Livelihood impacts of adaptive measures in relation to coastal inundation and submersion in ghana the case of ningo prampram coastal area in greater accra region

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING NHA TRANG UNIVERSITY GEORGE DARKO LIVELIHOOD IMPACTS OF ADAPTIVE MEASURES IN RELATION TO COASTAL INUNDATION AND SUBMERSION IN GHANA THE CASE OF NINGO-PRAMPRAM COASTAL AREA IN THE GREATER ACCRA REGION MASTER THESIS KHANH HOA, 2019 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING NHA TRANG UNIVERSITY GEORGE DARKO LIVELIHOOD IMPACTS OF ADAPTIVE MEASURES IN RELATION TO COASTAL INUNDATION AND SUBMERSION IN GHANA THE CASE OF NINGO-PRAMPRAM COASTAL AREA IN THE GREATER ACCRA REGION MASTER THESIS Major Marine Ecosystem Management and Climate Change Topic allocation Decision 29CH259 Decision on establishing the committee: 02-04 August, 2019 Defence date: Supervisor: Chairman Faculty of Graduate Studies Hoang Ha Giang KHANH HOA, 2019 Supervision Major: Marine Ecosystem Management and Climate Change Code: 59CH259 Topic allocation Decision: 654/QD-DHNT dated 25/3/2014 Decision on establishing the 654/QD-DHNT dated 16/4/2015 Committee: Defence date: Supervisor: PROFESSOR JAHN PETTER JOHNSON Chairman of Committee: Faculty of Graduate Studies 02-04 August, 2019 UNDERTAKING I undertake that the thesis entitled: ‘‘Livelihood impacts of adaptive measures in relation to coastal inundation and submersion in Ghana The case of NingoPrampram Coastal Area in Greater Accra Region’’ is my own work The work has not been presented elsewhere for assessment until the time this thesis is submitted - Date 30 Month: May Year: 2019 George Darko i ACKNOWLEDGEMENT My utmost appreciation goes to Nha Trang University and Tromso University respectively for the space and resources that made it possible for a successful completion of my whole academic study in Nha Trang, Vietnam To Professor Jahn Petter Johnson (University of Tromso), I am most delighted to express my heartfelt gratitude for your relentless devotion in supervising this dissertation Your comments and directions have guarded the success of this work to its completion Your supervision has been very useful in building my understanding of conducting a study and equipping me for the future studies I will posit that I am the luckiest student to have you as my supervisor To my lecturers and professors, Professor Kim Anh Thi Nguyen (Nha Trang University), Professor Curtis M Jolly (Auburn University, USA), all and sundry, who contributed in diverse ways to the success of my study, words could not describe the gratitude I owe you all God bless you Finally to Isaac Sarfo and the data collection team, kudos ………Date 30 Month: May Year: 2019 George Darko ii TABLE OF CONTENTS UNDERTAKING i ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ii TABLE OF CONTENTS iii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS vi LIST OF TABLES vii LIST OF FIGURES viii ABSTRACT ix CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND 1.2 RESEARCH PROBLEM AND OBJECTIVES 1.3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS 1.3.1 EXPECTED RESULTS 1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY 1.5 CHAPTER ORGANIZATION CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORY 2.1 INTRODUCTION 2.1.1 CLIMATE CHANGE IN GHANA 11 2.1.2 CAUSES OF INUNDATION AND GRADUAL SUBMERSION 12 2.1.3 A REVIEW ON ADAPTATIONS ON IMPACTS OF INUNDATION AND SUBMERSION 13 2.2 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 14 2.2.1 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF VULNERABILITY AND ADAPTATION TO INUNDATION AND SUBMERSION OF COASTAL AREAS 15 2.2.2 Coastal Vulnerability 17 2.2.3 Adaptive Capacity 19 2.2.4 Adaptation Constraint 20 CHAPTER THREE: 23 iii METHODOLOGY AND METHODS 23 3.1 INTRODUCTION 23 3.2 Study Design 23 3.3 Source of Data 25 3.3.1 Vulnerability Matrix 25 3.3.2 Focus Group Discussion 27 3.3.3 Questionnaire 27 3.4 Sampling 28 3.4.1 Sampling Method 29 3.5 Data Analysis and Presentation 30 3.6 Limitations of the Study 30 3.7 Validity and Reliability 31 CHAPTER FOUR: 33 DESCRIPTION OF THE CASE AREA 33 4.1 INTRODUCTION 33 4.1.1 The Greater Accra Region: Locating Accra 33 4.1.2 Characteristics of the Greater Accra Region 34 4.1.3 The Case Site Ningo-Prampram 37 4.2 BACKGROUND INFORMATION ON REESPONDENTS 39 4.3 Summing up the case description Relevance for answering the RQs 44 CHAPTER FIVE: 45 RESULTS ON ASSETS AND LIVELIHOODS 45 5.1 INTRODUCTION 45 5.2 Assets 45 5.2.1 Knowledge Asset and Acquisition 45 5.2.2 Physical and Capital Assets 48 5.2.3 Asset Income 54 5.2.4 Asset Insurance 56 5.3 Summary of the livelihood activities and returns from them 57 CHAPTER SIX: 58 RESULTS, FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS 58 6.1 INTRODUCTION 58 6.2 Results and Findings 58 iv 6.2.1 Focus Group Discussion and Vulnerability Matrix 58 6.2.2 Impacts of Inundation and Submersion on livelihoods in the NingoPrampram coast 61 6.3 Coping and Adaptation and their impacts on livelihoods 66 6.3.1 Individual household coping and adaptation 66 6.4 Intervention Programs in Ningo-Prampram 68 6.4.1 Sea Defense Wall and Dyke 68 6.4.2 Mangroves and Coconut trees 69 6.4.3 Drainage and Irrigation Systems 70 6.5 Institutional Aid and Support 70 6.6 Impacts of Adaptive measures 72 CHAPTER SEVEN 75 DISCUSSIONS, CONCLUSION AND FURTHER RESEARCH 75 7.1 DISCUSSIONS 75 7.2 CONCLUSION 79 7.2.1 Lessons: 80 7.2.2 Best Practices 81 7.3 RECOMMENDATIONS AND FURTHER RESEARCH 82 7.4 FURTHER RESEARCH 83 REFERENCE 85 APPENDIX I 91 1.1 INTERVIEW GUIDE 91 APPENDIX II 98 1.2 FREQUENCY TABLES – SPSS 98 APPENDIX III 126 1.3 FIGURES FROM SAMPLING ACTIVITIES 126 v LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AMA Accra Metropolitan Assembly DA District Assembly DECCMA Deltas, Vulnerability & Climate Change: Migration & Adaptation DFID Department for International Development FDG Focus Group Discussion GAMA Greater Accra Metropolitan Area GMA Ghana Meteorological Agency GSS Ghana Statistical Service IFRC International Federation of Red Cross IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change MMDA Metropolitan, Municipal and District Assembly NADMO National Disaster Management Organization NCCAS National Climate Change Adaptation Strategy NDPF National Decentralization Policy Framework SPSS Statistical Package for Social Sciences UNCCD United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification UNEP United Nation Environmental Program UNDP United Nations Development Program VCA Vulnerability and Capacity Approach WHO World Health Organization WMO World Meteorological Organization vi 10000.00 12000.00 15000.00 Total Missing 1 62 11.4 70 100.0 System Total 2.9 1.4 1.4 88.6 3.2 1.6 1.6 100.0 96.8 98.4 100.0 Loss of income due to work Frequency Percent Missing System 70 100.0 does the inudation and submersion cause the following damages Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent yes 66 94.3 94.3 94.3 No 5.7 5.7 100.0 Valid 70 100.0 100.0 Total could you give an estimate of how much damages Frequency Percent Valid Percent Valid 50.00 70.00 150.00 200.00 300.00 350.00 400.00 450.00 500.00 550.00 600.00 700.00 800.00 1000.00 1100.00 1200.00 1500.00 1700.00 2000.00 2400.00 2500.00 3000.00 4000.00 4500.00 5000.00 6000.00 10000.00 Total Missing 1 1 9 1 1 1 66 1.4 1.4 1.4 4.3 5.7 2.9 1.4 1.4 12.9 1.4 5.7 1.4 7.1 12.9 1.4 7.1 4.3 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 4.3 2.9 1.4 1.4 1.4 2.9 94.3 5.7 70 100.0 System Total Loss of Coastal lands Frequency Missing System 70 1.5 1.5 1.5 4.5 6.1 3.0 1.5 1.5 13.6 1.5 6.1 1.5 7.6 13.6 1.5 7.6 4.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 4.5 3.0 1.5 1.5 1.5 3.0 100.0 Percent 100.0 115 Cumulative Percent 1.5 3.0 4.5 9.1 15.2 18.2 19.7 21.2 34.8 36.4 42.4 43.9 51.5 65.2 66.7 74.2 78.8 80.3 81.8 83.3 84.8 89.4 92.4 93.9 95.5 97.0 100.0 does the inudation and submersion cause the following damages Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Yes 53 75.7 75.7 75.7 No 17 24.3 24.3 100.0 Valid 70 100.0 100.0 Total could you give an estimate of how much damages Frequency Percent Valid Percent Valid Missing 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00 800.00 1000.00 2000.00 3000.00 4000.00 4500.00 5000.00 6000.00 7000.00 8000.00 10000.00 12000.00 15000.00 20000.00 25000.00 Total 1 1 1 12 1 54 System 16 22.9 70 100.0 Total 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 2.9 8.6 10.0 17.1 12.9 2.9 1.4 4.3 1.4 2.9 1.4 1.4 77.1 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 3.7 11.1 13.0 22.2 16.7 3.7 1.9 5.6 1.9 3.7 1.9 1.9 100.0 Cumulative Percent 1.9 3.7 5.6 7.4 9.3 11.1 13.0 16.7 27.8 40.7 63.0 79.6 83.3 85.2 90.7 92.6 96.3 98.1 100.0 COPING AND ADAPTATION TO INUNDATION Frequency Percent Missing System 70 q20a Frequency Missing System 100.0 Percent 70 100.0 Business as usual/do nothing Frequency Percent Valid Percent Valid yes No Total 53 17 70 75.7 24.3 100.0 Valid 50.00 100.00 110.00 120.00 75.7 24.3 100.0 Costs Percent Frequency Cumulative Percent 75.7 100.0 Valid Percent 2.9 10.0 1.4 2.9 3.4 12.1 1.7 3.4 116 Cumulative Percent 3.4 15.5 17.2 20.7 140.00 200.00 220.00 230.00 240.00 250.00 300.00 400.00 450.00 500.00 600.00 700.00 1000.00 1200.00 1400.00 2000.00 2400.00 3000.00 4000.00 5000.00 Total Missing System Total 1 1 2 2 58 12 1.4 11.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 2.9 5.7 1.4 4.3 12.9 2.9 1.4 1.4 1.4 2.9 2.9 1.4 2.9 1.4 2.9 82.9 17.1 70 100.0 q20b Frequency Missing Valid System 70 50.00 70.00 80.00 100.00 120.00 140.00 150.00 200.00 250.00 300.00 Percent 100.0 Costs Percent 2 20 18 62 Total Missing System Total Valid Percent 2.9 1.4 2.9 5.7 2.9 1.4 4.3 28.6 25.7 12.9 88.6 11.4 70 100.0 3.2 1.6 3.2 6.5 3.2 1.6 4.8 32.3 29.0 14.5 100.0 Evacuate temporary to safety Frequency Percent Valid Percent Valid 22.4 36.2 37.9 39.7 41.4 44.8 51.7 53.4 58.6 74.1 77.6 79.3 81.0 82.8 86.2 89.7 91.4 94.8 96.6 100.0 Harvest rainwater as alternative source of drinking water Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent yes 62 88.6 88.6 88.6 No 11.4 11.4 100.0 70 100.0 100.0 Total Frequency Valid 1.7 13.8 1.7 1.7 1.7 3.4 6.9 1.7 5.2 15.5 3.4 1.7 1.7 1.7 3.4 3.4 1.7 3.4 1.7 3.4 100.0 yes 39 55.7 55.7 117 Cumulative Percent 3.2 4.8 8.1 14.5 17.7 19.4 24.2 56.5 85.5 100.0 Cumulative Percent 55.7 No 31 70 Total 44.3 100.0 Costs Percent Frequency Valid Missing 50.00 200.00 250.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00 700.00 800.00 1000.00 1200.00 6000.00 7000.00 Total System Total 44.3 100.0 3 1 39 4.3 2.9 4.3 1.4 1.4 2.9 8.6 1.4 12.9 7.1 4.3 2.9 1.4 55.7 31 70 44.3 100.0 100.0 Valid Percent 7.7 5.1 7.7 2.6 2.6 5.1 15.4 2.6 23.1 12.8 7.7 5.1 2.6 100.0 Build dikes of sand around farms Frequency Percent Valid Percent Valid yes No Missing Total System Total 30 37 67 42.9 52.9 95.7 4.3 70 100.0 Frequency Valid Missing 5.00 10.00 50.00 150.00 200.00 300.00 800.00 1000.00 1200.00 1500.00 10000.00 Costs Percent Total 1 1 17 1 30 System 40 57.1 70 100.0 Total 44.8 55.2 100.0 Valid Percent 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 24.3 1.4 1.4 4.3 1.4 2.9 1.4 42.9 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.3 56.7 3.3 3.3 10.0 3.3 6.7 3.3 100.0 Join credit saving cooperatives Frequency Percent Valid Percent Valid yes no Total 60 10 70 85.7 14.3 100.0 85.7 14.3 100.0 118 Cumulative Percent 7.7 12.8 20.5 23.1 25.6 30.8 46.2 48.7 71.8 84.6 92.3 97.4 100.0 Cumulative Percent 44.8 100.0 Cumulative Percent 3.3 6.7 10.0 13.3 70.0 73.3 76.7 86.7 90.0 96.7 100.0 Cumulative Percent 85.7 100.0 Costs Percent Frequency Valid Missing 10.00 40.00 50.00 60.00 80.00 100.00 120.00 150.00 200.00 250.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00 800.00 1000.00 3000.00 Total System Total Valid 1 1 5 4 59 11 70 Missing 1.4 4.3 1.4 1.4 2.9 10.0 1.4 1.4 11.4 2.9 12.9 7.1 7.1 5.7 4.3 5.7 2.9 84.3 15.7 100.0 1.7 5.1 1.7 1.7 3.4 11.9 1.7 1.7 13.6 3.4 15.3 8.5 8.5 6.8 5.1 6.8 3.4 100.0 Cumulative Percent 1.7 6.8 8.5 10.2 13.6 25.4 27.1 28.8 42.4 45.8 61.0 69.5 78.0 84.7 89.8 96.6 100.0 Build temporary and semi-permanent protective structures Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent yes 39 55.7 55.7 55.7 No 31 44.3 44.3 100.0 70 100.0 100.0 Total Frequency Valid Valid Percent 50.00 150.00 200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00 900.00 1000.00 1200.00 1500.00 2000.00 2100.00 3500.00 4000.00 5000.00 10000.00 12000.00 15000.00 20000.00 Total System Costs Percent 15 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 39 2.9 1.4 21.4 5.7 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 2.9 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 55.7 31 44.3 Valid Percent 5.1 2.6 38.5 10.3 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 5.1 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 100.0 119 Cumulative Percent 5.1 7.7 46.2 56.4 59.0 61.5 64.1 66.7 69.2 71.8 74.4 76.9 79.5 82.1 84.6 89.7 92.3 94.9 97.4 100.0 70 Total 100.0 Find other means to work for additional and alternative income Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent yes 37 52.9 52.9 52.9 No 33 47.1 47.1 100.0 Valid 70 100.0 100.0 Total Costs Percent Frequency 100.00 150.00 200.00 300.00 400.00 450.00 500.00 800.00 2000.00 2500.00 Missing Total Valid Percent Total 37 4.3 10.0 7.1 8.6 4.3 2.9 7.1 2.9 4.3 1.4 52.9 System 33 47.1 70 100.0 8.1 18.9 13.5 16.2 8.1 5.4 13.5 5.4 8.1 2.7 100.0 no intervention programme Frequency Percent Valid Percent Valid ticked Not ticked Total Missing System Total 41 28 69 58.6 40.0 98.6 70 1.4 100.0 59.4 40.6 100.0 mangrove forest and baobab tress Frequency Percent Valid Percent Valid ticked Not ticked Missing Total System Total 23 46 69 1.4 70 100.0 Frequency Valid ticked Not ticked Total Missing Total System 32.9 65.7 98.6 Irrigation Percent 22 47 69 31.4 67.1 98.6 1.4 70 100.0 33.3 66.7 100.0 Valid Percent 31.9 68.1 100.0 sea defense wall and sea dike 120 Cumulative Percent 8.1 27.0 40.5 56.8 64.9 70.3 83.8 89.2 97.3 100.0 Cumulative Percent 59.4 100.0 Cumulative Percent 33.3 100.0 Cumulative Percent 31.9 100.0 Frequency Valid ticked Not ticked 16 53 69 Total Missing Percent 22.9 75.7 98.6 1.4 70 100.0 System Total Valid Percent 23.2 76.8 100.0 drainage systems and canals Frequency Percent Valid Percent Valid ticked Not ticked Missing Total System Total 64 69 91.4 7.1 98.6 70 1.4 100.0 INSTITUTION Frequency Missing System 70 92.8 7.2 100.0 Valid Total 29 23 13 70 100.0 41.4 32.9 18.6 5.7 1.4 100.0 41.4 32.9 18.6 5.7 1.4 100.0 the local Assembly Frequency Percent Valid Percent none one two three four five Total 45 12 70 64.3 17.1 8.6 1.4 5.7 2.9 100.0 64.3 17.1 8.6 1.4 5.7 2.9 100.0 The red cross society Frequency Percent Valid Percent none one two Total 57 10 70 Frequency none one two 28 27 Cumulative Percent 92.8 100.0 Percent Religious institutions Frequency Percent Valid Percent none one two three four Cumulative Percent 23.2 100.0 81.4 14.3 4.3 100.0 NADMO Percent 40.0 11.4 38.6 81.4 14.3 4.3 100.0 Valid Percent 40.0 11.4 38.6 121 Cumulative Percent 41.4 74.3 92.9 98.6 100.0 Cumulative Percent 64.3 81.4 90.0 91.4 97.1 100.0 Cumulative Percent 81.4 95.7 100.0 Cumulative Percent 40.0 51.4 90.0 three four five Total 1 70 7.1 1.4 1.4 100.0 7.1 1.4 1.4 100.0 Friends and family Frequency Percent Valid Percent none two three four five Valid Total 11 48 70 Frequency none one two three four five Total 12 28 17 70 Frequency none one two three four Total 41 17 70 4.3 1.4 10.0 15.7 68.6 100.0 Fishery Percent 5.7 1.4 11.4 17.1 40.0 24.3 100.0 NGO Percent 58.6 11.4 24.3 4.3 1.4 100.0 4.3 1.4 10.0 15.7 68.6 100.0 Valid Percent 5.7 1.4 11.4 17.1 40.0 24.3 100.0 Valid Percent 58.6 11.4 24.3 4.3 1.4 100.0 97.1 98.6 100.0 Cumulative Percent 4.3 5.7 15.7 31.4 100.0 Cumulative Percent 5.7 7.1 18.6 35.7 75.7 100.0 Cumulative Percent 58.6 70.0 94.3 98.6 100.0 has anybody in your family received training on disaster preparedness and how to cope Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent yes 15 21.4 21.4 21.4 No 55 78.6 78.6 100.0 70 100.0 100.0 Total Valid Missing Total is there any of the ff insurance cover over your household towards inundation and submersion Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent medical insurance 54 77.1 78.3 78.3 life insurance 2.9 2.9 81.2 Other 13 18.6 18.8 100.0 69 98.6 100.0 Total 1.4 System 70 100.0 122 ASSISTANCE early warning systems Frequency Percent Valid Percent yes 70 100.0 100.0 finance assistance Frequency Percent Valid Percent yes 70 100.0 100.0 construction of sea walls and sea dikes Frequency Percent Valid Percent yes no 68 70 Total 97.1 2.9 100.0 97.1 2.9 100.0 planting of mangrove forest Frequency Percent Valid Percent yes no 69 70 Total 98.6 1.4 100.0 98.6 1.4 100.0 information and education Frequency Percent Valid Percent yes no 69 70 Total Frequency 98.6 1.4 100.0 98.6 1.4 100.0 Insurance Percent Valid Percent yes no 68 97.1 2.9 97.1 2.9 Total 70 100.0 100.0 Cumulative Percent 100.0 Cumulative Percent 100.0 Cumulative Percent 97.1 100.0 Cumulative Percent 98.6 100.0 Cumulative Percent 98.6 100.0 Cumulative Percent 97.1 100.0 INTERVENTION permanent relocation Frequency Percent Valid Percent not important least important very important 2 66 2.9 2.9 94.3 123 2.9 2.9 94.3 Cumulative Percent 2.9 5.7 100.0 70 Total 100.0 100.0 early warning systems Frequency Percent Valid Percent not important least important very important Total 66 70 1.4 4.3 94.3 100.0 1.4 4.3 94.3 100.0 information and education Frequency Percent Valid Percent not important least important very important Total 67 70 1.4 2.9 95.7 100.0 1.4 2.9 95.7 100.0 disaster preparedness training Frequency Percent Valid Percent not important least important very important Total 67 70 1.4 2.9 95.7 100.0 1.4 2.9 95.7 100.0 cleaning of canals and water ways Frequency Percent Valid Percent least important very important Total 67 70 4.3 95.7 100.0 4.3 95.7 100.0 enhancing and planting mangrove forest Frequency Percent Valid Percent not important least important very important Total 67 70 1.4 2.9 95.7 100.0 1.4 2.9 95.7 100.0 financial assistance Frequency Percent Valid Percent least important very important Total 68 70 2.9 97.1 100.0 124 2.9 97.1 100.0 Cumulative Percent 1.4 5.7 100.0 Cumulative Percent 1.4 4.3 100.0 Cumulative Percent 1.4 4.3 100.0 Cumulative Percent 4.3 100.0 Cumulative Percent 1.4 4.3 100.0 Cumulative Percent 2.9 100.0 Insurance Frequency least important very important Total 68 70 Percent Valid Percent 2.9 97.1 100.0 2.9 97.1 100.0 building sea walls and dikes Frequency Percent Valid Percent not important least important very important Total 64 70 2.9 5.7 91.4 100.0 125 2.9 5.7 91.4 100.0 Cumulative Percent 2.9 100.0 Cumulative Percent 2.9 8.6 100.0 APPENDIX III 1.3 FIGURES FROM SAMPLING ACTIVITIES Figure 3.1 Focus Group Discussion with key personalities Figure 3.2 Focus Group Discussion with local fishermen, farmers and other professions 126 Figure 4.3 Ningo-Prampram Beach depicting an open and exposed coast Figure 6.1 affected houses in Ningo-Prampram 127 Figure 6.2 fishermen at the shores of the study site Figure 6.3 the sea claiming the coastal land Figure 6.4 Coastal Defence by resorts to protect their business 128 Figure 6.5 District Assembly, Ningo-Prampram Figure 6.6 state of mangroves and coconut trees in Ningo-Prampram 129 ... undertake that the thesis entitled: ‘? ?Livelihood impacts of adaptive measures in relation to coastal inundation and submersion in Ghana The case of NingoPrampram Coastal Area in Greater Accra Region? ??’... livelihood impacts if adaptive measures in relation to coastal inundation and submersion in the Ningo- Prampram coastal area in the Greater Accra Region in Ghana The study therefore, hopes to answer the. ..MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING NHA TRANG UNIVERSITY GEORGE DARKO LIVELIHOOD IMPACTS OF ADAPTIVE MEASURES IN RELATION TO COASTAL INUNDATION AND SUBMERSION IN GHANA THE CASE OF NINGO- PRAMPRAM