509–10 restricted 493–6, 512 special 487 torpedos 507–509 Unified Patent Court (dUPC) 513–15 unregistered rights 505–506 validity of IP right 502–505 jus cogens 82 mathematical methods 108 Max-Planck Study on the Overall Functioning of the European Trade Mark System 159 medicines 32, 35, 37, 54, 86–7, 118, 126, 144–8, 397–8, 414, 418, 466–7 mental acts 108 Mercosur 16 microbiological processes 108, 125, 336, 344, minimum rights 14, 19–21, 25, 27, 297, misleading advertsing 66, 379, 413, 428 Misleading and Comparative Advertising Directive 413, 419–26 moral rights 6, 21, 242, 315, 522–3 most favoured nation treatment (MFN) 26 must-fit 356, 365 kort geding (Netherlands) 73–4, 76, 510 Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market (OHIM) 18, 42, 62, 159, 163–9, 357–9, 439, 511 administrative and judicial control 169 Appeal Boards 169 language regime 164 mission and structure 163–4 registration proceedings 164–6 online-music 276–8, 285–6, 318, 402–403 Recommendation 245, 276–8, 318, 402–403 Open Source Software 143 ordre public 108, 128–36, 523 originality 3, 242, 252, 266, 291, 293, 315, 321, 355 Orphan Works Directive 63, 280–82 out-of-print works 282–3 layout-designs see also semiconductor topographies least developed countries 30 lending right 254–6 lex fori 525 lex loci protectionis 519–23 lex originis 520, 522 licence of right 122–3 Lisbon Agreement for the Protection of Appelations of Origin and their International Registration 340 Lisbon Treaty 40, 79 local working requirement 20 Locarno Agreement (Classification of Industrial Designs) 23 London Agreement 100 Lugano Convention 412, 485–6 Maastricht Treaty 39 Madrid Agreement 23,166–8 Madrid Agreement for the Repression of False or Deceptive Indications of Source on Goods 340 Madrid Protocol 23,167 marketing authorization 146 KUR 9781848448797 PRINT.indd 544 national treatment 14, 19, 26, 55–6, 138, 263, 270, 343, 377, 520 negative declaratory judgement 507–509, 511, 515 Nice Agreement (Classification of Trade Marks) 23 Nice Treaty 39 NGOs 34, 37 non-discrimination 54–7, 263–4, 310 novelty 111–12 parallel imports 45–6, 396–8, 463, 482 Paris Convention 15, 18–21, 24, 74–7, 90–91, 118 , 165–6, 174, 185–6, 192–8, 270, 324, 340, 356, 377, 379, 412, 520 passing off 191 Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) 23, 89, 91, 104–105 Euro-PCT Application 97 06/12/2012 16:52 Index Patent Law Treaty (PLT) 23, 34, 91 patent pools 85, 95, 390–92 patent thickets 86 patent trolls 85, 95 patents 3, 84–156 biotechnology 65–6, 108, 123–37 computer-implemented inventions 87, 137–44 conditions for protection 111–14 disclosure 99, 126 morality 108, 128–36 limitations and exceptions 118 - 20 objectives 84–6 ordre public 108 patenting life 86, 123, 130–32 person skilled in the art 112–13 and plant varieties 336–7 purpose bound protection 110 quality 85 TRIPS 27, 91, 93, 107, 110–11, 117, 134, 137, 139, 156 types of 109–11 peer-to-peer (file sharing, software) 264, 455, 457, 461 performing artists 3, 22, 55, 241–2, 255, 264, 270, 305, 403 person skilled in the art 112–13 petty patents pharmaceutical products 27, 30, 36, 49, 53, 65, 75, 86, 109–11, 119, 145–5, 226, 381, 396–9, 407–408, 414, 434, 498 phonogram producers 22, 55, 241, 255–7, 264, 270, 305 piracy 434–7 economic dimensions 436 plant breeders 127, 334–5 plant varieties 125, 324–38 breeder’s exception 334–5 Community Plant Variety Office (CPVO) 42, 328–35 Community Plant Variety Organization (CPVOrg) 328–30 Community Plant Variety Rights Regulation (CPVR Reg.) 66, 325–38 CPV Acquis Report 329, 333–7 denominations 330–31 exhaustion 335 farmer’s privilege 332–4 legal basis 324–6 limitations and exceptions 332–5 and patent law 336–7 KUR 9781848448797 PRINT.indd 545 · 545 rights conferred 331–2 term of protection 335–6 post-TRIPS developments 31–8 preliminary measures (and TRIPS) 29, 487, 510 preliminary ruling (ECJ) 42, 131, 134, 154–5, 169 primacy of EU law 68 primary Community law 57 priority 19, 96 privacy 81–2 privileges 12 problem/solution approach 141, 213 process patents 109–10, 117 product patents 109–10, 117 product-related measures 417 property IPR as property 46 Property as human right 80 Patents as objects of property 121–2 Trade marks as objects of property 238–40 Protocol on Jurisdiction and Recognition of Decisions in Respect of the Right to the Grant of a European Patent 512–13 public goods ‘raising the bar’ 93 rationale for protection 5–8 rebranding 49, 226–7 receiving office 90, 104–105 reciprocity 14, 268–70, 275, 341, 375, 377 recognition and enforcement of judgements 488 Recommendation (online music) 245, 276–8, 318, 402–403 registration rights 3–4 Regulation 59–61 applicable law 67–8 border measures 197, 438, 462–8 Brussels I 486–510 design 63 geographical indications 66 jurisdiction 67 plant varieties 66, 325–37 R&DBER 387–90 Rome I 67–8, 516–19 Rome II 67–8, 519–25 supplementary protection certificates (SPC) 65, 144–9 trade marks 62, 159–237 TTBER 381, 385–7 06/12/2012 16:52 546 · European intellectual property law regulatory exception 118 relabeling 49, 226–7 related rights 3, 50, 52, 55, 64, 241–2, 245–7, 254–7, 261–4, 270–72, 276, 278, 284, 311, 319, 402, 442, 468, 478–80, 519 remedies 8, 29, 169, 242, 252, 270–71, 312, 415, 421, 434–83, 493–4, 500, 509, 520–21, 524–5, 528–9 see also enforcement Rental and Lending Rights Directive 63, 254–7, 295, 298, 305 rental right 254–6 repackaging 49, 226–7 repair clause 365 Report on Regulation Brussels I (Hess report) 505, 507 Resale Royalty Directive 63, 273–5, 294–5 Research and Development Block Exemption Regulation (R&BDBR) 387–90 research tools 119 Rome Convention 22, 485 Rome I Regulation 67–8, 516–19 Rome II Regulation 67–8, 519–25 sanctions see enforcement Satellite and Cable Directive 63, 257–60, 295, 297, 300, 311, 313, 317–18, 526–7 scientific theories 108 second medical use/indication 110, 111 secondary Community law 57 secondary infringement 252, 450–51 see also internet service provider (ISP) liability seizure 463 selling arrangements 417 semiconductor topographies 374–7 Directive 375–7 TRIPS (layout-designs) 27 Washington Treaty 375 semiconductor topographies see also layout-designs Singapore Treaty 23, 34 Single European Act 39 single market 39, 288–9, 379 social welfare spare parts 365–6 specific subject matter (of IPR) 47 standardisation 85, 390–92 stem cells 128, 130–32, 135 137 Strasbourg Convention 65 Substantive Patent Law Treaty (SPLT) 33 KUR 9781848448797 PRINT.indd 546 Supplementary protection certificates (SPC) 65, 144–9 Supply Quota System (SQS) 397 technical problem 113 technological protection measures 33, 252, 272, 312–13 Technology Transfer Block Exemption Regulation (TTBER) 381, 385–7 Television without Frontiers Directive 257, 414 telle-quelle mark 20, 76 Term Directives 63, 261–5, 295, 310–11 territoriality 12–14, 45, 243–4, 313–18, 520, 527 three warnings-approach 456 three-step test 21, 27–8, 134, 271, 308–309 threshold countries 25 torpedoes 507–509 Trade Mark Directive (TMD) 62, 159–237, 426, 465–6 Trade Mark Law Treaty (TLT) 23, 34 trade marks 3, 157–240 absolute grounds for refusal 173–89 abstract concepts 170–71 acquiescence 229–30 acquired distinctiveness 182–5 application in bad faith 236 coexistence 161–2 collective marks 194 color combinations 172 colours per se 172, 176–7 comparative advertising 424–6 compound marks 175–6, 210 conditions in part of Community 183–5 conversion 162 deceptive marks 185, 187–9 directive 62, 159–237, 426, 465–6 distinctiveness 173–85 double protection 162 exhaustion 223–8 flags and state symbols 185, 189 functional signs 179–81 functions 49, 195, 200–206 and geographical indications 186, 347–9 graphical representation 171–2 identical marks 195, 207–208 immoral marks 185–7 indication of product properties and purpose 221–3 invalidation 236–7 06/12/2012 16:52 Index IR-marks 166–8 likelihood of confusion 19, 203, 208–11 limitations 219–30 linguistic diversity 173 loss of rights 234–7 Madrid Agreement 166–8 Madrid Protocol 167 musical tunes 172 non-registered marks 191 prior rights 190 product shape 178–9 property 238–9 relative grounds for refusal 190–94 repackaging, relabeling, rebranding 226–7 reputation 195, 211–19 revocation 234–6 scope of rights 195–233 seniority 162 signs 170–72 similarity of goods and services 209–210 similarity of signs 195, 208–209 slogans 177–8 smells 171–2 sounds see musical tunes surnames 178 telle quelle mark 20, 76 TRIPS 27, 211–12, 233, unregistered rights 191–2 use as a mark 196–206 use of name and address 220–21 use requirement 230–33 well-known marks 20, 76, 192–3 trade names 191 trade secrets 3, 376, 379 traditional knowledge, genetic resources and traditional cultural expressions (TK) 35, 37–8 tragedy of the commons 6–7 transit 197–8, 464–6 Treaties 10–37 administration 17–18 Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs) 16 bilateral 15, 31 classification treaties 16 direct effect 75–7 Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs) 16 Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) 16 Global Protection System Treaties 16 multilateral 15 plurilateral 15–16 KUR 9781848448797 PRINT.indd 547 · 547 protection treaties 16 special agreements based on the BC and the PC 15–16, 21–4, 33, 91, 166 types of 15–16 Treaty of the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) 40 TRIPS 9, 11, 17, 24–31, 70, 73–7, 91, 93, 107, 110–11, 117, 134, 137, 139, 156, 211–12, 233, 247, 255–7, 308, 325–6 , 340, 343, 347–8, 375, 379, 437–40, 448–54, 463, 469, 470–71, 476–7, 480, 520 Berne-plus approach 25 compatibility of EU law 73–5 Council 17, 36 criminal sanctions 470–72 Doha Round 35–6 Paris-plus approach 25 post-TRIPS developments 31–7 three-step test 27–8 U.S Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DCMA) 453 U.S Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) 142 ubiquitous infringement 526–30 UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) 37 undisclosed information 3, 27, 379 UNESCO 17–18, 249 Unfair Commercial Practices Directive (UCP) 66, 413, 427–33 black list 429–32 unfair competition law 3, 66–7, 412–33 designs 371–4 Unfair Contract Terms Directive 414 Unified Patent Court 155–6, 513–15 Unified Patent Court Agreement (dUPCA) 89, 117–18, 155–6, 485, 513–14 applicable law 525 jurisdiction 513–14 structure 155–6 Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP) 34 Unitary patent 66, 89, 122, 149–56 languages 152 Regulation (draft, dUPR) 89, 106–107, 117–18 , 120, 122, 153, 155–6, 514 Unified Patent Court 155–6, 513–15 Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) 78, 82 Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity 249 06/12/2012 16:52 548 · European intellectual property law universality 13 unregistered rights 4, 63, 74, 190–93, 292, 354, 359, 362, 372–3 community designs 359, 362, 372–3, 505 copyright 505 designs 359 trade marks 190–93 use patents 109–10 utility models Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (VCLT) 11 KUR 9781848448797 PRINT.indd 548 well-known marks 20, 76, 192–3 WIPO Copyright Treaty (WCT) 22, 32–3, 64, 70, 247, 267, 270, 308, 451 WIPO Joint Recommendations 34, 193, 528–9 WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty (WPPT) 22, 32–3 , 64, 70, 247, 255, 267, 270, 308 World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) 17, 90, 166, 325, 528 WIPO (Development Agenda) 34–5 World Trade Organisation (WTO) 70, 439, 465 Works made for hire 522 WTO Dispute Settlement 29–30 06/12/2012 16:52 ... PRINT.indd ii 06/12/2012 16:52 European Intellectual Property Law TEXT, CASES AND MATERIALS Annette Kur Max Planck Institute for Intellectual Property and Competition Law, Munich, Germany Thomas... authors and the proportional distribution between text and materials, it differs from a traditional ? ?Cases and Materials? ?? format: hence its subtitle ? ?Text, Cases and Materials? ?? This somewhat new and. .. 06/12/2012 16:52 IP, IPRs and the international context 1.1 Introduction European intellectual property (IP) law and the intellectual property rights (IPRs) granted within the European Union (EU) not