Viết 1 for first year english major students bùi thị ngọc oanh, nguyễn thị lan anh

Nha Trang University Faculty of Foreign Languages WRITING Sentences Writing For first-year English-major students Compiled by: Bui Thi Ngoc Oanh, MA & Nguyen Thi Lan Anh, MA Nha Trang, 2013 COURSE OUTLINE Subject Units of credit Prerequisite Suggested self- study Instructor Contact detail Writing 1.5 (22.5 periods) Students are at Elementary-level 60 periods Bùi Thị Ngọc Oanh Nguyễn Thi Lan Anh ̣ bngocoanh2001@yahoo.com nguyenlananh.ntu@gmail.com Textbooks: Charles Miguel Cobb, (1996), Process and Pattern Alice Oshima (2003), Writing Academic Wadsworth Pulishing Company Graw Hill Companies Reference: John C.Hodges (1996), Session College Handbook Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc Topic Course introduction + Tests Basic sentence structures Types of sentences Common problems in writing sentences Periods 3,5 10 Subject objectives: The specific objectives of this subject are to help students write correct sentences when they understand: Basic sentence structures Types of sentences (simple, compound, complex) Sentence problems Assessment for all students - Final test: 50% - Mid-term test: 50%, including: • Participation + homework: 20% • Mid-term tests: 30% Ways to learn Writing Good vocabulary: broad, deep clarity, power & precision Look new words up in dictionary, learn word/ day Incidental learning in context, direct learning Good grammar: - Bad grammar  Confuses readers, slow their reading Lose your respect, influence and credibility - Learn part of speech (adjective, adv, v, preposition…) - Active versus Passive -Punctuation (using “?”, “,”, “;”) Find some useful websites Keep a diary/ journal Combine reading & writing Check your checklist of writing Session 1: Basic sentence patterns (5 periods) There are basic sentence structures as followings: SUBJECT +VERB (Intransitive) SUBJECT +VERB (transitive) + OBJECT SUBJECT + VERB + subject COMPLEMENT SUBJECT + VERB + INDIRECT OBJECT + DIRECT OBJECT SUBJECT + VERB + Direct OBJECT + Object COMPLEMENT A ELEMENTS OF A SENTENCE What is a subject? • An entity such as a person, a place, an object, or an abstract concept, which acts, is described or is acted upon • The subject usually answers the question Who/What is the sentence about? E.g.: Matching the description of the subject with the sentences • The lion roared The lion is beautiful The lion was hunted • [The subject is acted upon] [The subjects acts] [The subject is described] What is A simple subject? A complete subject? A compound subject? A complete compound subject? ……… is the word or group of words acting as a subject ……… is the simple subject and its modifiers .……… consists of two or more nouns or pronouns, linked by either and or or …… includes the compound subject and its modifiers Examples: The lion roared [The lion = …… subject] The big lion roared [The big lion = …… subject] The lion and the lioness roared [The lion and the lioness = …… subject] The big strong lion and the beautiful lioness roared [The big strong lion and the beautiful lioness = …… subject] What is a predicate? • • A predicate of a clause gives information on the subject, either describing it or identifying the action it performs or that is performed upon it (its predicament) The predicate contains the verb in the sentence and objects that are affected by the subject's actions It usually answers the question What happens/ is described? Examples: What is the function of the predicate in these sentences? The lion roared [The predicate tells …… ] The lion is beautiful [The predicate describes …….] The lion was hunted [The predicate tells …….] What is a simple predicate? A complete predicate? A Compound predicate? A complete compound predicate? • …… consists of only the verb • …… consists of the verb and its modifiers • …… consists of two or more verbs with or without objects, or a verb with one object or more, linked by either and or or • …… includes the compound predicate and its modifiers Examples: • The lion roared [roared = … predicate] • The lion roared loudly [roared loudly = …… predicate] • The lion roared and growled at the foxes [roared and growled at the foxes = …… predicate] • The lion roared and growled at the small foxes loudly [roared and growled at the small foxes loudly = …… predicate] Notes: Subjects and Predicate The subject usually precedes the predicate but not always The lions ran off [subject precedes predicate] Off ran the lions [predicate precedes subject] Under the tree lay a pride of lions [predicate precedes subject] Why did the lions run ? [predicate element precedes subject in questions] Object What is an object? -> Do what? or Do What to Whom? Example: The teacher read the story The teacher read the story to the students Transitive/ Intransitive verbs  Transitive verbs are verbs that always have an object after those verbs  Intransitive verbs are verbs that need no object after those verbs  Give examples? Direct Object  A direct object is a noun, pronoun or group of words acting as a noun that receives the action of a transitive verb without a linking preposition  A direct object answers the question whom? Or what? Example:  The teacher read the story -> The teacher reads what? [the story = direct object]  He gives me (= whom) the book Indirect Object  An indirect object is a noun, pronoun or a group of words acting as a noun to mention the receiver of an action or a noun that answers the question to whom/what ? or for whom/what ? Example:  The teacher read the story to the students [the story = direct object, the students = indirect object] Direct and Indirect Object  In sentences where the indirect object follows the word to or for, always put the direct object before the indirect object  If the indirect object does not follow to or for, put the indirect object before the direct object Example:  Yes or No?: The teacher gave an assignment to the students Yes or No?: The teacher gave to the students an assignment Yes or No?: The teacher gave the students an assignment  When a pronoun is used as an indirect object, some verbs require to or for before the pronoun, while others not Consult a dictionary if you are unsure (the best place to look this up is in the example sentences within the entry of the verb in the dictionary) Example:  The teacher explained the grammar rule to the students [the verb explain follows only one pattern, with to] Yes: The teacher explained the grammar rule to them No: The teacher explained them the grammar rule No: The teacher explained to them the grammar rule  The teacher gave an assignment to the students [The verb give follows both patterns, with and without to] Yes: The teacher gave an assignment to them Yes: The teacher gave them an assignment No: The teacher gave to them an assignment  When both the direct object and the indirect object are pronouns, put the direct object before the indirect object and use to or for with the indirect object Example:  The teacher gave an assignment to the students Yes or No?: The teacher gave them it Yes or No?: The teacher gave it to them Yes or No?: The teacher gave them an assignment Yes or No?: The teacher gave to them an assignment 10 Complement  A complement is an element appearing in the predicate that renames or describes a subject or an object  A subject complement is a noun, pronoun, or adjective that follows a linking verb (e.g be, look, appear) Linking verbs: verbs not show actions, but describe the subjects  An object complement follows a direct object and either renames or describes it Example:  This student is a 12th-grader [ is = linking verb, a student = ……complement]   This student refers to himself as "Professor X." [ refers = verb, himself = direct object, Professor X = … complement] B SENTENCE STRUCTURES SUBJECT +VERB (Intransitive) Intransitive verbs are verbs that not need an object after those verbs For example: • I run every day I party at night • He died suddenly • We arrived at 11 Some other intransitive verbs: ache, arrive, come, faint, go, sit down, sleep, snow, sneeze… SUBJECT +VERB (transitive) + OBJECT Transitive verbs are verbs that always have an object after those verbs For example: • Arsenal beat Liverpool (We not say: Arsenal beat.) • Joe kicked the ball • Susan carried the desk into her office today Some other transitive verbs: beat, contain, enjoy, hit, need, write… *Notes: Some verbs can be both transitive and intransitive : begin, drop, hurt, open, ring, win • Arsenal won the match / Arsenal won Exercise: Put an object (a pronoun or a noun) after these verbs only when possible The box contains _ The train has arrived _ The phone rang _ Someone is ringing _ You need _ We sat down _ Don‟t hit _ Did you beat _ Who opened _ 10 The door opened _ 11 This is a game not one can win _ 12 The concert began _ at 7.30 13 I began _ 14 It‟s snowing _ 15 Quick ! She‟s fainted _ 16 Did you enjoy _ 17 My head aches _ 18 My foot hurts _ SUBJECT + VERB (linking verb) + subject COMPLEMENT • He is ill / She seemed tired • Your forehead feels hot • Asian is the King of Narma Alice is like her father The meeting is here The meeting is at 2.30 This book is mine Frank is a clever architect Frank is an architect Frank is clever *Note: Subject Complement could be “Adj”, “Noun”, “Adj + Noun”, “Pronoun”, “Adv of place/ time”, “Adverbial phrase” Some linking verbs: be, become, feel, touch, taste, smell, seem, appear, look, sound Exercise: Complete these sentences using a different complement for each sentence My neighbour is very _ My neighbour is _ This apple tastes _ The children are _ The meeting is _ Whose is this ? It‟s _ John looks _ That music seems _ Your mother seems _ 10 I want to be _ when I leave school (4) SUBJECT + VERB + INDIRECT OBJECT + DIRECT OBJECT • Show me that photo • My friend bought me a very strange gift • Jennifer brings me joy • Please order me a meal Some verbs require both direct object and indirect object: show, give, write, bring, order, find, buy, pass, do, order, … Exercise: Write suitable polite requests using “it”, “them”, or “one” Where are my shoes ? (find) Please _ John needs a new coat (buy) Please _ I can‟t reach that cup (pass) Please _ Ann wants to see our flat (show) Please _ I can‟t the shopping (do) Please I‟d like a copy of that book (order) Please (5) SUBJECT + VERB + OBJECT + object COMPLEMENT • The class elected Amy president • I left the door open • His sister called him a genius • His sister called him brilliant • They made me secretary • Vacationers found the year-round residents antagonistic Verbs + obj Complement: elect, make, call, leave, consider, …………… Exercise: Translate into English the following sentences: Voi làm cho lũ trẻ vui Lời tâng bốc cô làm anh bối rối cư dân địa phương gọi người du lịch kẻ xâm phạm Hầu làm cho quốc kỳ họ mang tính thẩm mỹ tính tượng trưng Các chuyên gia xem sách môi trường tổng thống thảm họa C PHRASES AND CLAUSES Decide whether they are phrases or clauses Write (P) for a phrase and (C) for a clause Explain the difference between phrase and clause leaving behind the dog because she smiled at him smashing into a fence before the first test when the saints go marching in after the devastation between ignorance and intelligence because of her glittering smile since she laughs at different men 10 broken into thousands of pieces 11 I despise individuals of low character How many kinds of clauses are there? kinds: Independent clause, and Dependent clause Independent clause: Subj + Verb + (C) A complete thought, can stand alone e.g.: Students normally spend years in college I will declare my major now, but I may change it later Dependence clause Subordinator + Subj + Verb + (C) Incomplete thought, can not stand alone Subordinator: when, while, if, that, who… e.g.: ….although students normally spend years in college… …when they come to the US… What is phrase? • A phrase is a group of words that does not contain both a subject and a predicate and therefore cannot stand alone Give examples? • There are a few kinds of phrases What are they? A noun phrase functions as a noun in a sentence Find some noun phrases in the examples and say what its function is: - The old Berlin zoo was established back in 1844 - During my last visit to Berlin, I liked the Berlin zoo the best Verb phrase functions as the verb in a sentence Find some verb phrases in the examples: - The old Berlin zoo was established back in 1844 - During my last visit to Berlin, I couldn't stop admiring the Berlin zoo the best A prepositional phrase always starts with a preposition and functions as a modifier Find some prepositional phrases in the examples and say what its function is: - During my last visit to Berlin in 2002, I took the train to the Berlin zoo An absolute phrase usually contains a noun or pronoun and a present or past participle It modifies the entire sentence that it is in Rewrite these sentences without changing the meaning: - Zoos being top city attractions, the Berlin zoo is not to be missed [absolute phrase contains …? participle] - Our trip nearly finished, we decided to spend our last day at the Berlin zoo [absolute phrase contains …? participle] A verbal phrase contains a verb part that functions not as a verb, but rather as a modifier to modify a part of a sentence Verbals are either infinitives, present participles, or past participles (non - finite verb forms) As opposed to absolute phrases, verbal phrases modify part of a sentence but not the whole sentence Finding verbal phrases in these sentences: - We used the last day of our trip to visit the Berlin zoo - Visiting the Berlin zoo, we were amazed by the beauty of the exotically designed animal enclosures [present participial phrase functions as an adjective modifying we] - The children, amazed by the animal exhibits, didn't want to leave the Berlin zoo [past participial phrase functions as an adjective modifying the children] - Modifying phrases: After we write a noun or verb in a sentence, we often add other words or phrases that describe, or modify, those words A modifying phrase will always be very close to the word it modifies 10 Example: Wearing a long blue dress, the lady walked into the room • "Lady" is the subject of the sentence, and "wearing a long blue dress" modifies or describes that subject • "wearing a long blue dress" came directly before "lady," the noun it modified Rewrite these incorrect sentences to make them correct in meaning: I saw the building riding into town on the bus She told me about her party in the elevator Watching the program, the TV lost power After eating their food, we petted the cats A gerund phrase looks like a verbal phrase with a present participle but functions as a noun, whereas a verbal present participial phrase functions as a modifier Which one is gerund and verbal present participial phrase? a Visiting the Berlin zoo was a great experience [… phrase functions as a … = subject of the sentence ] b Visiting the Berlin zoo, we were amazed by the beauty of the exotically designed animal enclosures [… phrase functions as … modifying we ] c I always enjoy visiting zoos in the cities I visit […… phrase functions as … = object of the verb enjoy] Exercise/ p155 Clause connectors: groups P 156 Conjunctive adverbs When we receive your instructions we shall act _ She's an expert in her field, and is paid _ (in a suitable situation) I spent most of my money in the first week and had very little to eat by the end of the holiday (as a result) We suspect they are hiding something, _the need for an independent inquiry (thus; therefore) I‟m willing, _eager, to speak on your behalf The news, I learned, was grim _ (additional emphasis) There is a little chance that we will succeed in changing the law. , it is important that we try I'd better write it down; _, I'll forget it Phone home; , your parents will start to worry (if not) The book is too long but, _, informative and entertaining 10 On the one hand they‟d love to have kids, but, they don‟t want to give up their freedom 11 The company lost $7 million this quarter a profit of $6.2 million a year earlier 11 Sessions 2: Types of sentences Simple sentences: independent clause E.g.: I enjoy playing tennis with my friends every weekend I enjoy playing tennis and look forward to it every weekend My friends and I play tennis and go bowling every weekend Structure of simple sentences: S+ V S+ V1 + V2 S1 + S2 + V1 + V2 Exercise 1: Write creative simple sentence Look at me! I ………………………… Little toy: “You…………………………” Baby Jane: “You…………………………” The father: “He…………………………” The boat: “It…………………………” My dog and I: We…………………………… Sally and her puppy: They…………………………… Exercise 2: Work with a partner and Answer the questions in a complete sentence What is your favorite sport? Why you like this sport? Where you play it? Who is the most famous person in your country? Why is he famous? Do you admire him? Why or why not? What is the title of your favorite book? What is the book about? Who is the strangest person you know? Why you consider this person strange? Who is your best friend? Where does s/he live? Work Exercise 3: Rearrange the words to have a complete simple sentence door/ car/ opened/ He/ the/ married/ a/ She/ engineer/ young Olympics/she/ the/ at/ Did/win/? sleep/ night/ at/ usually/ do/ cats/ not/ on/ to/ lab/ computer/ afternoon/ seldom/goes/ the/ she/ Tuesday/ reporter/ running/ to/ the/ car/ the/ is/ 12 Each student Write true statements about themselves Exercise 4: Make questions for the sentences I work in a post office Greg works in a bank They live in Washington I eat breakfast at 8:00 a.m She goes to work at 9:00 a.m Eddy plays basketball every Friday Penny starts class at 10:00 I don't drink beer Compound sentences: A sentence made up of independence clauses e.g: I enjoy playing tennis, but I hate playing golf I enjoy playing tennis; however, I hate playing golf I enjoy playing tennis; I hate playing golf - ways to join clauses: coordinator; conjunctive verbs, & semicolon (;) + Coordinator: FANBOYS (For, and, nor, but, or, yet, so) + Conjunctive adverbs: besides, furthermore, moreover, also, however, nevertheless, nonetheless, otherwise, accordingly, consequently, hence, therefore, thus Exercise : Work in pairs Combine the sentences into ONE compound sentence The President‟s recommendation called for a tax increase Very few senators will vote for it The handwriting was almost illegible The spelling was very poor throughout the paper Most house plants prefer lots of sun They prefer plenty of water Other house plants like shade Pollution is ruining our water Soon we may have to ration the supply Soon we may have to invent new filtering methods 13 September has its own unique character It is both a beginning and an end Exercise 1: Is it a good sentence? Y/ N If it is not a good sentence, correct them If you need help, just ask The children swam in the lake and the water was icy cold I bought some more shampoo or I just used it all I made myself a snack because I was hungry We tried to get tickets but they had sold out We can stay at home and go out, I don‟t mind.1 I‟ll go home after I‟ve seen the film If you are quick, you‟ll catch the bus I will go ice-skating or you come with me He bought two tickets, although they were expensive The car hit the kerb as it was going around the corner I arrived late or I missed the bus She went to bed after she had watched the news I went for a walk because I needed some exercises My pen ran out although I used it all the time Exercise 2: Complete the compound sentences I‟ll phone you at o‟clock when… Tom sings very well although… He wears classes all the time because… If she phones… It‟s a lovely day and… He is going to college… He might go swimming so… This new house is big but… Don‟t go out until… 10 He studies hard … Complex sentences: One „main‟ clause + 1(more) „subordinate‟ clauses e.g: The alarm was raised The fire was discovered The alarm was raised as soon as/ when/ after the fire was discovered -Many different conjunctions (joining words): After, as soon as, when, since, that, if, so that, whether, etc - kinds of dependent clauses: Noun, Adjective and Adverb clauses (P 162) A Noun Clause Exercise 1: Underline main clause in each sentence You can tell me all about the film after I‟ve seen it myself When you‟re finished cleaning the car, you can help me with the dishes 14 You don‟t tell me that you were going to invite so many guests I walk to work every morning so that I can get some exercises Since no one answered my call, I left a message on the answer-phone Exercise 2: Complete noun clauses He feels angry It‟s not surprising… It‟s not surprising that he feels angry She has resigned from her job It‟s a shame… You don‟t trust me It‟s annoying… You are feeling better I‟m glad… She‟s upset I‟m sorry… He didn‟t get the contract He told me… It’s obvious that … It’s a shame that… I know that…./ He told me that… /She agrees that… B Adjective clauses: Exercise: Combine the two sentences, using “Who” or “which” He‟s an accountant He does my account He‟s an accountant who does my account They‟re postcards They arrived yesterday They‟re secretaries They work in our office That‟s the magazines It arrived this morning They‟re workmen They repaired our roof C Adverbial clauses Exercise 1: Join sentences, using the given words in the brackets I lost a lot of weight I was ill (when) I phoned home I arrived in the airport building (immediate after) She had already opened the letter She realized it wasn‟t addressed to her (before) The building was almost burnt down The fire brigade arrived (by the time) Exercise 2: Complete the sentences below This is the exact pot where the accident happened You‟re not allowed to park where ……………… Some television programmes are familiar everywhere ……………… Please sit wherever… Let‟s put the television set in a place where… Exercise/ p162 15 Exercise 3: Write complex sentences about yourself, your work, your family, your school - sentences are True, sentence is false - In pair, guess what sentence is false Make complex sentences Exercise 4: Combine the sentences into ONE sentence Don't repeat words Change words if necessary Add words to connect ideas Tom is a boy He is eight years old He goes to school in Philadelphia -> Tom is an eight-year old boy who goes to school in Philadelphia His name is Peter He's a famous professional athlete He's a baseball player He has a large house in Miami The house is beautiful He often travels around the US He plays away games in different cities in the US He travels by airplane He usually sleeps on the plane He stays up late after games He is an excellent pitcher Fans love his abilities Coaches love his abilities Every week he plays a home game The game is played in Glover Stadium The game is usually sold out Glover Stadium is old Glover Stadium doesn't have enough seats for all the fans The fans wait in line to buy tickets The fans often pay more than $60 dollars for a ticket The fans are unhappy about the ticket prices The fans love Peter Transitions: choose ONE suitable transition I have invited him , I have invited his sister (Also, And) He walked up to the door knocked (and, likewise) The bus fare is expensive; , I prefer to walk (so, therefore) She is well-educated , she has very good manners (And, Besides) I would rather travel by train, _ the bus leaves earlier (but, however) 16 We were born in this village; , we know everyone here (hence, so that) Put less wood on the fire, _ it will be too smoky (or, otherwise) They got off the train they began to search for a hotel (And, Then) She studied for many months; , she knew the material thoroughly (consequently, so that) 10 The weather was hot; , the air was humid (and, moreover) Session 3: Common Problems in Writing Sentences Exercises: Textbook from page 171 (Writing Academic by Alice Oshima, 2003) 17 ... Writing 1. 5 (22.5 periods) Students are at Elementary-level 60 periods Bùi Thị Ngọc Oanh Nguyễn Thi Lan Anh ̣ bngocoanh20 01@ yahoo.com nguyenlananh.ntu@gmail.com Textbooks: Charles Miguel Cobb, (19 96),... _ 10 The door opened _ 11 This is a game not one can win _ 12 The concert began _ at 7.30 13 I began _ 14 It‟s snowing _ 15 Quick ! She‟s fainted _ 16 Did... but, they don‟t want to give up their freedom 11 The company lost $7 million this quarter a profit of $6.2 million a year earlier 11 Sessions 2: Types of sentences Simple sentences: