Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com www.Ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com HOW ENGLISH BECAME THE GLOBAL LANGUAGE www.Ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com This page intentionally left blank www.Ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com How English Became the Global Language David Northrup www.Ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com HOW ENGLISH BECAME THE GLOBAL LANGUAGE Copyright © David Northrup, 2013 All rights reserved First published in 2013 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN® in the United States—a division of St Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010 Where this book is distributed in the UK, Europe and the rest of the world, this is by Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries ISBN: 978–1–137–30306–6 (paperback) ISBN: 978–1–137–30305–9 (hardcover) Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Northrup, David, 1941– author How English Became the Global Language / David Northrup pages cm Includes index ISBN 978–1–137–30305–9 (alk paper)— ISBN 978–1–137–30306–6 (alk paper) English language—Globalization English language—History English language—Foreign countries English language—Variation I Title PE1073.N67 2013 420.9—dc23 2012038715 A catalogue record of the book is available from the British Library Design by Newgen Imaging Systems (P) Ltd., Chennai, India First edition: March 2013 10 www.Ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com Contents List of Figures and Tables vii List of Abbreviations ix Preface and Acknowledgments xi Chapter Introduction: Disciplines, Perspectives, Debates, and Overview How Different Disciplines Tell the History of English An Introduction to Language History Debates about Modern History Overview 16 22 Chapter The Language of the British Isles Invaders Modern English English in Scotland, Wales, and Ireland Conclusion 27 28 33 37 45 Chapter The Language of North America Colonial Beginnings Expansion and Assimilation Persistence of Other Languages and Bilingualism 49 50 57 63 Chapter English in Imperial Asia and Africa British Colonies in Asia British Colonies in Africa American Colonies in Africa, Asia, and the Pacific 75 78 89 101 www.Ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com vi CONT ENT S Chapter Cultural Worlds International Relations Scientific English Business English Global English Literature Popular Culture: Rap and Mac 109 110 114 118 123 129 Chapter Tipping Points The World Wide Web Soviet Disintegration China Tips Asia The Global Academic Language Conclusion 137 140 141 144 148 158 Notes 161 Bibliography 181 Index 197 www.Ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com Figures and Tables Figure 6.1 University students going abroad for study, 2009, by destination 150 Tables 2.1 Borrowings from Hindi, Turkish, and Welsh 3.1 New vocabulary in colonial American English (excluding place-names) 3.2 Loanwords in nineteenth-century American English 4.1 Education in Nigeria and India, 1938–39 4.2 Annual expenditures for education in British African colonies, 1926 (£ per 1000 population) 4.3 African countries using English officially in education 6.1 English-medium higher education where English is not an official language www.Ebook777.com 40 50 57 94 96 101 157 Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com This page intentionally left blank www.Ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com Abbreviations As is fitting in a work of world history, international abbreviations are used in dates in preference to the abbreviations AD and BC that are common in Western countries BCE CE Before the Common Era Of the Common Era Two much used texts are cited in abbreviated form: CHEL OCEL The Cambridge History of the English Language The Oxford Companion to the English Language Other shortened terms: EIC INC MNC SPCK SWAPO UK US East India Company Indian National Congress multinational corporation Society for the Promotion of Christian Knowledge Southwest African Peoples Organization The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland The United States of America www.Ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com 192 BIBLIOGRAPHY Nical, Iluminado, Jerzy J Smolicz, and Margaret J Secombe “Rural Students and the Philippine Bilingual Program on the Island of Leyte.” In Medium of Instruction Policies Which Agenda? 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Edited by J W Tollefson and Amy Tsui Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2004 Northrup, David “Globalization in Historical Perspective.” In Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems World System History Series Oxford: Eolss Publishers, 2010 ——— Africa’s Discovery of Europe, 1450–1850, 2nd ed New York: Oxford University Press, 2009 ——— “Becoming African: Identity Formation among Liberated Slaves in Nineteenth-Century Sierra Leone” Slavery and Abolition 27 (April 2006): 1–21 ——— “Globalization and the Great Convergence: Rethinking World History in the Long Term.” Journal of World History 16 (2005): 249–67 Nugent, Walter Crossings: The Great Transatlantic Migrations, 1870–1914 Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1992 Ohlmeyer, Jane H “A Laboratory of Empire?: Early Modern Ireland and English Imperialism.” In Ireland and the British Empire Edited by Kevin Kenny Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004 Oliver, Roland Sir Harry Johnston and the Scramble for Africa London: Chatto and Windus, 1959 Ostler, Nicholas Empires of the Word: A Language History of the World New York: HarperCollins, 2005 Paine, Tom Common Sense New York: New American Library, 1969 Pakir, Anne “Singapore.” In Language Policies and Language Education: The Impact in East Asian Countries in the Next Decade Edited by Ho Wah Kam and Ruth Y L Wong Singapore: Times Academic Press, 2000 Pennycook, Alastair The Cultural Politics of English as an International Language London: Longman, 1994 Pennycook, Alastair and Tony Mitchell “Hip Hop as Dusty Foot Philosophy: Engaging Locality.” In Global Linguistic Flows Edited by H Samy Alim, Awad Ibrahim, and Alastair Pennycook New York: Routledge, 2009 Perham, Marjory Lugard: The Years of Authority, 1899–1945 London: Collins, 1960 Pianigiani, Gaia “Italy Has New Bilingual Education Site,” New York Times, July 15, 2012 Pires, Tomé Summa Oriental of Tomé Pires: An Account of the East, from the Red Sea to Japan, Written in Malacca and India in 1512–1515 Translated by Armando Cortesão London: Hakluyt Society, 1944 Phillipson, Robert English Only Europe? Challenging Language Policy London: Routledge, 2003 ——— Linguistic Imperialism Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992 Plummer, John F “‘In swich englissh as he kan’: Chaucer’s Literary Language.” In A Companion to the History of the English Language Edited by H Momma and M Matto Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell Publishing, 2008 www.Ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com BIBLIOGRAPHY 193 Pogue, David “Humanity’s Database.” New York Times Book Review, July 4, 2010 Pomeranz, Kenneth The Great Divergence: China, Europe, and the Making of the Modern World Economy Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2002 Portes, Alejandro and Ruben G Rumbaut Immigrant America: A Portrait, 2nd ed Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1996 Price, Richard, ed Maroon Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas, 2nd ed Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1979 Prucha, Francis Paul The Great Father: The United States Government and the American Indians vols Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 1984 Rahman, Tariq “The Role of English in Pakistan with Special Reference to Tolerance and Militancy.” In Language Policy, Culture, and Identity in Asian Contexts Edited by Amy B M Tsui and J W Tollefson Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2007 ——— “Language Policy, Multilingualism and Language Vitality in Pakistan,” 2003 www.tariqrahman.net (accessed January 18, 2006) Raheem, Ryhana and Hemamala Ratwatte “Invisible Strategies, Visible Results: Investigating Language Policy in Sri Lanka.” In Language Policy, Planning, & Practice: A South Asian Perspective Edited by Sabiha Mansoor, Shaheen Meraj, and Aliya Tahir Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004 Ravitsh, Diane The Great Schools War: A History of the New York City Public Schools Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000 Reid, T R The United States of Europe: The New Superpower and the End of American Supremacy New York: Penguin Books, 2004 Renfrew, Colin Archaeology and Language New York: Cambridge University Press, 1988 Richardson, Alan and Debbie Lee, eds Early Black British Writing: Selected Texts Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin, 2004 Rohter, Larry “Letter from the Americas: Learn English, Says Chile, Thinking Upwardly Global.” New York Times, December 29, 2004 Romaine, Suzanne “Global English: From Island Tongue to World Language.” In The Handbook of the History of English Edited by Ans van Kemenade and Bettelou Los Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2006 Roosevelt, Theodore The Winning of the West vols New York: G P Putnam’s Sons, 1889–96 Roy, Rajat Kanta “Indian Society and the Establishment of British Supremacy, 1765–1818.” In The Oxford History of the British Empire, volume 2, The Eighteenth Century Edited by P J Marshall Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1998 Rubdi, Rani and Mario Saraceni, eds English in the World: Global Rules, Global Roles London: Continuum, 2006 Rush, Benjamin “An Account of the Manners of the German Inhabitants of Pennsylvania,” Proceedings and Addresses of the Pennsylvania-German www.Ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com 194 BIBLIOGRAPHY Society (1789) In Historical Aspects of the Immigration Problem Edited by Edith Abbott New York: Arno Press and The New York Times, 1969 Rushdie, Salman “Damme, This is the Oriental Scene for You!” New Yorker 73.17 (June 23, 1997): 50ff Russell, James B German Higher Schools: The History, Organization and Methods of Secondary Education in Germany New York: Longmans, Green, 1899 Said, Edward Orientalism: Western Conceptions of the Orient Harmondsworth: Penguin, 2003 Sang-Hun, Choe “Western Schools Sprout in South Korea.” New York Times, September 2, 2010 Sartre, Jean-Paul “Orphée Noir.” In Anthologie de la nouvelle poésie nègre et malgache Edited by L éopold Senghor Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1948 Schlesinger, Arthur, Sr “The Rise of the City.” In A History of American Life Edited by Mark C Carnes and Arthur Schlesinger, Jr Revised and Abridged New York: Scribner, 1996 Schumpeter “A Post-Crisis Case Study,” Economist, July 31, 2010, 55 Scott, David “Kipling, the Orient, and Orientals: ‘Orientalism’ Reoriented?” Journal of World History 22.2 (2011): 299–328 Seif, N S “The Teaching of Modern Languages in Belgium, England, Holland, and Germany.” Comparative Education Review (June 1965): 163–69 Shell, Marc “Babel in America; Or, The Politics of Language Diversity on the United States,” Critical Inquiry 20.1 (Autumn1993): 10–18 Singapore, Government of Census of Population 2010 Statistical Release 1: Demographic Characteristics, Education, Language and Religion Skutnabb-Kangas, Tove and Robert Phillipson, “The Global Politics of Language: Markerts, Maintenance, Marginalization, or Murder.” In The Handbook of Language and Globalization Edited by Nikolas Coupland Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010 Smith, Jeremy J “Varieties of Middle English.” In Blackwell Companion to the History of the English Language Edited by H Momma and M Matto Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell Publishing, 2008 Smyth, Alfred P King Alfred the Great Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995 Spencer, Diane “Europe: Huge Increase in English-Medium Courses.” University World News 22 (April 2008), www.universityworld news.com Spolsky, Bernard and Elana Shohamy, “The Penetration of English as Language of Science and Technology in the Israeli Linguistic Repertoire: A Preliminary Enquiry.” in The Dominance of English as a Language of Science Edited by Ulrich Ammon Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2001, Stone, Lawrence “Literacy and Education in England, 1640–1900.” Past and Present 42 (1969): 101–12 www.Ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com BIBLIOGRAPHY 195 Svartvik, Jan and Geoff Leech English–One Tongue, Many Voices New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006 Sungwon, Yim ‘Globalization and the Korean Language.” In Language Policy, Culture, and Identity in Asian Contexts Edited by Amy B M Tsui and J W Tollefson Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2007 “Survey of Malaysia,” The Economist, April 5, 2003, 11 Sweet, James H Recreating Africa: Culture, Kinship, and Religion in the African-Portuguese World, 1441–1770 Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina, 2003 Swett, John American Public Schools: History and Pedagogics New York: American Book Company, 1900 Takaki, Ronald “Teaching American History through a Different Mirror.” American Historical Association’s Perspectives October 1994 Tharoor, Shashi “A Bedeviling Question in the Cadence of English.” New York Times, July 30, 2001 Thompson, Leonard A History of South Africa, 3rd ed New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2000 Tishken, Joel E., Toyin Falola, and Akintune Akinyemu, eds Sàngó in Africa and the African Disapora Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 2009 Todd, Loreto “Anglo-Irish Literature.” In OCEL , 68–69 Tollefson, James W and Amy B M Tsui, eds Medium of Instruction Policies: Which Agenda? Whose Policies? Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 2004 Toon, Thomas E “Old English Dialects.” In CHEL, 1: 422 Tsuda, Yukio “Speaking Against the Hegemony of English.” In The Handbook of Critical Intercultural Communication Edited by Thomas K Nakayama and Rona Tamiko Halualani Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell 2010 Tsui, Amy B M “Language Policy and the Construction of Identity: The Case of Hong Kong.” In Language Policy, Culture, and Identity in Asian Contexts Edited by Amy Tsui and J W Tollefson Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2007 Tsui, Amy B M and James W Tollefson, eds Language Policy, Culture, and Identity in Asian Contexts Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2007 Turville-Petre, Thorlac “Early Middle English (1066–ca 1350).” In A Companion to the History of the English Language Edited by H Momma and M Matto Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell Publishing, 2008 United Kingdom, Office of National Statistics, online; BBC News Wales, “Report Says Welsh Language ‘Losing 3,000 People a Year’.” (accessed February 14, 2012) United States Bureau of the Census American Community Survey, New Mexico, data set, 2005 –9 ——— Bureau of the Census Census data set, 1900 Varisco, Daniel Reading Orientalism: Said and the Unsaid Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press, 2007 www.Ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com 196 BIBLIOGRAPHY Waldman, Amy “India’s Poor Bet Precious Sums on Private Schools.” New York Times, November 15, 2003 ——— “In India, a Heyday for English (the Language).” New York Times, December 14, 2003 Wamba, Philippe Kinship: A Family’s Journey in Africa and America New York: Penguin Putnam, 2000 Ward, Kevin “Christianity, Colonialism and Missions,” In The Cambridge History of Christianity, volume 9, World Christianities c.1914–c.2000 Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000 Watson, David Robin Georges Clemenceau: France: The Peace Conferences of 1919–23 and Their Aftermath London: Haus Publishing, 2008 Webster, Noah Dissertations on the English Language: With Notes, Historical and Critical Boston, MA: Isiah Thomas, 1789 Wong, Ruth Y L and Joyce E James “Malaysia.” In Language Policies and Language Education: The Impact in East Asian Countries in the Next Decade Edited by Ho Wah Kam and Ruth Y L Wong Singapore: Times Academic Press, 2000 “The World This Week: Business,” Economist, July 30, 2011, www.Ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com Index ABBA, 130 Abernathy, David, 98 Abrahams, Peter, 126 Abu Dhabi, 154 Acer, 121 Achebe, Chinua, 75, 98, 125–27 Achimota School, 96 Adams, John, 53–55 Ỉthelbert of Kent, 29 Africa, vii, 5, 8, 10–12, 14, 15, 18, 24, 37, 45, 46, 51–52, 71, 73, 75–77, 89–102, 106–7, 119, 120–26, 132, 138–39, 148, 153 Africa, North, African Americans, 102, 130–33 African languages, 11–12, 51, 90, 97, 100, 126 See also Afrikaans, Arabic, Bantu, Ge’ez, Kikuyu, Hausa African literature, 2, 123–26 Afrikaans, 99, 100, 139 Aiden, 29 Al Jazeera English, 141 Al–Akhawayn University, 156 Albania, 108 Alfred the Great, 30, 31 Algonquian, 50 Ali, Muhammad, 131 alphabet, Cyrillic, 140; Roman, 140 American English, 3, 5, 23, 50, 55–57, 113, 122 American literature, 2, 62, 123 American University in Cairo, 156 American University of Beirut, 156 Americanization, 14, 102 Amerindian languages, 8, 20, 50, 59, 67–71 See also Apache, Cherokee, Choctaw, Navajo, Zuni Anand, Mulk Raj, 127–28 Anglicism, 80, 81 Anglicization, 40, 43, 51, 61, 102 Anglo-Saxon, 27, 29, 31–32, 46 Anglo-Saxon kingdoms, 28, 31 Apache, 70 Arabic, 9–10, 16, 78, 81, 84, 98, 100, 101, 107, 111, 115, 119–20, 126, 138, 140–41, 148, 154 Armstrong, Louis, 130 Arizona, 71–72 Armah, Ayi Kwei, 126 Asia, 8, 10–11, 18, 24–26, 37, 45–46, 75–79, 86, 88–98, 101, 104, 106–7, 114, 118, 123, 132, 137, 139, 144, 147–48, 151, 153–55, 158 Atlantic Ocean, 3, 6, 10–11, 13–14, 23, 49, 50, 53, 55, 58, 62, 72, 90–91, 119, 124, 127, 132 Austin, Stephen, 58 Australia, 73, 108, 113, 123, 149–50 Australian English, Austria, 142 Autshumao, a.k.a Harry, 90 Azimov, Isaac, 118 www.Ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com 198 INDEX Babel, tower of, Bacon, Francis, 115 Bahasa Malaysia, 87, 148 Baker, Josephine, 130 Bamako, 130–32 Bangalore, 122, 160 Bangla See Bengali Bangladesh, 85, 89 Bantu, 162n Basutoland See Lesotho Baugh, Albert, 56 Beatles, 130 Bechet, Sidney, 130 Bechuanaland See Botswana Beckett, Samuel, 124 Bede, Venerable, 28–30 Behan, Brendan, 123 Belgium, 113, 142, 144 Bengal, 78, 79, 81, 83 Bengali, 79, 80, 83, 85, 127 Bentinck, William, 80 Berlin, Ira, 52, 114 Bible, English translations of, 7, 35, 38–39, 41, 49, 80; King James, 2, 27, 35 bilingualism, 40–43, 53, 63–72, 88, 148–57; in Chile, 137; in Europe, 151–53, 154–56; in Ireland, 43; in Malaysia, 88; in North America, 24, 65–73; in the Philippines, 106; in Wales, 40–42 Black Muslims, 131 Black Panthers, 131 Blyden, Edward Wilmot, 75, 102, 103 Bogazici University, 156 Bombay, 81, 146 Booker Prize, 128–29 Boston, 59, 62 Botswana, 91, 96, 100, 101 Brass, Paul, 86 Brazil, 12, 14–15, 94, 132 Britain, vii, 3, 23, 27–45, 53–55, 76, 83, 87, 90–91, 101–2, 110–11, 113, 119, 120, 125, 127, 158 British Broadcasting Corporation, 113, 130 British Council, 113 British empire, 24, 89, 158 British English, 3, 5, 49–56, 75–100, 112–13 British Isles, vii, 3, 22, 27, 33, 35, 37, 43–46, 49, 58–59, 78, 108, 123, 153 Brooklynese, Brumat, Carlo, 118 Brussels Airlines, 144 Bulgaria, 141 Bureau of Indian Affairs, 51 business English, 120, 144 Cable, Thomas, 56 Caboceer, Cudjo, 120 Cadwallader, John, 56 Calabar (Old Calabar), 89, 124–25 California, 20, 58–59, 72, 131 Cameron, Donald, 96 Cameroon, 91, 101 Canada, 54, 58, 64, 66–70, 72, 113, 123, 133 Canadian English, Candler, Isaac, 56 Canterbury, See of, 29 Canton, 120 Cantonese, 87 Canute, 31 Cape Coast Castle, 120 Cape Town, 90 Caribbean, 4, 12, 52, 75, 102, 104, 108, 114 Caribbean English, 4, 12; Creole, 4, 12 Caribbean literature, Carnegie, Andrew, 62 Carolinas, 13–14, 51–52, 64, 70 Catholic Church, 43, 111, 114 Cawdrey, Robert, 35 Caxton, William, 34 Celtic languages, 3, 23, 27–29, 37, 45–46, 123, 153 See also Cornish, Irish (Gaelic), Welsh www.Ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com INDEX Central European University, 156 Ceylon See Sri Lanka Chang, Jeff, 132 Chaucer, Geoffrey, 2, 4, 27, 33–34 Cherokee, 70 Chesapeake Bay area, 13–14, 51–52 Chesterfield, Lord, 36 Chile, 108, 137 China, 10, 103, 112, 119, 120; People’s Republic of, 25, 87, 132–33, 141, 144–46, 149, 151, 154, 156, 158 China Medical University, 156 China Studies Institute of Peking University, 156 Chinese, 7, 10, 11, 58, 86–88, 111, 114, 120–21, 133–34, 138, 140, 141, 144–46, 148, 158, 162n See also Cantonese, Mandarin Choctaw, 70 Christianity, vii, 9, 13, 15, 17, 29, 52, 77, 79, 90, 95, 99, 102, 126 Church of Scotland, 80 Clark, Arthur C., 118 Cleaver, Eldridge, 131 Clemenceau, Georges, 111–12 Cockney, Columbia University, 112 Commonwealth (British), 4, 108 Congo Free State, 124 Conrad, Joseph, 124 Convention on International Civil Aviation, 113 Cooper, James Fennimore, 56 Copernicus, Nicolaus, 115 Cornish, 37 Cornwall, 28, 37, 38 creole languages, 163n See also Caribbean English Creole, Gullah, Hawaiian Creole English, Philippine Creole Spanish Cressy, David, 36 Crowther, Samuel Ajayi, 125 Curzon, Lord, 82 199 Czech Republic, 142 Czechoslovakia, 141 Dalits, 146 Danes, 30, 32, 127 Danish, 55, 144 Davis, Angela, 131 Deng Xiaoping, 25, 144 Denmark, 19, 31, 144 Desai, Kiran, 128 Diawara, Manthia, 130, 131 Dilliard, Joey Lee, 56 Dubai, 154 Dutch, 10, 50, 55 Dwight, Timothy, 55 Dylan, Bob, 131 East Africa, 96 See also Kenya, Tanzania East India Company (EIC), 78 East India Company, Dutch, 90 École Normale Supérieure, 155 École Supérieure des Sciences Économiques et Commerciales (ESSEC), 155 education See schools, universities Edward I, king of England, 32 Emecheta, Buchi, 125 England, 27, 28, 30–39, 42–46, 50, 55–56, 60, 89, 95, 120, 124 English First, 145, 177n Englishes, 2, 3, 45 English-Speaking Union, 108 Equiano, Olaudah, 124 Erasmus Program, 151, 153 Esperanto, 109–10, 112 Estonia, 108, 142 Ethiopia, 7, 75, 99, 100, 101 Europe, 6, 8, 10, 20–21, 25, 28, 31, 54, 56, 58, 96, 109, 111, 113, 115, 118, 123, 125, 130, 137, 140, 142–44, 148, 151–55 European Central Bank, 121, 143 European languages, 11, 20, 75, 111–12, 126–27 See also www.Ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com 200 INDEX European languages—Continued French, German, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish European Union, 25, 45, 110, 143, 151 Facebook, 140 Fanon, Franz, 126 Finland, 117, 121, 152, 155 First World War, 61, 64, 65, 83, 91, 111 Fischer, David Hackett, 56 Ford Foundation, 113 Forster, E M., 127 Fort Hare College, 90 Fourah Bay College, 91 France, 5, 32, 53, 66, 108, 111, 113, 116, 121, 124, 129, 142–43, 151, 155 Franklin, Benjamin, 53 Fredericks, Carole, 130 French, 10, 13, 21, 23, 27, 32, 33, 38, 45, 50, 54, 56, 64–67, 72, 86, 98, 111–13, 115–16, 118–19, 125–26, 129–32, 134, 137, 138, 142–44, 152 French colonies, 23 Fudan University Medical Center, 156 Fulbright Fellowships, 113 Gaelic See Irish Galilei, Galileo, 115 Gambia, 91, 101 Gandhi, Mohandas K., 75, 82–83 Gaul, 28 Ge’ez (Ethiopian language), 7, 162n German, 21, 25, 52–58, 61, 64–65, 67, 71, 91, 111–12, 114–17, 121, 124, 134, 137–39, 142, 143, 155 Germanic languages, 27, 39 Germany, 65, 91, 111–13, 116, 121, 141–43, 151–52; reunification, 141 Ghana, 101, 114, 126, 132, 134 Gill, Alexander, 35 Gladwell, Malcolm, 138 global English, viii, 1, 4, 6–7, 73, 138, 144, 149, 156, 159 globalization, viii, 3–4, 6–7, 16, 19, 107, 118, 134, 139, 144, 147, 149, 159 Gold Coast, 91, 92, 96, 119, 124 See also Ghana Google, 140 Gookin, Daniel, 50 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 141 Graddol, David, 146 Grant, Charles, 80 Greek, 54; English borrowings from, 34 Greene, Graham, 127 Gregory the Great, pope, 30 Guggisberg, Frederick Gordon, 96 Gullah, 13, 51 Hallyday, Johnny, 129 Harper, Stephen, 67, 69 Harrisburg, 65 Harvard Business School, 121 Harvard University, 140 Harvey, Harvey, 115 Hastings, Adrian, 95 Hastings, Warren, 80 Hausa, 97 Hawaii, 54, 76, 102, 103, 104 Hawaiian, 103 Hawaiian Creole English, 104 Heaney, Seamus, 124 Hebrew, ancient, 54; modern, 117, 140 Helsinki School of Economics, 155 Helsinki University of |Technology, 155 Henry III, king of England, 32 Henshaw, James Ene, 125 Hindi, 40, 83–86, 128, 146 Hindu College, Calcutta, 79 Hindustani, 84 Hip-Hop, 132–33 Hong Kong, 86–89, 119 www.Ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com INDEX Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, 156 Honolulu High School, 103 Horton, J B., 125 HSBC, 120 Hume, David, 38 Hungary, 112, 117, 141, 154, 156 Huxley, Aldous, 118 Iberia, 28 Ibn Battuta, 10 Illinois, 58 immigrants, 11, 24, 52, 56–68, 71–72, 84, 87, 104, 154; Chinese, 104; German, 23; Japanese, 104 imperialism, viii, 6, 16, 18–19, 27, 77, 107, 108; cultural, 133 India, viii, 24, 75, 78, 79, 81–90, 94, 96, 98, 107, 128–29, 146, 149, 151, 154, 158, 160 Indian National Congress, 83, 84 Indian Ocean, 6, 9, 10, 90, 119 Indiana, 58 Institut d’Études Politiques de Paris, 155 Interdisciplinary Center (Israel), 155 Internet, 6, 21, 25, 139–40, 144 Iran, 10 Ireland, 23–24, 27, 31, 37–38, 42–45, 76, 101, 113, 123, 142, 153, 160 Irish, 23, 37–38, 43–44, 153 Islam, 9, 94, 119 Israel, 117, 155 Italian, 1, 21, 57, 114–16, 118, 121, 137, 152 Italy, 112 Jackson, George, 131 Jackson, Michael, 132 Jain, Anshu, 121 Jamaica, 4, 5, 90, 132 James I, king of England, 35, 38, 43 Japan, 112, 134, 137, 145, 148, 155, 158 201 John Paul II, pope, 114 Johnson, Samuel, 36, 39 Johnston, Sir Harry, 107 Joyce, James, 123 Kachru, Braj B., 127 Kaltenborn, Hans von, 63 Kamehameha, Hawaiian king, 103 Keizo Obuchi, 148 Kenya, 91, 100–102, 126 Kepler, Johannes, 115 Kikuyu, 126 King, B B., 131 King, Martin Luther, Jr., 131 K’naan, 133 Kone, 121 Koo, Wellington, 112 Korea, Republic of, 1, 137, 147–48 Kuwait, 156 Lagos, vii, 92 Lanci, Gianfranco, 121 Latin, 3, 10, 23, 28–35, 38, 41, 54, 115–16, 119, 148, 158 Latin America, 130, 150, 153 Lavoisier, Antoine-Laurent, 115 League of Nations, 91, 112 Lee Kuan Yew, 88 Lesotho, 91, 96, 100, 101 Liberia, 75, 101–3, 105, 113 Liberia College, 103 libraries, 62, 140 Lingo Media Company, 146 Linnaeus, Carl, 115 literacy, 3, 9, 21, 23, 29, 34–36, 38, 41, 59, 62, 64, 71, 82, 88, 91, 100, 103, 106–7, 116, 125, 127 literature, in English, 2, 123–29; Nobel Prize in, 123, 125, 127, 129 See also African literature, American literature, Caribbean literature, English literature Lloyd George, David, 112 London, 33, 34, 37, 49, 55, 82, 90, 121 London School of Economics, 133 www.Ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com 202 INDEX Louis Vuitton, 121 Louisiana Purchase, 57 Lugard, Frederick, 92 Luxemburg, 142 Macaulay, Thomas Babington, 80, 81, 83, 107 Madras, 81 Mahathir bin Mohammad, 148 Maine, 55, 66 Malawi, 95, 101, 107 Malay language, 87–88, 148 Malaysia, 87–89, 98, 148, 154–55 Malcolm X, 131–32 Mali, 10, 130 Mandarin language, 87, 88, 154, 158 Marley, Bob, 132 Maryland, 64 Massachusetts, 50, 58, 60, 65 Mather, Cotton, 51 Mazrui, Ali, 76, 127 McArthur, Tom, 118, 120, 127 McDonalds, 134 Mediterranean Sea, Mehta, Ved, 128 Mencken, H L., 168n Methodist College of West Africa, 103 Middle East, 9, 10, 16, 148, 154–56 Middle English, 2, 23, 27, 31, 33, 34 missionaries, vii, 13, 17, 24, 44, 50–51, 76–77, 79–81, 85, 87–93, 95, 97, 103–4, 107, 125, 156 Missouri, 58 Mogul Empire, 84 Moldova, 108 Mongolian, 10 Morgan, Philip, 51–52 Mufwene, Salikoko, ix, 20–21, 71 Mumbai See Bombay Murrow, Edward R., 63 Muslim League, 84 Nabokov, Vladimir, 124 Namibia, 101, 114, 139 Nanjing University, 156 Narayan, R K., 127–28 Native American languages See Amerindian languages Navajo, 67, 69–71 Nehru, Jawaharlal, 84 Netherlands, 144, 149, 152, 155 Netherlands Antilles, 156 New England, 50 New Mexico, 67, 70–71 New Oriental Education and Technology Group, 145–46, 177n New York, 58, 60, 62, 66, 130, 145 New York University, 154 New Zealand, 73, 108, 113, 123 Newton, Isaac, 115 Ngugi wa Thiong’o, 126 Nigeria, vii, viii, 22, 24, 91–98, 101, 124–25, 134, 159 Nohria, Nitin, 121 Norman invasion, 27 Normans, 32, 127 North America, vii, 3, 13–14, 22, 23, 37, 39, 44, 45, 49–73, 76, 78, 84, 90, 101, 108, 121, 123, 153, 154 See also Canada, United States North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 113, 142 Northern Rhodesia See Zambia Northumbria, 30 Nyasaland See Malawi Ohio, 57, 58 Old English, 2, 23, 27, 29, 31–33 Oldenburg, Henry, 116 Orientalism, 80 Oxford, Provisions of, 32 Oxford English Dictionary, 36 Pacific Ocean, 8, 49, 58, 76, 101, 103, 104, 108, 114, 120 Paine, Tom, 52, 53 Pakistan, 84–85, 89, 147 Papua New Guinea, www.Ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com INDEX Paris Peace Conference, 111 Parliament, Indian, 85 Parliament, UK, vii, 33, 143 Pennsylvania, 52–53, 58, 64 Persian, 78 Phelps–Stokes Fund, 77, 93 Philadelphia, 65 Philippine Creole Spanish, 104 Philippines, 11, 24, 76, 104–6 Picket, Wilson, 131 Pilipino, 106 Pires, Tomé, 11 Pok Ko–il, 137 Poland, 141, 142 Polo, Marco, 10, 118 population and language, 4, 7–9, 11, 13–16, 21–24, 39, 44, 49–54, 58–60, 62, 66–67, 69–71, 73, 75, 78, 83, 85–89, 91–92, 94–97, 99, 100–103, 106–9, 120, 129, 148, 169n Portuguese, 10–13, 86, 89, 119–20, 132, 138 printing, 33, 35, 45, 64 Prucha, Paul, 68 Prussia, 41, 60, 111 Puerto Rico, 104 Punjab, 81 Puritans, 35 Qatar, 141 Qingdao Technological University, 156 Quaque, Philip, 120, 124 Quebec, 23, 66 radio, transister, 130 Radio Mali, 131 Rand Afrikaans University, 139 rap music, 133 Reformation, English, 35 Rolling Stones, 131 Romance languages, 3, 28 See also French, Italian, Portuguese, Spanish Romania, 141, 142 203 Roosevelt, Franklin D., 63 Roosevelt, Theodore, 54, 61, 66 Roy, Arundhati, 128 Roy, Ram Mohan, 75, 79–80, 127 Royal Society of London, 116 Rush, Benjamin, 53 Rushdie, Salman, 128 Russia, 109, 154 Russian, 10, 25 Rwanda, 138 Sahara, 9, 130 Salem, 59 Sanskrit, 78, 81, 107 Sanskrit College, Banaras, 78 Saudi Arabia, 151 Scandinavia, 143, 149, 152 schools, vii, 4, 10, 16, 18–19, 21, 23–24, 30, 33, 35, 38–41, 43–44, 46, 51, 56, 59–65, 68–71, 79–97, 99–101, 103–6, 109, 111, 113, 118, 120–21, 125, 130, 138, 142–43, 145–48, 152, 155–56 science, 114–18 Scotland, 27, 28, 37–39, 43, 46, 62, 90 Scotland, Church of, 90 Scots (Inglis), 38 Second World War, 22, 24, 61, 83, 113 Senghor, Leopold, 132 Seoul, Republic of Korea, Shakespeare, William, 4, 27, 34, 49 Shaw, G B., 123 Shelley, Mary, 118 Shepp, Archie, 130 Shih, Stan, 121 Sierra Leone, 11, 15, 90–92, 94, 101–2, 124 Simon, Paul, 131 Simone, Nina, 131 Singapore, 87–89, 155 Sinhala, 85, 147 slaves, 11–15, 20, 31, 51–53 Slovenia, 142, 152 www.Ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com 204 INDEX Society for the Promotion of Christian Knowledge, 40 Sokoto Caliphate, 94 South Africa, 91, 99, 100, 101, 108, 113, 123, 125, 131, 139 South America, 101, 158 South Asia, 4, 25, 78, 85, 92, 102, 108, 127, 146 See also Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka South China University of Technology, 156 South Sudan, 101 Southeast Asia, 87 Southern Rhodesia See Zimbabwe Southwest Africa, 91 Soviet Union, 25, 113, 141–42 Spanish, 10–14, 21, 23, 49, 57, 59, 64, 67, 72, 104, 106, 111–12, 134, 137–38, 152, 154 Spanish–American War, 54, 104 speak2me, 146 Sri Lanka, 85, 89, 98 St Augustine, 29 Stanford University, 140 Steppenwolf, 131 Straits Settlements See Malaysia, Singapore Sudan, 91, 100, 107, 114 Swahili, 99–101, 107, 132 Swaziland, 91, 100, 101 Sweden, 121, 144, 155 Swedish, 55, 115, 130, 144–45 Switzerland, 124, 137, 142, 144, 152 Tibetan, 10 Togoland, 91 Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University, 156 Trevelyan, Charles, 80 trilingualism See bilingualism Turkey, Turkish, 40, 151 Tagore, Rabindranath, 127 Tamil, 88 Tamil Nadu, 85 Tanganyika See Tanzania Tangut, 10 Tanzania, 91, 100, 101, 131 Tel Aviv University, 117 Tennessee, 64 Texas, 58–59, 72, 122 Tharoor, Shashi, 129 Wales, 23, 27–28, 36–37, 39–45, 76, 101, 153 Wamba, Philippe, 131 War of American Independence, 53 Warsaw Pact, 142 Webster, Noah, 55 Wells, H G., 118 Wells, Junior, 131 Welsh, 23, 39–42 Wessex, 30 Uighur, 10 United Arab Emirates, 154 United Kingdom, 116, 149–50 United Nations, 4, 25, 100, 111, 113–14 United States, 3, 5, 14, 19, 22, 51, 55–73, 101–4, 110–13, 116, 124, 131, 141–42, 145, 149–50, 154, 158–59 United States Information Agency, 131 universities, 82, 83, 94, 98, 117, 139, 140, 149–57, 179n University of Art and Design Helsinki, 155 University of Johannesburg, 139 University of Nottingham, 154 Urdu, 84 Venice, Italy, Venice International University, 156 Vietnam, 131 Vikings, 30–32 Virginia, 51, 64–65 Voice of America, 113, 130 www.Ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com INDEX West Indies, See also Jamaica, Netherlands Antilles Westminster Abbey, 34 William the Conqueror, 32 Wilson, Thomas, 36 Wilson, Woodrow, 112 Wire MC (Will Jarrett), 133 Wood, Charles, 81 Woodstock, 131 World Wide Web, 25, 140–41 205 Yaba Higher College, 96 Yeats,W B., 123 Yoruba, 12, 95 Zambia, 97, 101 Zhejiang Medical University, 156 Zheng He, 10 Zhenzhou Medical University, 156 Zimbabwe, 101, 102, 114 Zuni, 70 www.Ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com This page intentionally left blank www.Ebook777.com