Assessment of blue carbon and carbon trading

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING NHA TRANG UNIVERSITY _ BEATRICE NJERI OBEGI ASSESSMENT OF BLUE CARBON AND CARBON TRADING; A CASE STUDY OF GAZI BAY MANGROVE FOREST, KENYA MASTER THESIS KHANH HOA – 2018 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING NHA TRANG UNIVERSITY _ Beatrice Njeri Obegi Assessment of Blue Carbon and Carbon Trading; A Case Study of Gazi Bay Mangrove Forest, Kenya MASTER THESIS Code: Marine Ecosystem Based Management and Climate Change 58CH161 Topic allocation Decision 1006/QD-DHNT Decision on establishing the Committee: Defense date: Supervisors: 5th June 2018 Major: PROF CURTIS M JOLLY DR GEORGE OGENDI Chairman: Prof Ngo Dang Nghia Faculty of Graduate Studies: KHANH HOA – 2018 UNDERTAKING By the candidate: I declare that the thesis entitled Assessment of Blue Carbon and Carbon Trading; A Case Study of Gazi Bay Mangrove Forest, Kenya is my original work The work has not been presented elsewhere for assessment until the time this thesis is submitted 14th June 2018 Beatrice Njeri Obegi iii DEDICATION This thesis is a special dedication to my husband Hezron, who accepted to look after the children during my study leave iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First and foremost, I wish to sincerely thank the Norhed Program, (Tomso University, and Nha Trang University) for giving me the golden opportunity to study Marine Resource Ecosystem Based and Climate Change I hereby express my heartfelt gratitude to Professor Curtis M Jolly (Auburn University), Dr George Ogendi (Egerton University) and Professor Kim Anh Thi Nguyen (Nha Trang University) and professor Genevieve Mwayuli of Catholic university of Eastern Africa I appreciate every second you took to direct, comment and critique my work These comments enabled me to gain confidence and to complete my thesis in time I also want to acknowledge the Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute for accepting my research activities their institute Special thanks to Dr James Kairo for facilitating my attachment in KMFRI, Gazi sub-station for data collection to accomplish my objectives It was an immense pleasure to work with Mikoko Pamoja staff Ann Wanjiro, Mwamba and KMFRI technicians, Alfred Obinga and team I give thanks to Athman who tirelessly led me to houses in the two villages Special thanks to the Gazi Women Boardwalk for assisting me and contributing to the survey I would not forget to acknowledge the local residents of Gazi for their cheering mood as I was conducting the household survey May God bless you all Nha Trang University, May 2018 Beatrice Njeri Obegi v Table of Contents UNDERTAKING iii DEDICATION iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS v ACRONYMS ix LIST OF TABLES x LIST OF FIGURES xi LIST OF GRAPHS xii LIST OF EQUATIONS xiii LIST OF UNITS xv KEY DEFINITIONS xvi ABSTRACT xvii BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY xviii CHAPTER 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 PROBLEM STATEMNT 1.2: OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 1.2.1 BROAD OBJECTIVES 1.2.2 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES CHAPTER LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 THE CONCEPT OF BLUE CARBON AND CARBON TRADING 2.2 CAUSES OF MANGROVE FOREST REDUCTION 2.2.1 Overexploitation 2.2.2 Habitat Destruction 2.2.3 Urbanization and Agriculture 2.3 CONSEQUENCES OF BLUE CARBON DEPLETION 2.3.1 Loss of Fishery 2.3.2 Loss of Biodiversity 2.3.3 Climate change 2.4 AIMS OF MAPPING BLUE CARBON AND CARBON TRADING vi 2.4.1 Forest management 2.4.2 Carbon Credits 2.5 A REVIEW OF BLUE CARBON AND CARBON TRADING 11 2.5.1 Socioeconomic Impacts of Carbon Trading on Gazi Bay 11 2.5.2 Conceptual Model 11 2.5.3 Forest Structure 13 2.5.4 Carbon Sequestration 13 2.5.5 Carbon Trading 14 2.6 MERITS OF MANGROVE FOREST AND CARBON TRADING 14 2.7 CARBON TRADING REVIEW 15 2.7.1 Income 15 2.7.2 Employment 15 2.7.3 Tourists Attraction 15 2.7.4 Boardwalk Cash 15 2.7.5 Fish Landings 15 CHAPTER 16 METHODS AND METHODOLOGY 16 3.1 Study Area 16 3.1.2 Biophysical Characteristics of the Study Area 18 3.1.3 Social- Economic 19 3.2 METHODS OF SAMPLING AND DESIGN 19 3.2.1 Social Survey 19 3.2.3 Tradable Carbon Credits 20 3.2.2 Forest Structure 20 3.4 DATA ANALYSIS 20 CHAPTER 23 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 23 4.1 Social economic status of Gazi community 23 4.1.1 Number of people interviewed and Age 23 4.1.2 Gazi community Total Income 24 4.1.3 Occupation activities 25 vii 4.1.4 Community Participation to protect Blue Carbon 26 4.1.5 Importance of Conservation Projects 26 4.1.6 State of Gazi Mangroves 27 4.1.7 Value of Mangroves 28 4.1.8 CARBON TRADING EVALUATION PROMETHE MODEL 28 29 4.4.2 Promethee I ranking 29 30 4.4.3 Promethee II ranking 30 31 4.4.4 GAIA Brain 31 32 4.2 FOREST STRUCTRURE 32 4.2.1 Mangrove tree species and total density ha-1 32 4.2.3 Diameter classes and Stems ha-1 34 4.2.4 Mean height, Basal area and Complexity index 34 4.2.5 Density, Frequency, Dominance and Important Value 35 4.2.6 TRADABLE CARBON STOCKS AND CREDITS 36 4.2.7 Carbon stocks (benefits) 37 CHAPTER 39 CONCLUSION AND RECCOMENDATIONS 39 REFERENCES 42 APPENDICES A viii ACRONYMS PES Payment for Ecosystem Services KFS Kenya Forest Services ACES Association for Coastal Ecosystem Services CFA Community Forest Association ESPA Ecosystem Services for Poverty Alleviation GOGACFA Gogoni Gazi Community Forest GHE Greenhouse Gazi Emission KCDP Kenya Coastal Development Project MPCO Mikoko Pamoja Community Organization GAGOFA Gazi-Gogoni Community Association KMFRI Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute MPSG Mikoko Pamoja Steering Group PDD Project Design Document PVC Plan Vivo Credits MP Mikoko Pamoja BAU Business as usual ix LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Benefits from Mangroves Table 1: Detailed values of option and criteria 19 Table 2: Contingent Valuation Analysis 28 Table 3: Showing Net Phi 29 Table 4: Mangrove species diameter class 33 Table 5: Mangrove tree structure values 35 Table 6: Relative density, frequency and dominance of mangrove species 36 Table 7: Carbon credit benefits 37 x Giri, C et al., 2014 Distribution and dynamics of mangrove forests of South Asia Journal of Environmental Management, pp.1–11 Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.01.020 Giri, C., 2016 Observation and Monitoring of Mangrove Forests Using Remote Sensing: Opportunities and Challenges Remote Sensing, 8(9), p.783 Available at: http://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/8/9/783 Giri, C et al., 2011 Status and distribution of mangrove forests of the world using earth observation satellite data Global Ecology and Biogeography, 20(1), pp.154–159 Godoy, M.D.P & Lacerda, L.D.D.E., 2015 Mangroves Response to Climate Change : A Review of Recent Findings on Mangrove Extension and Distribution Annals of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences, 87(2), pp.651–667 H Carter, S Schmidt & A Hirons, 2015 An international assessment of mangroves management incorporation in intergrated coastal zone management Diversity, 7(2), pp.74–104 Herr, D.T.A et al., 2015 Coastal “blue” carbon A revised guide to supporting coastal wetland programs and projects using climate finance and other financial mechanisms, Switzerland: IUCN Huff & Tonui, 2017, 2017 making mangroves together’; carbon,conservation and co-management in Gazi Bay, Kenya Huff, A & Tonui, C., 2017 Making ‘Mangroves Together’: Carbon, conservation and comanagement in Gazi Bay, Kenya, Brighton Available at: file:///C:/Users/Njeri/Downloads/HuffandTonui2017MakingMangrovesTogetherSTEPSWP (1).pdf Huxham et al., 2010 Mangrove forest cover fading fast Huxham, M., 2013 mikoko pamoja mangrove conservation for community benefit I Valiela, J Bowen & J York, 2001 Mangrove forests: One of the world’s Threatened major Tropical Environments BioScience, 51(10), p.807 J Hoberg, 2011 Economic analysis of mangrove forest: A ase study in Gazi Bay, Kairo et al., 2006 Structural Development of a replanted mangrove Forest at Gazi Bay, Kenya Kairo, J et al., 2001 Restoration and management of mangrove systems—a lesson for and from the East African region South African Journal of Botany, 67, pp.383–389 Kairo, J., Wanjiru, C & Ochiewo, J., 2009 Economic Analysis of Mangrove Forests: A case study in Gazi Bay, Kairo, J.G., 2001 Ecology and Restoration of Mangrove Forests in Kenya VRIJE UNIVERSITY Kauffman, J.B & Donato, D.C., 2012 Protocols for the measurement, monitoring and reporting of structure, biomass and carbon stocks in mangrove forests, Available at: https://www.cifor.org/publications/pdf_files/WPapers/WP86CIFOR.pdf Laë, R., 1997 Does overfishing lead to a decrease in catches and yields? An example of two West African coastal lagoons Fisheries Management and Ecology, 4(2), pp.149–164 Available at: http://doi.wiley.com/10.1046/j.1365-2400.1997.00098.x Lang’at, J.K.S., Kairo, J.G & Karachi, M., 2006 Structural Development of a Replanted Mangrove Forest at Gazi Bay, Kenya In PROCEEDINGS OF THE 3RD KEFRI SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE 6-9 pp 127–132 Locatelli, B et al., 2015 Tropical reforestation and climate change: beyond carbon The Journal of 43 the Society for Ecology Restoration, 23(4), pp.337–343 Locatelli, T et al., 2014 Turning the Tide: How Blue Carbon and Payments for Ecosysteme Service (PES) Might Help Save Mangrove Forest , 43(8), pp.981–995 Ludeki et al., 2014 community forest association & community based organization; redesigning their roles in Forest management and conservation in Kenya international journal of science & research Matthijsl, S et al., 1999 Mangrove species zonation and soil redox state , sulphide concentration and salinity in Gazi Bay ( Kenya ), a preliminary study Mangrove and Salt Marshes, 3, pp.243–249 McLeod, E et al., 2011 A blueprint for blue carbon: Toward an improved understanding of the role of vegetated coastal habitats in sequestering CO2 Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 9(10), pp.552–560 Murdiyarso, D et al., 2009 Carbon storage in mangrove and peatland ecosystems A preliminary account from plots in Indonesia , p.40 Nijbroek, R., 2014 Mangroves, mudbanks and seawalls: whose environmental knowledge counts when adapting to sea level rise in Suriname? Journal of Political Ecology, 21, pp.533–550 Available at: http://jpe.library.arizona.edu/volume_21/Nijbroek.pdf Nijbroek, R & Basu, P., 2014 Mangroves, Mudbanks and Seawalls: Political Ecology of Adaptation to Sea Level Rise in Suriname Journal of Political Ecology, 21, pp.533–550 Plan Vivo, 2013 MIKOKO PAMOJA Mangrove conservation for community benefit, Available at: http://planvivo.org/docs/Mikoko-Pamoja-PDD_published.pdf R Iii & L Flynn, 2009 Mangrove zone ecology , pp.130–135 Rideout, A.J.R et al., 2013 Making predictions of mangrove deforestation : a comparison of two methods in Kenya Global Change Biology, pp.1–9 Ruddell, S., Walsh, M.J & Morali Kanakasabai, 2006 Forest carbon trading and market in the United States Soontornwong, S., 2006 Improving rural livelihood through CBNRM: A case of self-organization in community mangrove management in Thailand Mahanty, S et al, pp.182–199 Available at: https://www.eastwestcenter.org/fileadmin/stored/misc/HangingInBalance12Thailand.pdf UNEP, 2011 Economic Analysis of Mangrove Forests : A case study in Gazi Bay, Kenya J Hoberg, ed., UNEP, 2013 Mangrove forest cover fading fast, Available at: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2211464513001000 Wanjiru, A., 2017 A Report of Mikoko Pamoja Social Survey, Available at: https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0ahUKEwjwj J2BzsPbAhXIxbwKHQowCnMQFggmMAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.acesorg.co.uk%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2015%2F01%2FSocial-survey-report-jan2017.pdf&usg=AOvVaw3zZdvJUhNpEbYz_Hhx_j0M Wylie, L., Sutton-Grier, A.E & Amber Moore, 2016 keys to successiful blue carbon projects: Lessons learned from global case studies Marine Policy, 65, pp.76–84 44 APPENDICES APPENDIX 1: GAZI BAY SOCIAL-ECONOMIC SURVEY QUESTIONAIR SHEET- DATE: 15/ 08/ 2017 Male Female Education: Primary Secondary Do you complete the level? No Are you married yes? Tertiary Yes No? University other how many people in your family? If so how many children? How many years have you lived in Gazi? yrs What are you Occupation? (Fisherman 10 yrs yrs Fish trader Do you rent or own your home? (Own If so, what type of a house? Mad Business Rent Permanent Over 20 yrs Other Government Semi-permanent What was the state of the Mangrove forest before the implementation of Mikoko Pamoja Project? ( worse 10 Has the Bad community Average benefited from the Good project? ) Yes No Comments 11 How important is this Project to the Gazi Community and the mangrove Forest? (Very important Not Important ) 12 How Many hours on average you spend participating in recreational activities per week?(Once twice thrice Other 13 Do you participate in the construction & repair of the Board-walk? (Yes No 14 Can you spare a day purposely for conserving biodiversity? 15 International visitors pay KHz 300 and citizens pay KHz 200 for mangrove Board-walk, can they be willing to increase? If Yes by how much? 16 Where does the money go? (Climate change mitigation Livelihoods ) 17 People’s preference in preserving mangroves forest, what’s your family income per day? Ksh100 Ksh500 Ksh800 over Ksh1000 Thank you very much; you are highly appreciated for participating in the survey A Appendix MANGROVE VEGETATION DATA SHEET OBSERVERS………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………… SITE……………………………………… DATE………………………………… Forest Type………………… Plot No……………… Plot Size………………… Inundation class…………………… Forest Cover (%)………………………… No Of stumps…………………… Waypoint…………… Easting………………………… Southing…………………………… Regeneration (Plot Size…………………) No Species DBH(cm) HT (m) Quality classes(1, 2, 3) Species RCI RCII RCIII General observations ………………………… ……………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………… B Appendix Forest Structure Data Collection Western Block Easting’ Southin Plot Plot Bloc s g Inn size No k 393041 10x1 42541 L1 Win 393041 10x1 42541 L1 Win 393041 10x1 42541 L1 Win 393041 10x1 42541 L1 Win 393041 10x1 42541 L1 Win 393041 10x1 42541 L1 Win 393041 10x1 42541 L1 Win 393041 10x1 42541 L1 Win 393041 10x1 42541 L1 Win Forest Structure Data Collection Eastern Block Easting’s Southing Indy Plot size Fores t type Ct/R m Ct/R m Ct/R m Ct/R m Ct/R m Ct/R m Ct/R m Ct/R m Ct/R m Tre e No Su b Specie s DB H Ho t PO M Sly A Rm 13 7.5 130 B Rm 16 130 C Rm 14.5 7.4 130 A Rm 10.5 7.5 130 B Rm 7.5 130 3 Rm 2.7 4.2 130 Rm 23.8 7.5 130 Rm 4.4 130 Rm 4.5 7.8 130 Plot Forest Tree No Block type No Sub Species DBH Hot POM Let 3935164 424259 10x10 FX Sen Rm 3935164 424259 10x10 FX Sen Rm 3935164 424259 10x10 FX Sen Rm 3935164 424259 10x10 FX Sen Rm 3935164 424259 10x10 FX Sen 3935164 424259 10x10 FX 3935164 424259 10x10 935164 424259 3935164 424259 Rm 3.4 2.5 1.3 a Rm 7.8 4.5 1.3 b Rm 3.7 1.3 2 Rm 3.1 1.3 Rm Rm 4.5 1.3 Sen Rm Ct 2.5 3.5 1.3 FX Sen Rm Rm 1.3 10x10 FX Sen Rm Rm 3.5 1.3 10x10 FX Sen Rm Rm 5.5 1.3 C MINISTRY OF EDUCATION & TRAINING NHA TRANG UNIVERSITY SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM Independence - Freedom - Happiness REPORT OF ANSWERING THE QUESTIONS Of the thesis evaluation Committee Full name: Beatrice Njeri Obegi St.code: 58CH161 Thesis title: “ASSESSMENT OF BLUE CARBON AND CARBON TRADING; A CASE STUDY OF GAZI BAY MANGROVE FOREST, KENYA Supervisor(s): Prof Curtis M Jolly & Dr George M Ogendi Study Program: Marine Ecosystem Based Management and Climate Change Thesis defense date: 6th June 2018 CONTENT: (I) QUESTIONS Please explain the method behind your Willingness to Pay assessment? The survey conducted on the importance of mangroves by developing a questionnaire which includes it the respondent who agree to increase from KES 300 to,500) and those who agree to decrease by 200 Using Contingent valuation Model (CVM) (table ) to analyse the data Please explain how you use the physical forest survey in the final analysis? The forest survey data will help to show how much carbon is sequestered as mangrove forest act as carbon sinks This will help in calculating the total carbon benefit tCO2 and sold in Us dolars How did you carry out the social survey and how was the respondent selection random? A social survey was conducted on September 2017 in the two villages of Gazi Bay Using village heads two enumerators were used to translate the questionnaires into Swahili language Data collection was through questionnaires and interviews where by 205 households were randomly selected from the two villages Key informants were chosen because they engage in Gazi activities daily These were; Gazi women, BMU chairman, village heads Major sections included demographics, projects impacts, participation in project activities and importance of the mangroves (II) QUESTIONS Why you choose the year for ranking but not the solutions to improve the carbon trading? I have changed from using years to better management options, Business As Usual (BAU), Management, Alternative livelihood and Empowerment I chose the years because of evaluating the four years of replanting and conserving mangroves …(III) QUESTION Could you please explain clearly how you collect samples for forest structure study ? 10 belts run perpendicular t the show and on each transect set data of tree height, Diameter at breast height tree species was determine …What is the important research that you can use for promethee in Kenya? Promethee in Kenya has not been used but have introduced it and I think it will be applied as from my experience Usually used to rank management Options …………………… …(IV) QUESTION How does the CC important on mangrove forest? Mangrove forest act as carbon sinks, this means that they absorb accumulated Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and in the process reduces global warming which is a major cause of climate change Usually this is through the process of photosynthesis How to assess the blue carbon and the result of blue carbon content estimation in your studies ………………… The blue carbon was estimated by measuring the Diameter at Breast Height, the species type and other and after getting the this data I use formulas to get the results ……… (V)… QUESTIONS Explain the Willingness to Pay (WTP) in section 17, Page 28? Basing the set rate that tourists pay when they visit the women board walk; normally international visitors pay 300 while local pay 200, a Bid was developed of increasing by as follows (100, 200, 300, 400 to 500) Explain how specific research objectives were solved? The first objective was solved by conducting a social survey on socioeconomic households characteristics by Using village heads two enumerators were used to translate the questionnaires into Swahili language Data collection was through questionnaires and interviews where by 205 households were randomly selected from the two villages The second specific objective was met by performing a Systematic random sampling, rectangular and square plots were established and 10 plots of 10m by 10m plot size were sampled each in conserved forest and reforested area depending on the tree size and density 10 belts were run perpendicular towards the shore and 10 plots measuring 10m by 10m were developed along these belts Within each plot, tree height, stem diameter at breast height (DBH), species of all trees with DBH of greater or equal to 2.5cm were recorded The tree height was measured using a graduated pole and DBH was measured using a forester Calliper Data obtained included; basal area, absolute density and frequency, also relative derivatives were calculated The important (IV) of each species and the complexity index (CI) of the stand were calculated The third objective I was to find out how carbon stocks can be converted to tradable credit credits and how much of the total carbon benefit and how much Us dollars Below table shows the calculations Carbon Benefits Calculation Activity Forest Type Area ( Ha) Carbon Total project Annual Income $ * benefit (tCO2 initiative ha-1 yr-1) activities( tCO2 yr-1 Avoided Natural Mixed 100 Deforestation 18 ( based on 100 1800 * 18= 1800*6= 1800 10800 sequestration in mature forest ( recovering forest) Reforestation Rhizophora plantation 29 (based on 7* 29= 203 203*6 = 1218 12 year 203 old plantation Reforestation New plantation after ( Sonneratia) increasing but 5*4= 20 20*6= 120 to 20 ( 10 after 10 years) Total 2023 benefit annum tCO2 $12138 per potential annual income for credits Objective I used Promethee model to determine the impact of carbon trading to the Gazi community The data was collected from Women Board walk, Beach Management Unity, and Mikoko pamoja project, see the table below: Options Revenue fish Income Tourists Board walk Employment cash BAU 9708 114065 100 459 202050 Management 13640 134243 150 458 188605 Alternative 12000 175896 300 198 110750 10027 206456 600 98 93175 livelihood Empowerment MINISTRY OF EDUCATION & TRAINING SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM NHA TRANG UNIVERSITY Independence - Freedom - Happiness REPORT OF THESIS CORRECTION At the request of the thesis evaluation Committee Full name:Beatrice Njeri Obegi ………………… St.code: …58CH161…… Thesis title: “ ASSESSMENT OF BLUE CARBON AND CARBON TRADING; A CASE STUDY OF GAZI BAY MANGROVE FOREST, KENYA ” Supervisor(s): Prof Curtis Jolly …………… ………………………………………………………………… Study Program: … Marine Ecosystem Based Management and Climate Change ……………………… Thesis defense date: …8th June 2018……………………… ……………………………………… Based on the requirements of thesis evaluation committee I would like submit the revised thesis statement as follows: Request 1: state the Committee's amendment request…According to the committee’s advice that the a table consisting data for promethee must be included in the thesis, this has been done and can be accessed in page 34 of my thesis Content has been modified: For example: …Upon Committees request table on page 38 was added.… ……………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Request 2: state the Committee's amendment request The committee advised me to state the method used to collect data on Willingness to pay (WTP) I developed a bid on my questionnaire basing on what price they charge each tourist who come to visit the women board walk And a questionnaire I asked them can we increase this charges from 300 to 400 or 500 or 600 or 700 or 800 or 900 or 1000 Content has been modified: For example: Upon the committee’s request a Bid for what people are willing to pay and using Contingent Valuation Method the mean Wtp was calculated using excel model page28………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Request 3: state the Committee's amendment request The committee advised me to use options instead of using years Following that request the best options to suit the model were chosen; BAU, Management, Alternative livelihood and Empowerment Content has been modified: For example: Changed from; 2013 to BAU, 2014 Management, 2015 to Alternative Livelihood and 2016 to Empowerment …………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… … Request 3: state the Committee's amendment request : The committee requested me to format my thesis according to NTU regulations Content has been modified: The citations were done using Harvard Style and formatting using Mendeley software Nha Trang, date13, month 06, year 2018 ... REVIEW 2.1 THE CONCEPT OF BLUE CARBON AND CARBON TRADING Blue carbon is the term for carbon captured by Worlds Ocean and coastal ecosystems As mentioned above the blue carbon in coastal ecosystems... CONSEQUENCES OF BLUE CARBON DEPLETION 2.3.1 Loss of Fishery 2.3.2 Loss of Biodiversity 2.3.3 Climate change 2.4 AIMS OF MAPPING BLUE CARBON AND CARBON TRADING. .. social and environmental improvements for the people of Gazi Bay The goal of this paper was map replanted and conserved tress and carbon trading, further because of the benefits of carbon trading