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Read the texts and decide which word A, B, C or D best fits each spaceTEST 1The ability to weep is a uniquely human form of emotional response. Some scientists have suggested that human tears are evidence of an aquatic past- but this does not seem very likely. We cry from the moment we enter this (1) ……. for a number of reasons. Helpless babies cry to (2) ……. their parents that they are ill, hungry or uncomfortable. As they (3) …… , they will also cry just to attract parental attention and will often stop when they get it.The idea that having a good cry can do you (4) ……. is a very old one and now it has scientific validity since recent research into tears has shown that they contain a natural painkiller called enkaphalin. By (5) …… sorrow and pain, this chemical helps you to feel better. Weeping can increase the quantities of enkaphalin you (6) ……….Unfortunately, in our society we impose restrictions (7) …… this naturally healing activity. Because some people still regard it as a (8) ……… of weakness in men, boys in particular are admonished when they cry. This kind of repression can only increase stress, both emotionally and physically.Tears of emotion also help the body (9) ……… itself of toxic chemical waste, for there is more protein in them than in tears resulting (10) …… cold winds or other irritants. Crying comforts, calms people and can be very enjoyable- consider the popularity of the highly emotional films which are commonly called weepies. It seems that people enjoy crying together almost as much as laughing together.1. A. world B. place C. earth D. space2. A. inform B. communicate C. persuade D. demonstrate3. A. evolve B. develop C. alter D. change4. A. good B. fine C. better D. well5. A. struggling B. fighting C. opposing D. striking6. A. construct B. achieve C. provide D. produce7. A. for B. to C. about D. upon8. A. hint B. feature C. sign D. symbol9. A. expel B. escape C. release D. rid10. A. in B. from C. by D. toTEST 2In the US, industries that generate hazardous wastes want to dispose of them as cheaply as possible. Private companies hired to dispose of this waste compete with each other to offer the lowest prices to these industries. The government does not get involved, beyond setting minimum safety standards. Unfortunately, the (1) …… of companies that generate and dispose of waste is to save money, (2) … … to guarantee safety. These companies usually send waste to landfills because this is cheaper than recycling or incineration. Disposal firms who want to increase their business must cut corners to lower costs and (3) … …. customers. At the same time, relatively (4) ….…. is done to reduce the volume of waste generated, because disposal cost (5) … …. relatively modest.Things are different in Denmark. There the government (6) ….… in the waste disposal process beginning (7) …… the front end. Together with industry, the government formed a corporation to establish and (8) … …. waste disposal facilities. This company, called Kommunichem, has a (9) ……… on waste disposal. Generators of hazardous waste (10) …… . ship their waste to one of Kommunichem’s disposal facilities. In this system, there is no price competition in the waste disposal business.1. A. solution B. license C. importance D. goal2. A. not B. just C. besides D. something3. A. survive B. efficient C. gain D. prosper4. A. more B. this C. recycling D. little5. A. still B. have C. remain D. cheap6. A. interferes B. participates C. involves D. controls7. A. to B. by C. of D. at8. A. operate B. found C. prepare D. generate9. A. power B. responsibility C. monopoly D. profit10. A. help B. disposal C. take D. mustTEST 3Some people believe that soon schools will no longer be necessary. They say that (1)…….the Internet and other new technologies, (2)……no longer any need for school buildings, formal classes, or teachers. Perhaps this will be true one day, but this is hard to (3)…….a world without schools. In fact, we need to look at how we can use new technology to make schools better, not (4)…….them. We should invent a new kind of school that is (5)… .to libraries, museums, science centers, laboratories, and even companies. (6)……could give talks on video or over the Internet. TV networks and local stations could develop programming about things students are (7)…… studying in school.Already there are several towns (8)… . this is beginning to happen. Blacksburg, Virginia, is one of them. Here the entire city is linked to the Internet, and learning can (9)…….at home, at school and in the office. Businesses provide programs for the schools and the schools provide computer labs for people without their own (10)… …at home.1. a. despite b. because of c. though d. because2. a. there are b. they are c. it is d. there is 3. a. know b. realize c. imagine d. consider4. a. to eliminate b. eliminative c. eliminator d. elimination5. a. limited b. linked c. contributed d. addressed6. a. Policemen b. Experts c. Orators d. Businessmen7. a. actually b. rarely c. intentionally d. publicly8. a. which b. where c. that d. Ø9. a. take time b. take part in c. take place d. take in10. a. jobs b. equipment c. documents d. computersTEST 4When you read something in a foreign language, you frequently come across words you do not (1) ……. understand. Sometimes you (2) ……. the meaning in a dictionary and sometimes you guess. The strategy you adopt depends very much upon the (3) ……… of accuracy you require and the time at your disposal.If you are the sort of person who tends to turn to the dictionary frequently, it is (4) ……. remembering that every dictionary has its limitations. Each definition is only an approximation and one builds up an accurate picture of the meaning of a word only after meeting it in a (5) ……. of contexts. It is also important to recognize the special dangers of dictionaries that translate from English into your native language and vice versa. If you must use a dictionary, it is usually far safer to (6) … an English-English dictionary.In most exams you are not permitted to use a dictionary. (7) …… you are allowed to use one, it is very time-consuming to look up words, and time in exams is usually limited. You are, (8) …… , forced to guess the meaning of unfamiliar words.When you come across unknown words in an exam text, it is very easy to panic. However, if you develop efficient techniques for guessing the meaning, you will (9) … a number of possible problems and help yourself to understand far more of the text than you at first thought likely.Two strategies which may help you guess the meaning of a word are: using contextual clues, both within the sentence and outside, and making use of clues (10) …… from the formation of the word.1. A. fully B. wholly C. completely D. totally2. A. control B. check C. examine D. inspect3. A. extent B. degree C. range D. level4. A. valuable B. essential C. worth D. vital5. A. multiple B. diversity C. variation D. variety6. A. survey B. consult C. refer D. inquire7. A. In case B. Provided C. Although D. Even if8. A. so B. therefore C. however D. so that9. A. surpass B. get over C. go over D. overcome10. A. derived B. extracted C. coming D. originatedTEST 5 Why did you decide to read this, and will you keep reading to the end? Do you expect to understand every single part of it and will you remember anything about it in a fortnight’s (1) ……? Common sense (2) ……. that the answers to these questions depend on “read ability” - whether the (3) … … matter is interesting, the arguments clear and the (4) ….…. attractive. But psychologists are discovering that to determine why people read – and often don’t read – technical information, they have to (5) … …. not so much the writing as the reader.Even the most technically confident people often ignore instructions for the video or home computer in favours of hand – on experience. And people frequently (6) … … little notice of consumer information, whether on nitritional labels or in small print of contracts. Psychologists researching reading tend to assume that both beginners and (7) … … readers read everything put in front of them from start to finish. There are arguments among them about the (8) … … of eyes, memory and brain during the process. Some believe that fluent readers take (9) ……. every letter or word they see; others insist that readers rely on memory or context to carry them from one phrase to another. But they have always assumed that the reading process is the same: reading starts; comprehension (10) …… then reading stops.1. A. term B. period C. gap D. time2. A. suggests B. transmits C. advises D. informs3. A. subject B. topic C. content D. text4. A. pattern B. formation C. layout D. assembly5. A. examine B. inquire C. trace D. calculate6. A. get B. pay C. make D. take7. A. competent B. sufficient C. considerable D. valid8. A. concern B. role C. share D. relation9. A. out B. over C. up D. in10. A. issues B. occurs C. sets D. establishesTEST 6The wind controls our planet’s weather and climate, but how much do we understand about this complex force, which can kill and spread fear?On the night of 15 October 1987, the south of England was struck by the (1) ……… winds known for over 200 years. (2) …… of over 130 km/h blew through the region. 19 people were killed, 1.5 billion pounds - worth of (3) ……… was caused and 19 million trees were (4) …… in just a few hours.Although people thought of this as a hurricane, the winds of 1987 were only (5) ……… storm force. They are far better known than the much more serious storms of 25 January 1990, when most Britain was hit by daytime winds of up to 173 km/h. On this (6) ……, 47 people were killed, even though, unlike in 1987, the weather forecasters issued accurate (7) ……… (8) …… weather events such as these are dramatic reminders of the power of the wind. It is one part of the weather that people generally do not (9) ……… a second thought to, but across the world the wind (10) …… a crucial role in people’s lives.1. A. heaviest B. fastest C. strongest D. quickest2. A. Blows B. Hits C. Clouds D. Gusts3. A. hurt B. injury C. destruction D. damage4. A. blown down B. cut down C. knocked down D. blown up5. A. powerful B. severe C. serious D. dangerous6. A. occasion B. event C. accident D. incident7. A. threats B. warnings C. news D. signs8. A. Extreme B. Excessive C. Extravagant D. Exaggerate9. A. have B. make C. put D. give10. A. has B.makes C. plays D. doesTEST 7It is now extremely popular to take a gap year between school and university or university and work and to spend it travelling. There are plenty of reasons to recommend it – travel (1) ……. the mind, you are only young once, life is not a rehearsal and so on. And if you do not do it, you may always regret that you did not take the (2) …… in the end, there is only one response: well, why not?The idea may have its (3) …… in the 18th – century Grand Tour once undertaken by young, rich and noble, but it is the middle classes who have turned it (4) ………. something that 200.000 British youngsters do every year. (5) ……… has never been so easy and cheap, with more places open to tourists than ever. Also, the gap years is now (6) …… by many employers and universities.The State, the Far East and Australia were among the original (7) …… and although these remain in the top five, young explorers are now going even further. The most far – flung corners of the world are (8) ……… in popularity year by year. About 700 will buy student ticket (9) …… for six months that will take you from London to Calcutta, Singpore, Bangkok, Perth, Sydney, Auckland, Fiji, Tahiti, Los Angeles and (10) ……. Again.1. A. thickens B. widens C. broadens D. stiffens2. A. chance B. occasion C. moment D. luck3. A. branches B. roots C. truck D. stem4. A. out B. up C. by D. into5. A. Excursion B. Tour C. Travel D. Voyage6. A. admitted B. accepted C. received D. stood7. A. destinations B. endings C. landings D. terminals 8. A. expanding B. spreading C. growing D. enlarging9. A. legal B. valid C. genuine D. effective10. A. return B. here C. back D. arriveTEST 8Ours is a vanishing world, once in which the familiar is constantly disappearing and technological change is often difficult to cope with. So it should come (1) …… no surprise to most of us to hear that yet another part of everyday life is about to go for ever. Apparently, within the next decade, money as we (2) ……… it will probably (3) …… to exist in technologically advanced countries. (4) …… Professor Gerry Montague of the Institute for Economic Reform, the familiar coins and banknotes will soon be replaced entirely by credit cards of various kinds. And the shop of the future will be linked directly to the network of banking computers. The assistant will simply key in your bank account code number and the amount you have spent, and thank you politely. You won’t have to dig (5) …… in your pockets for change. You may not even have a number for your account as such, as the computer may by then be able to read your handprint. So no more instances of credit card (6) ……. . But I’m afraid that I shall miss money. I have felt (7) ………. attached to it, ever since I received my first pocket (8) …… when I was five, and kept it in a money-box. Even if my credit card of the future will be able to tell me exactly how much spending (9) ……… I have left in the computer files, even if it lights up and plays a happy (or sad) tune at the same time, nothing will be able to replace the (10) …… pleasure I gained from rattling the coins in my money-box.1. A. with B. as C. to D.in2. A. have B. see C. know D. believe3. A. cease B. stop C. fail D. conclude4. A. With reference to B. Further to C. According to D. Owing to5. A. far B. long C. tall D. deep6. A. deceit B. trickery C. pretence D. fraud7. A. heavily B. strongly C. widely D. largely8. A. cash B. coins C. money D. gold9. A. capacity B. potential C. capability D. power10. A. sheer B. complete C. entire D. downrightTEST 9 Reports that the government is about to (1) …… the go ahead to plans for the building of a new runway at London’s Gatwick airport have angered local residents and raised fears of increased noise and exhaust pollution. The (2) …… plans also include permission for additional night flights and will (3) …… the compulsory purchase of farmland, as well as the demolition of a number of private homes. According to sources close to the Ministry of Transport, the government is known to be concerned by the increasing (4) …… of traffic at London Heathrow, where there are no plans for further runways in the foreseeable future. Gatwick is widely regarded as a better (5) ……. for expansion than London’s third airport, Stansted, which still suffers from poor transport links. A spokesperson for the Keep Gatwick Quiet association, (6) ……. up of local people, accused the government of (7) ……. back on promises made before the General Election. “We were told then that the airport authority had no (8) ……… of building another runway, and we believe that the government has a duty to (9) ……. its pledges.” Prominent figures in the government are also believed to be concerned at the news, although the Prime Minister, interviewed last night, is (10) …… as saying that reports were “misleading”. However, he would not give an assurance that plans for building a runway had definitely rejected.1. A. sign B. make C. give D. approve2. A. controversial B. debatable C. notorious D. doubtful3. A. involve B. concern C. assume D. need4. A. sum B. size C. volume D. length5. A. potential B. outlook C. prospect D. likelihood6. A. made B. set C. brought D. taken7. A. getting B. falling C. going D. turning8. A. desire B. intention C. wish D. objective9. A. bear out B. count on C. pull off D. stand by10. A. quoted B. known C. thought D. writtenTEST 10Ask most people for their Top Ten fears, and you’ll be sure to find being burgled fairly high on the list. An informal survey I (1) …… among friends at a party last week revealed that eight of them had had their homes broken into more than twice, and two had been burgled five times. To put the record (2) …… , none of my friends owns valuable paintings or a sideboard full of family silverware. Three of them are students, in fact. The most typical burglary, it seems, (3) …… the theft of easily transportable items – the televison, the video, even food from the freezer. This may have something to do with the fact that the (4) ……. burglar is in his (or her) late teens, and probably wouldn’t know what to do with a Picasso, whereas selling a walkman or a vacuum cleaner is a much easier (5) …… . They are perhaps not so much professional criminals, as hard-up young people who need a few pounds and some excitement. Not that this makes having your house (6) ……. upside down and your favourite things stolen any easier to accept. In most cases, the police have no luck (7) …… any of the stolen goods. Unless there is definite evidence, they are probably unable to do anything at all. And alarms or special locks don’t (8) ……… to help any either. The only advice my friends could (9) …… was “Never live on the ground floor” and “Keep two or three very fierce dogs”, which reminded me of a case I read about, where the burglars’ (10) ……. included the family’s pet people1. A. called up B. held with C. set about D. carried out2. A. straight B. right C. correct D. steady3. A. means B. involves C. affects D. covers4. A. common B. medium C. average D. middle5. A. concern B. event C. situation D. matter6. A. put B. turned C. stood D. pulled7. A. taking B. making C. tracking D. recovering8. A. sound B. look C. show D. seem9. A. come up with B. make do with C. go through with D. get off with10. A. takings B. profit C. loot D. receiptsKEYTEST 1:A C B A B D D C D BTEST 2:D A C D C B D A C DTEST 3:B D C A B B A B C DTEST 4:A B B C D B D B D ATEST 5:D A A C A D A B C CTEST 6:C D D A B A B A D CTEST 7:C A B D C B A C B CTEST 8: B C A C D D B C D ATEST 9:C A A C C A C B D ATEST 10:D A B C D B D D A C . human tears are evidence of an aquatic past- but this does not seem very likely. We cry from the moment we enter this (1) ……. for a number of reasons. Helpless. as hard-up young people who need a few pounds and some excitement. Not that this makes having your house (6) ……. upside down and your favourite things