Impact of socio economic and environmental hazards on the technical efficiency of shrimp farms at cam thinh dong commune, cam ranh district, vietnam

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING NHA TRANG UNIVERSITY FOLORUNSO, EWUMI AZEEZ OLATUNJI IMPACT OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS AND ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS ON THE TECHNICAL EFFICIENCY OF SHRIMP FARMS AT CAM THINH DONG COMMUNE, CAM RANH DISTRICT, VIETNAM MASTER THESIS Marine Ecosystem-based Management and Climate Change Major: Topic Allocation decision Decision on establishing the committee: Defense date: Supervisors: 07/06/2018 Prof Arne Eide Dr Le Kim Long Chairman Prof Kim Anh Faculty Faculty of Graduate Studies KHANH HOA - 2018 i ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to thank my international supervisor, Professor Arne Eide, Norwegian college of fishery science, University of Tromsø, Norway, for his resourceful advice, support, comments and understanding through the course of the research and writing I would also like to thank my local supervisor, Dr Le Kim Long, department of Economics, Nha Trang University, also for his resourceful advice, supports and guidance throughout the course of the thesis My sincere gratitude goes to the entire board of NORHED (Norwegian Program for Capacity Building in Higher Education) for making my sojourn here a successful one with their financial and moral supports I would as well be grateful to my parent and siblings for their unending encouragement and understanding throughout the course of my study My gratitude also goes to Cam Thinh Dong community committee for provision of comfortable atmosphere and warm support that ensues successful field survey exercise I would also without reservation extend my utmost gratitude to the entire teaching staffs of Nha Trang University and my classmates for their supports and encouragement Folorunso, Ewumi Azeez Olatunji May 2018, Nha trang, Vietnam ii TABLE OF CONTENT ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ii TABLE OF CONTENT iii LIST OF TABLES iv LIST OF FIGURES v LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS vi ABSTRACT .vii 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND INFORMATION 1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT 1.3 AIM 1.6 TECHNICAL EFFICIENCY 1.7 MEASUREMENT OF TECHNICAL EFFICIENCY 11 1.8 STOCHASTIC PRODUCTION FRONTIER 13 1.9 LITERATURE REVIEW 14 2.0 DATA 20 2.1 DATA SAMPLING METHODOLOGY 20 2.2 PRIMARY SURVEY 20 2.3 PRE-TESTING 20 2.4 DATA COLLECTION 20 2.5 DATA SAMPLE AGGREGATE 22 3.0 METHOD 23 3.1 DATA PROCESSING AND ANALYSIS 23 3.3 EXPECTATION 23 4.0 RESULT 24 4.1 THE EMPIRICAL RESULT 24 4.2 TEST OF HYPOTHESIS 25 4.3 INEFFICIENCY MODEL 30 4.31 Socio-economic factors 30 4.32 Environmental factors 32 5.0 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 36 5.1 DISCUSSION 36 5.2 CONCLUSION 40 REFERENCES 42 APPENDIX 47 iii LIST OF TABLES Table 1-2: Summary statistics for some of the variables used in the model 22 Table 1-4: Stochastic frontier and Inefficiency effects result 24 Table 2-4: Hypothesis testing 25 Table 3-4: Technical efficiency distribution 27 Table 4-4: Descriptive statistics of the technical efficiency 28 Table 5-4: Descriptive statistics of inputs 29 Table 6-4: Farmers age distribution 30 Table 7-4: Educational level of the shrimp farmers 31 Table 8-4: A chart showing farm size information 31 iv LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1-1: Map of Cam Ranh showing Cam Thinh Dong Figure 2-1: Input-oriented measure of TE Figure 3-1: Output-oriented measure of TE Figure 1-4: Chart of TE in relation to numbers of farmers 29 Figure 2-4: Chart showing the majorly encountered environmental hazard in the area 32 Figure 3-4: Chart showing the number of flood experienced by farmers 33 Figure 4-4: chart showing the majorly coping strategies 34 Figure 5-4: Chart showing the different environmental impacts affecting shrimp farming at Cam Thinh Dong 35 v LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AE Allocative Efficiency EAS Environmental Assessment system EE Economic Efficiency DEA Data Envelopment Analysis GDP Gross Domestic Product GFDRR Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery FAO Food and Agricultural Organisations HRS Hours KG Kilogram LR Likelihood Ratio MLE Maximum Likelihood Estimate OLS Ordinary Least Square SFA Stochastic Frontier Analysis SPA Stochastic Production Frontier TE Technical Efficiency vi ABSTRACT This study employed stochastic frontier production function approach to investigate the technical efficiency and factors affecting the technical efficiency of shrimp farmers With the aid of questionnaire, data were collected on farmers’ cost of major inputs (labour, seed, feed and lime), socio-economic activities, age, education, experience, household size and farm size, and on environmental hazards, flood and drought experience The data was analysed using a stochastic production frontier The result obtained revealed a mean technical efficiency of approximately 58%, reflecting that there exists a great potential for improving the efficiency of the shrimp production The input variables considered in the model (feed, seed, labour and lime) were all found to be important factors for shrimp production in the area In the inefficiency model, age, education, experience, drought experience and farm size were found to be positively related to technical efficiency While flood experience was found to be positively related to technical inefficiency, drought experience was found to be negatively related to technical inefficiency This study suggests a huge impact of pond adjustment on farmers’ cost of production, as 98% of the farmers reported to be adopting frequent pond adjustment and maintenance as an adaptation to frequent flood events On the other hand, number of drought experience a farmer has was found to enhance his technical efficiency Since all the inputs considered in this study were found to be positively related to the technical efficiency, this study therefore suggests the farmers be encouraged to increase their output by providing them the medium or platform to learn the best input combinations in order to reduce cost while maximizing their profit Furthermore, since age, experience, and education are positively related to TE, this study suggests establishment of or restructuring of community-based organisations and extension services to create medium for interactions between the farmers in order to allow young and less experienced farmers to learn from the older and more experienced ones Lastly, government should support farmers with sea dike structures to help curb flood impacts and also provide history of drought patterns to help farmers plan against forecasted drought events vii 1.0 INTRODUCTION On a global basis, annual records of natural disasters or events amount to over 300, and in 2010 it cost global economy USD 109 billion from 106,891 fatalities (Guha sapir, et al 2012) The fish farmers and their communities globally are particularly vulnerable to these disasters because of their locations, their livelihood characteristics, total high levels of exposure to natural hazards, shocks from their livelihood and impacts of climate change The impacts on economic, social and environmental structures are significant with disproportionate effects in developing countries and on vulnerable groups, as 98% of the 262 million people are affected by weather and climate change-related disasters between 2000 and 2004 who lived in developing countries, and majority of which are dependent on aquaculture and agriculture as livelihoods (FAO, 2012) Lying in the tropical monsoon area of the north western pacific means that Vietnam is one of the disaster-prone countries in the world, as it is affected by floods, storms, tropical depression, storm surges, whirlwinds, coastline erosion, hail rains, drought and landslides, destroying lives, assets and degrading cultural and socio-economic structures as well as natural environments (Anh, 2016) Using national disaster database, Chin luu et al (2017) reported that apart from Mekong delta who has the highest number of flood fatalities, south central and north central coast were the two most affected regions in flood fatalities historically based on average per province per year in the regions investigated Aquaculture, which is perceived to be playing key role in economic growth, food security and job creations in the country has been plagued by natural disasters such as flood, flood flash and drought (Anh, 2016) The sector remains one of the major occupation of the coastal population of Vietnam, accounting for 12% of total exports (about USD2.5billion) and providing source of livelihood for about million people (GFDRR, 2011), and the fact that the high concentration of human population and economic activity in coastal areas has a heavy reliance on fishery and aquaculture sectors that account for 6.6% of Vietnam’s GDP in 2008 (Bierbaum, et al 2010), make aquaculture an important sector of the country’s economy Therefore, the environmental hazards and climate change impacts that befalls the productivity of the industry may arguably be found producing an effect on the entire economy of the country Apart from the government’s effort to implement policies and strategies to help prevent further damages and to assist residents to cope with these changes, there have been limited studies that have evaluated how the adaptive strategies (autonomous and non-autonomous) have decreased the profit-maximization of the farmers and possibly forcing some farmers out of their livelihoods De Silva et al (2009) concluded that impact of climate change on capture fisheries have received more attention than in aquaculture and stressed the need to assess the vulnerabilities of major aquaculture farming systems and proposed appropriate mitigation and/or adaptation measures to maintain the viability of these systems Number of researches in agriculture have recently emerged looking up the impact of climate change on the performance of agriculture outlets using technical efficiency Oyekale (2012) considered rainfall and temperature as climate change factors affecting the technical efficiency of cocoa farms in Nigeria Also in Bangladesh, both humidity and rainfall were found to produce a positive impact on the technical efficiency of rice farm while temperature produced a negative impact on the technical efficiency of the rice farm According to FAO (2015) report on the impact of natural hazards and disasters on agriculture and food security and nutrition, one of the key findings is that there exist major data gaps on the impact of natural hazards and disasters on the agriculture sectors in developing countries In aquaculture, significance numbers of studies have been carried out on the impact of different factors such as farm size, farmer’s experience, farmer’s age and some socio-economic factors such as household-size on the technical efficiency of that farm, but few or limited researches have looked into the impact of environmental hazards on the technical efficiency of farms However, Auci and Vignani, (2014) in their research considered the climate change impacts on technical efficiency of fish farm outlets in Italy Rainfall and minimum temperature were considered as one of the inefficiency factors in the inefficiency model, and it was found that rainfall variable had a positive impact on the efficiency while minimum temperature reduces the efficiency of harvested production Recently, Nguyen et al (2017) considered the impact of climate change on the technical efficiency of Pangasius species in the Mekong delta area of Vietnam, factors such as flood effect, salt intrusion effects, farmers experience level in climate change and access to trainings, using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) Their conclusion accepted with the few existing literatures that farmer’s experience in climate change impacts contribute positively to the technical efficiency of their fish farms and how to deal with the impacts In a bid to protect development investment and strengthen aquaculture resilience to disasters, there is a need to understand the particular way the sector is being affected, the magnitude at which it is affected in order to understand how to assign priorities to the disasters during the course of planning against the disasters Khanh Hoa province which is located in the south-central region of the country and was once known a major supplier of shrimp seeds in the region has been reported to have witnessed a drastic reduction in output owing to unfavourable weather conditions, (Hoang Thu Thuy, 2008; Pham Xuan Thuy, 2004; Nguyen Thi Kieu Thao, 2012) There has been little or no investigation carried out on the impacts of these environmental hazards on the efficiency of the shrimp farms This study will investigate the impact or effects of farmers experience on climate change, flood effects, drought effects, level of education, age of the farmer, and the farm size on the technical efficiency of the fish farms 1.1 Background information Cam Thinh dong is a commune in Cam Ranh, which is located in Khanh Hoa province, south central of Vietnam The province has a total area of 5,197 km2 and a provincial coastline that spreads 385 km featuring numbers of creek mouths, lagoons, river mouths and hundreds of islands and islets from Dailanh commune to the end of Cam Ranh Bay This province is contiguous to Phu yen province in the north and south-eastern border, Dak lak province at the west, Ninh Thuan province at the southern border and the eastern border with the south-china sea This province was known for its influential contribution to the development of shrimp farming in Vietnam, with 1,019 farms and production of about 3.25 million ton of shrimp seeds between 1995 and 2000, when it accounted for 40.8% of total shrimp production in the country (Hoang Thu Thuy and Kim anh 2008) Favourable indicators of temperature, humidity and rainfall were described as climatic factors that had produced great influence Reifschneider, D., Stevenson, R (1991) Systematic departures from the frontier: a framework for the analysis of firm inefficiency International Economic, 32, 715– 723 Rezitis, A N., Tsiboukas, K., & Tsoukalas, S (2003) Investigation of factors influencing the technical efficiency of agricultural producers participating in farm credit programs: The case of Greece Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics Retrieved from http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/43157/2/Rezitis JAAE December 2003.pdf Roco, L., Bravo-Ureta, B., Engler, A., & Jara-Rojas, R (2017) The Impact of Climatic Change Adaptation on Agricultural Productivity in Central Chile: A Stochastic Production Frontier Approach Sustainability, 9(9), 1648 https://doi.org/10.3390/su9091648 Sengupta, J K (1985) Information and Efficiency in Economic Decision Dordrecht, Kluwer Academic Publishers Thuy, P X (2004) Building a model of intensive shrimp aquaculture in Khanh Hoa province Nha trang university Wirat Krasachat (2009) Technical Efficiency of Shrimp Farms in Thailand under Good Agricultural Practice System In tropentag 2009 Hamburg Xuan Huy, D H (2009) Technical efficiency analysis for commercial Black Tiger Prawn (Penaus monodon) aquaculture farms in Nha Trang city, Vietnam University of Tromso, Norway 46 APPENDIX Appendix - Questionnaire Questionnaire QUESTIONNAIRE ON EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON TECHNICAL EFFICIENCY OF FISH FARMS IN CAM RANH BẢNG CÂU HỎI VỀ TÁC ĐỘNG CỦA BIẾN ĐỔI KHÍ HẬU ĐẾN HIỆU QUẢ KỸ THUẬT TRẠI NUÔI TÔM Ở CAM RANH Climate change is an increasing concern in all parts of the world, and the impacts of the changing climate are expected to affect a range of human activities Aquaculture is an important sector in many developing and developed countries, being an important protein sources and creating significant employment To respond to environmental events such as flood (sea level rise) and drought, farmers find their autonomous cost increasing They also put some structures in place to prepare and contain the extreme climatic events to ensure continuity of their livelihood This study therefore proposed that this increasing cost is affecting the technical efficiency of the farm Biến đổi khí hậu mối quan tâm khắp nơi giới, tác động biến đổi khí khậu có ảnh hưởng đến nhiều hoạt động người Nuôi trồng thủy sản lĩnh vực quan trọng quốc gia phát triển phát triển Đây nguồn potein quan trọng tạo nhiều công ăn việc làm Để đối phó với kiện mơi trường lụt lội (nước biển dâng), hạn hán, nông dân phải tăng chi phí sản xuất Họ cần chuẩn bị số cấu trúc chỗ để chuẩn bị cho kiện biến đổi khí hậu khó lường để đảm bảo tiếp tục sản xuất trì sinh kế Nghiên cứu đề cập đến việc tăng chi phí sản xuất ảnh hưởng đến hiệu kỹ thuật trại nuôi To achieve this, this questionnaire will be used to obtain information about your experience on environmental changes in this area (Cam thinh commune), and the cost of your various inputs, your income, your adaptive strategies and associated costs You will remain anonymous in the survey and no payment is required from you In addition, all collected information will be held confidential Apart from the feeling of reward from helping a research work, there is no physical reward for participating in the survey Để đạt mục tiêu này, Bảng câu hỏi sử dụng để thu thập thông tin kinh nghiệm anh/chị việc đối phó với biến đổi mơi trường khu vực (xã Cam Thịnh) chi phí biến đổi đầu vào, thu nhập, chiến lượng thích ứng chi phí liên quan Anh/chị hồn tồn tự chủ việc điều tra, khơng chi phí Bên cạnh đó, tất thơng tin bảo mật Bên cạnh hỗ trợ tinh thần để thực nghiên cứu này, khơng có hỗ trợ vật chất cho người tham gia điều tra Instruction: Please fill in the form to the best of your knowledge by ticking the boxes or writing short answers when required 47 Hướng dẫn: Vui lòng điền vào mẫu cách gạch chéo ô vông viết câu trả lời ngắn gọn Personal Information Thơng tin cá nhân Gender /giớitín Male/nam Age range / độ tuổi 66 tuổi Female/nữ 18-25 26-40 What type of aquaculture you practice? 41-65 Coastal/duyên hải Inland/ Nội địa Bạn thực hành nuôi trồng thủy sản kiểu gì? Environmental events / kiện mơi trường Fill this section by ticking the box with the rank 1-5, with one indicating “Not affected” to indicating “strongly affected” Đánh số từ đến vào bảng sau theo thứ tự “không tác động” đến (tác động mạnh mẽ) Ranks Flood effects Salt intrusion Drought/Excessive heating Pollution Climate change knowledge and awareness / kiến thức nhận thức biến đổi khí hậu Have you ever heard of climate change? Yes No Anh/chị nghe đến biến đổi khí hậu chưa có/khơng What you know about climate change? ………………………………………………………………………………………… Anh/chị biết biến đổi khí hậu? 48 Do you think environmental distress such as flood and drought are climate change influenced? Anh/chị có nghĩ lo lắng môi trường lụt lội, hạn hán ảnh hưởng biến đổi khí hậu? Yes No có khơng If yes, why? ……………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… Nếu có, sao? Which of these you experience more often? Anh/chị thường gặp trường hợp sau đây: nước biển xâm nhập Lụt Flood Axit hóa bay nước Sea water intrusion hạn hán Acidification Excessive Evaporation khác Drought Others Bao nhiêu lần năm 1-3 4-6 hơn? How many times in a year? 1-3 4-6 above Anh/chị tham dự chương trình tập huấn hay đào tạo chun sâu chưa? có khơng Have you been to any extension program or any training? Bao nhiêu lần năm? 1-5 6-10 11 How often yearly? 6-10 11 and above 1-5 Yes No Climate change perception / quan niệm biến đổi khí hậu Based on your perception, tick the boxes ranking 1-5 on the likelihood of occurrence of the following climate change impacts indicates “Unlikely to occur during the next 25 years”, indicates, “May arise once in 10 years to 25 years”, indicates, “May arise once in ten years”, indicates, “May arise about once per year” and indicates, “Could occur several times per year” 49 Dựa quan điểm anh/chị, vui lòng đánh số thứ tự từ 1-5 tác động biến đổi khí khậu đến sinh kế anh chị không xuất vịng 25 năm tới, xuất lần vịng 10 đến 25 năm, xuất 10 năm, xuất lần năm, xuất nhiều lần năm Climate change impacts / tác động biến đổi khí hậu Heavy flood Ngập lụt nặng Drought Hạn hán Sea water intrusion Nước biển xâm nhập Acidification Axit hóa Heavy rainfall Mưa bão 50 Adaptation strategies / chiến lược thích ứng How you cope with these environmental distress, (Flood, Sea water intrusion, Drought, Excessive evaporation)? Anh chị giải mối lo môi trường (lụt, xâm nhập nước biển, hạn hán, bốc nước) How you cope or adapt to these environmental distress? Anh chị đối phó thích ứng mối lo môi trường này? Self CBO or Cooperatives Insurance Company Tự giải CBO hợp tác xã Government help Chính phủ Others Cơng ty bảo hiểm Bank credits vay ngân hàng Others khác ………………………………………… khác The table below shows various adaptive strategies adopted to reduce the impact of environmental events, kindly click on the rank of 1-5, based on how often a strategy is used indicates never adopted strategy while indicates mostly used strategy Bảng liệt kê chiến lược thích ứng để giảm thiểu tác động mơi trường, vui lịng đánh số từ 1-5 dựa mức độ thường xuyên chiến lược sử dụng O có nghĩa khơng có chiến lược thích ứng, có nghĩa chiến lược sử dụng nhiều Coping strategies Chiến lược đối phó Pond adjustment or maintenance Sửa ao tu Increasing irrigation Tăng cường tưới tiêu 51 Integrated farming Nuôi kết hợp Insurance Bảo hiểm Practicing crop diversification Đa dạng hóa mùa vụ Culturing brackish species Nuôi loại thủy sản nước lợ Find off-farm job Tìm việc làm ngồi trang trại COST AND INCOME / CHI PHÍ VÀ THU NHẬP Labor cost/hectare (based on last crop) Chi phia nhân công/ha (theo vụ gần nhất) Items Hạng mục Own Hired Total(dong) labour/day(dong) labour/day(dong) Tổng Lao động Lao động (đồng) thân/ngày/đồng thuê/ngày/đồng Pond preparation Chuẩn bị ao 52 Pond adjustment/maintenance Sửa ao/duy tu Feeding and harvesting Cung cấp thức ăn thu hoạch Transporting Vận chuyển Feed and seed cost/hectare (based on last crop) Thức ăn chi phí giống/ha (theo vụ gần nhất) Items Quantity Unit price(dong) Total(dong) Hạng mục Số lượng Đơn gia (đồng) Tổng tiền (đồng) Seed Giống Feed(manufactured) Thức ăn (chế biến từ nhà máy) Feed (fresh) Thức ăn (tươi) Lime, chemicals, fuel and Electricity (based on last crop) Vơi, hóa chất, nhiên liệu, điện (theo vụ gần nhất) Items Hạng mục Conc./ha Quantity/ha Unit price(dong) Total(dong) Số lượng/ha Đơn gia (đồng) Tổng tiền (đồng) Lime Vơi 53 Chemicals Hóa chất Fuel Nhiên liệu Electricity Điện Irrigation cost (based on last crop) Chi phí tưới tiêu (theo vụ gần nhất) Nguồn nước trại ni gì? Kênh, Sơng, Biển What is the source(s) of water to the farm? Rivers Canal Sea Others Phương pháp lấy nước vào hệ thống ao nuôi? Nước chảy (trọng lực) Thủy triều, bơm Method of getting water into the culture system? Gravity/tide Pumping Unit/ha Đơn vị/ha Average horsepower Unit price(dong) Trung bình Đơn sức ngựa (đồng) Pump or other pumping technology Bơm công nghệ bơm khác Other sources 54 giá Total (dong) Tổng (đồng) Các khác nguồn Mùa màng thu nhập (theo điểm số gần nhất) Yield and Income (based on last score) Anh chi có vụ năm? How many production cycles you have in a year? 4-6 and above 1-3 hơn? 4-6 1-3 Selling time Quantity/ha Unit price(dong) Total (dong) Thời gian bán Số lượng/ha Đơn giá (đồng) Tổng (đồng) Other farm products (if any) Socio-economic factors Nhân tố kinh tế - xã hội Năm kinh nghiệm Years of experience in 1-10 fish/shrimp farming năm nuôi tơm/cá above Level of education (trình độ văn hóa) No 11-20 21-30 31years formal education (Không học sở) Primary education (trung học sau trung học) Secondary education (Giáo dục trung học) Post-secondary education (Giáo dục trung học bài) Household size 1-5 6-15 16 and above Quy mô hộ 1-5 6-15 16 55 and Farm size (Area) less than 0.2 0.21-1ha 1.1-3.0ha 3.1ha and above Quy mô trại (diện tích) nhỏ hơn Cooperative Involvement Hợp tác kinh doanh Yes No có khơng Is fish farming the main occupation? Yes No Ni cá nghê chính: sai Other sources of income ………….…………………………………………… Nguồn thu nhập khác Are you participating in any VIETGAP program? Yes No Anh chị có tham gia vào chương trình VIETGAP khơng? Có không How long? …………………………………… Bao lâu To increase your output and profit, what are your suggestions? Để tăng cường sản lượng đầu lợi nhuận, vui lòng cho số gợi ý? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… Thank you 56 Appendix 2: Output from the software OLS Estimates Coefficient Standard-Error T-Ratio Beta 0.40692232E+01 0.99376362E+00 0.40947596E+01 Beta 0.22366430E+00 0.13585180E+00 0.16463846E+01 Beta 0.30382539E-01 0.36505817E-01 0.83226570E+00 Beta 0.71454942E-01 0.61848890E-01 0.11553149E+01 Beta 0.27644584E+00 0.85758717E-01 0.32235305E+01 Sigma-squared 0.29905282E+00 Log likelihood function = -0.38134536E+02 Final MLE Estimates Coefficient Standard-Error Beta 0.51646436e+01 0.49665524e+00 0.10398851e+02 Beta 0.15062554e+00 0.99934406e-01 0.15072441e+01 Beta 0.29976144e-01 0.13565277e-01 0.22097701e+01 Beta 0.10339251e+00 0.23745095e-02 0.43542682e+02 Beta 0.25569018e+00 0.34171115e-01 0.74826408e+01 Delta -0.98294561e+00 0.82514556e+00 -0.11912391e+01 Delta -0.13541757e+01 0.97481934e+00 -0.13891556e+01 Delta -0.25921601E+01 0.93291472E+00 -0.27785606E+01 Delta -0.35018525E-01 0.87679896E+00 -0.39939058E-01 Delta 0.30364243E+01 0.76483721E+00 0.39700270E+01 Delta -0.90360143E+00 0.63997831E+00 -0.14119251E+01 Sigma-squared 0.55446352E+00 0.16036480E+00 57 T-ratio 0.34575139E+01 Gamma 0.99999999E+00 0.87611930E-07 0.11413971E+08 Log likelihood function = -0.22496679E+02 LR test of the one-sided error = 0.31275713E+02 With number of restrictions = [Note that this statistic has a mixed chi-square distribution] Number of iterations = 26 (Maximum number of iterations set at: 100) Number of cross-sections = Number of time periods = 50 Total number of observations = Thus there are: 50 obsns not in the panel Technical efficiency of each farms Farm Year Efficiency estimates 1 0.99985760E+00 0.62492944E+00 0.15058805E+00 0.87785647E+00 0.68545501E+00 0.64213006E+00 0.58370310E+00 0.99977369E+00 0.75998957E+00 10 0.99989147E+00 11 0.25303127E+00 58 12 0.43157080E+00 13 0.38056473E+00 14 0.41305370E+00 15 0.41313527E+00 16 0.42944455E+00 17 0.54079758E+00 18 0.29214385E+00 19 0.50854008E+00 20 0.26007955E+00 21 0.56160113E+00 22 0.39599395E+00 23 0.72008838E+00 24 0.51421271E+00 25 0.71757916E+00 26 0.37374381E+00 27 0.70447529E+00 28 0.76615058E+00 29 0.96924725E+00 30 0.96924725E+00 31 0.98049428E+00 32 0.34830189E+00 33 0.47234715E+00 59 34 0.21352686E+00 35 0.89460598E-01 36 0.42471199E+00 37 0.99986745E+00 38 0.51773971E+00 39 0.59377357E+00 40 0.88411118E+00 41 0.46252308E+00 42 0.75799169E+00 43 0.90634053E+00 44 0.49959711E+00 45 0.47524837E+00 46 0.54228750E+00 47 0.79839990E+00 48 0.24658603E+00 49 0.26334102E+00 50 0.25348146E+00 Mean efficiency = 0.57960013E+00 60 ... weather conditions and environmental pollution were the stated causes of the reduced production The environmental condition of this region, which was considered to be of great advantage to the. .. effects, level of education, age of the farmer, and the farm size on the technical efficiency of the fish farms 1.1 Background information Cam Thinh dong is a commune in Cam Ranh, which is located in... with indicating the “No impact? ?? and indicating “Strong impact? ??, impact of flood, drought, and sea water intrusion were investigated on the shrimp farm operation Experience on environmental hazards: