Summary of phd thesis in business administration research on some factors affecting entrepreneurial motivation of female SME owners in the northwestern subregion

1 INTRODUCTION in the EM of female SME owners in the northwest subregion and proposes some 1.1 The reason for choosing the topic Entrepreneurial motivation (EM) by the creation and maintenance of enterprises is the driving force for economic development in every country To become a developed economy, it depends mainly on the growth in both quantity and quality of businesses Carree and Thurik (2003) point out that there is a close relationship between the creation of new businesses and regional and local economic growth The places which have a high rate of establishment and maintenance of businesses often have high economic growth rates The Northwest region, including four provinces: Son La, Dien Bien, Lai Chau, and Hoa Binh, is the area where SME development has been shown by many previous studies as one of the solutions to create development motivation for the whole region However, the development of SMEs in this area is not commensurate with the inherent potential, mainly recommendations to promote EM of women, female owners of small and medium-sized SMEs 1.3 Research question Firstly, what are the personal and environmental factors that significantly affect the EM of female SME owners in the northwest subregion and their impact level? Secondly, Which groups of factors has the greater impact on entrepreneurial motivation of female SME owners in Northwestern subregion, the individual factors or the environment ones? Thirdly, what policy makers and business women need to to promote EM of female SME owners in the northwest subregion? 1.4 Object and scope of the study - The object of the thesis: Identifying factors affecting EM of female owners of due to the difficulties in topographical conditions, and low starting point In addition, the weakness of infrastructure, technology and management skills are also big barriers in SMEs enhancing the competitive ability of these businesses, especially women-owned SMEs Meanwhile, there are no studies about the reasons or causes for women, female - Spatial scope: Data collected from qualitative research, interviewing experts and surveys conducted in the northwest subregion including 04 provinces of Dien Bien, Lai entrepreneurs to start a business or their motivation in doing business, the barriers they face in rural and urban areas conducted in mountainous areas and there is no research on factors Chau, Son La, and Hoa Binh affecting EM of female SME owners in the northwest region, Vietnam, a region with specific characteristics Through the initial survey, most of the SMEs owned by women in Qualitative research methods Group discussion, in-depth interviewing techniques used for SME owners and expert interviews the subregion mainly develop from the business household model, the female business owners are familiar with the household business management method with poor knowledge Quantitative research method The survey has phases: a preliminary investigation to adjust the scale, the appropriate questionnaire and the official investigation phase to and management skills They have not fully exploited the natural potential of women and the type of enterprise prioritized by the Government This is also a remarkable point to evaluate the scale, test models and research hypotheses promote the establishment, maintenance and development of enterprises for women to increase both the quantity and quality of the business sector, contributing to regional economic growth and sustainable development With the above reasons and arguments, the author chose the topic "Research on some factors affecting entrepreneurial motivation of female SME owners in the Northwestern subregion" as the research content for the thesis 1.2 Objectives of the study Based on the above reasons, the thesis focuses on the main objective: Researching factors affecting EM of female SME owners in the context of the northwest subregion The thesis systematizes the theoretical basis of motivation and EM; builds and tests theoretical models and hypotheses on the relationship between individual factors and the environment 1.5 Research Methods 1.6 Contribution of the thesis In theory Inheriting the published research, the thesis continues to analyze and explore the factors affecting the EM of female owners of SMEs in the northwest subregion Through qualitative research and in-depth interviews with experts, there are additional indicators, the scale is adjusted to be more suitable with the research context Two separate factors in theory are "Social status of business women" and "Opinions of people around" in fact in the northwest subregion, Vietnam becomes a unidirectional factor "Social standards" The research results show that there are factors affecting the EM of female SME owners in the northwest subregion including the factors in decreasing degree: (1) Access to capital, (2) Social standards, (3) demand for success, (4) Barriers in awareness, (5) Model 2.1.1.2 Types of motivation female entrepreneur and (6) Optimism In which, the negative factors are: Perception barrier, and the remaining factors have positive effects Interestingly, the Access to Capital Motivation can be classified in many different ways depending on the researchers' point of view and the theory of motivation Of these categories, the most commonly factor has the strongest impact and the Optimism factor is first considered in Vietnam from the perspective of an independent variable In addition, the thesis also shows that the group accepted classification is that manifestation of motivation (implicit motivation and selfexpression); the cause of the motivation (inner motivation and outer motivation) of environmental factors has a greater impact than the group of individual factors on EM of female SME owners in the northwest subregion, which is also compared for the first time in 2.1.2 Overview of entrepreneurial motivation 2.1.2.1 Entrepreneurial motivation concept Vietnam In practice From the above research results combined with the characteristics of women, female owners of small and medium-sized SMEs in the northwest region, the thesis proposes a number of recommendations on factors affecting the EM of female owners of small SME in this region, aiming to promote the formation, maintenance and development of womenowned SMEs The thesis becomes a reference for policy makers and women themselves, and Inheriting and unifying from the research on the EM, the thesis proposes the use of the concept of EM in this research according to Malebana (2014) in association with Carsrud and Brännback (2011) and Shane cộng (2003) “EM is the reason, motive or goal for an individual to start and run a business” Through his motives or goals, an individual is said to have a EM when he or she decides to seek, evaluate and exploit business opportunities during the process of establishing, maintaining and developing a business 2.1.2.2 Indicators of entrepreneurial motivation women owners of small and medium enterprises to promote the formation, maintenance and development of women-owned SMEs Many motivational theories are given to discuss EM in the world, and among these the pull factor ("pull") and push factor ("push") are most mentioned because these factors 1.7 Bố cục luận án are regarded as the entrepreneur's initial motivation to create a business (Munir and Sandhu, 2016) In addition to the appendix, references the main contents of the thesis are presented as follows: Introduction; Chapter 2: Overview of previous studies; Chapter 3: Theoretical basis and research model; Chapter 4: Research method; Chapter 5: Research results; Chapter 6: Discussion and recommendation; and Conclusion CHAPTER 2: OVERVIEW OF PREVIOUS STUDIES Researches on EM in the world whether in developed, underdeveloped or developing countries like in Vietnam with different research subjects like potential entrepreneurs, male or female entrepreneurs, in this area or in others, almost all demonstrate that the registered business is represented at the same time by two pull and push indicators, they are not mutually exclusive Derived from the concept of a EM, which is the reason, motive or goal for the 2.1 Overview of entrepreneurial motivation and motivation individual to start and run a business The reason, motive or goal here is the pull and push motivation (the initial motivation of the individual) to start and run a certain individual's 2.1.1 Motivation business Trading volume is determined by both pull and push indicators 2.1.1.1 Concept 2.2 Overview of the factors affecting entrepreneurial motivation Many concepts of motivation have been introduced, but whether in the field of economics or psychology, all the definitions are based on three components of motivation as stated by Arnold et al (1998): firstly , orientation which means what an individual is trying to do; secondly, effort, that is, how an individual is trying; and thirdly, persistence, which means how long a person keeps trying Obviously, motivation is related to motive which promotes an individual to behave in a certain way for the satisfaction or success they desire It is also goal-oriented behavior An individual's motivation is promoted by internal psychological factors (pull motivation) and external environment (motivation) There have been studies on the factors affecting EM on many different angles, points of view and scopes in the world The factors affecting EM are very diverse such as the environment, culture, institutions, individual characteristics and many other factors Traditionally, researches on EM are carried out in two different ways (Taormina and Lao, 2007) The first is the studies that examine the personal characteristics of the founders of businesses to find out what makes them different from the others Gartner (1989) calls this a "trait-based approach" and this point of view can be derived from McClelland (1961) According to the theory of characteristcs in psychology, this is the approach of researching on human personality Characteristics theory researchers are primarily interested in measuring Firstly, in the world, researches on factors affecting EM of individuals, potential traits, which can be defined as patterns of habits of behaviors, thoughts, and emotions According to this point of view, personality traits are relatively stable over time, and influence entrepreneurs, entrepreneurs, and female entrepreneurs are quite diverse From foreign research projects, we can see the stable impact of most personal and environmental factors interpersonal behavior differently Business characteristics represent one of the most empirically studied topics in start-up (Vecchio, 2003) The second way focuses on external on EM such as Demand for success, Taking risks, personal capacity, Optimism, Entrepreneurship model, Social status of business owners, Social networks, Perception (environmental) conditions as the key to change the number of times that a business is created over time The contextual theory states that entrepreneurial situations can help or prevent the barriers The approach to capital access factor alone has conflicting results Meanwhile, in Vietnam, there are also some similar influencing factors that are found in the world, but all process of start-up (Gnyawali and Fogel, 1994) Many previous studies have shown that environmental conditions, or more accurately, individuals' perception of the conditions of their of them are on potential entrepreneurs including Demand for Success, Personal Competency, Tendency to take risks, Access to capital In particular, the factor of opinion surroundings, have a great impact on starting a business (Elfving and Carsrud, 2009; Gnyawali and Fogel, 1994) According to Aldrich (1990), this approach is called the “normative” surrounding with its positive influence is mentioned by potential entrepreneurs in many researches, especially young people, students That is unlike in Western society where approach in which the Government keeps the rules and regulations to a minimum level, reduces taxes and gives advisories in order to increase the likelihood of team organization or ILO people have a high level of independence in thinking development and career decisions In Vietnam, they still depend a lot on their families to study and accumulate experience and (2003) calls the “contextual approach” which also emphasizes issues such as laws, government regulations, financial support, family and social communities According to Gnyawali and many of them have to follow the arrangement of their parents Fogel (1994), although it can not be denied the role of the founders’ personality, the external environment is more helpful in understanding the starting of business Therefore, researches on business topics begins to emphasize macro environmental factors (such as socioeconomic conditions) to explain the establishment of businesses In support of this, Fereidouni et al (2010) also emphasized factors in business environment, politics, and social status to explain the motivation to start-up Several studies have divided the individual's operating environment into On the basis of the overview of domestic and foreign works, the author realizes that it is necessary to re-examine the above factors to confirm the stability of their impact on the EM of female SME owners There have not been any studies in Vietnam that mention the Optimism factor as an independent variable in the group of individual factors, which should be included in the model to verify the impact There has also been no study comparing the relative impact between individual and environmental factors on EM of female SME owners, this is a gap that needs to be filled two groups The group of environmental factors includes: actual business environment factors such as deterrent factors, environmental support, the ability to access to finance source, The northwest subregion, which has strategic significance in terms of security and national defense, but underdeveloped economy, heavily localized social culture still faces information and support, and preferential policies, the government laws, culture, economic status, political society, institutions of nations The group of emotional environmental factors includes many difficulties in SME development, especially SMEs made by women There are not any researches on EM and the influencing factors Through the preliminary research, the the model of business owners, opinions of people around and the social status of business owners (Elfving and Carsrud, 2009; Nasurdin et al., 2009) Howeve, most studies such as Taormina and Lao (2007), Yushuai et al (2014) and in this thesis, the above groups of factors are considered to author found that there are still many differences between the ethnic minority female entrepreneurs compared to the Kinh female entrepreneurs in demographic factors such as belong to a single environment, collectively referred to as environmental factors education level, marital status, number of children, age at the start-up This needs to be analyzed Based on the overview of domestic and foreign projects, the thesis emphasizes groups: group of individual factors including Needs to Achieve, Accepting Risks, Optimism, Personal capacity and group of environmental factors including Social Network Secondly, researches on EM and the influencing factors mainly are conducted in Western countries and developed countries; in developing countries like Vietnam researches Access to capital, Business model, Social status of business owners, Opinions of people around, Awareness barriers 2.3 Identify gaps and research directions The review process revealed some of the research gaps as follows: are limited or carried in regions with high economic conditions like Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City, Can Tho City The northwest subregion, which has strategic significance in terms of security and national defense, but underdeveloped economy, heavily localized social culture still faces many difficulties in SME development, especially SMEs made by women The owner has not had any research on EM and the influencing factors Also here, through the preliminary research, the author found that on female SME owners, demographic factors 3.1.2 Institutional theory such as education level, marital status, number of children, age at the start of establishment and management of the group There are still many differences between the ethnic minority Institutional theory is developed and used by researchers in many different ways, in which the two common approaches are institutional economics and institutional female entrepreneurs compared to the Kinh group and this needs to be analyzed theory from a sociological perspective Institutions are devided into two types: formal institutions and informal institutions The formal institutions include the legal system, CHAPTER 3: THEORETICAL BASIS AND RESEARCH MODEL 3.1 Theoretical basis related to entrepreneurial motivation policy, and regulation The informal institutions include customs, traditions, and cultural norms that are recognized and followed by everyone in the community It 3.1.1 The theory of individual personality greatly affects human behavior (Nguyen Van Thang, 2015) Therefore, environmental factors can be deduced and explained by the institutional theory because they are the The traits theory is used to explain the relationship between the characteristics of the businessman and the EM According to this approach, the different personalities of each perceptions and judgments of individuals and entrepreneurs towards the environment The theory related to institution is proposed by North (1990) North (1990) says that the businessman affect their EM, so different characteristics may affect the EM differently (Munir and Sandhu, 2016) Psychoanalytic representatives claim that the entrepreneurs, who are successful at starting their own businesses, are those who were born as an entrepreneur, human-created institutions make interaction between people These institutions as the form of social norms define the roles and functions of community members or in the not someone who has been trained or educated to become an entrepreneur (Shane, 2003 gives an example, genes affect an entrepreneur's ability and success) This means that successful entrepreneurs are gifted inborn, and have their own destiny to become an entrepreneur An entrepreneur's ability to survive who only complete business training or education is less, and limited because they don't have the talent, senses, and instincts to become an entrepreneur Talent, senses and instincts cannot be obtained by being taught or trained They are innate gifts It is possible that a trained or educated person don’t have the suitable senses and instincts to run their business so that they can exist in the business world – place with tough competition Researchers based on this theory such as Lowell (2003) said that a person who is form of legislation that sets out legal rules The institutional analysis that takes into account a variety of factors and policy - socio-political levels, making it the optimal tool for assessing the performance of female entrepreneurs Institutions contribute to the formation of social structures in which organizations are operated through policies, thus they fix economic and legal policies In societies where clear legal policies, material resources, knowledge for the formation of businesses are fully provided, businesses will have great motivation to be formed and developed (Nguyen and partner, 2009) The theory of cultural tendencies (Hofstede, 1980), value theory (Schwartz et al., 2001) can explain the influence of the difference of "national culture" on the relationships mentioned in the model of Factors affecting startup intentions The core of culture is the values, and the value of each individual in the society is expressed through his or her views, thoughts, beliefs and behaviors (Hofstede et al., 2010) and this influences their motivated to establish, maintain and develop a business is someone who not only recognizes business opportunities but also own individual personality traits According to this point of thinking think, EM of businessman view, those who possess some certain personal characteristics and personalities can have the business license such as risk-free personality, need for creative achievement, risk-taking, 3.2.1 Research model of the thesis self-control behavior, outrageous optimism This view is that people who not have the qualities of business owners never become entrepreneurs Individuals with different identities have EM, even different pull and push motivations (Munir and Sandhu, 2016) Studies based on this point of view suggest that only people with entrepreneurial qualities and personalities can become entrepreneurs and there are different types of personality traits of entrepreneurs to distinguish entrepreneurs from other groups 3.2 Research model and hypothesis Through the study of Theoretical basis together with the overview results from related researches, 10 factors are proposed into the research model They are divided into groups of factors: groups of individual factors including Demand into Achievement, Selfcapacity, Risk-taking and Optimism and environmental factors including Social Network, Entrepreneur's social status, Access to capital, Opinions around people, awareness Barriers, Business model (Table 3.1) 10 Table 3.1: Summary of impacts of individual and environmental factors on EM in previous studies proposed in the research model subregion, (2) to adjust the scales used in the pre-quantification studies for preliminary investigations, to assess the validity of indicators, (3) discoveries also contribute to the interpretation of quantitative results and used as a basis for supporting recommendations 1999 2003 2004 2007 2009 2010 2011 2011 2013 2013 2014 2014 2015 2015 2015 2015 2016 2016 2016 2016 2016 2017 2017 2018 2018 Factors affecting entrepreneurial motivation Simon et al Lüthje and Franke Kristiansen and Indarti Taormina and Lao Nasurdin et al Fereidouni et al Keat et al Bui Huynh Tuan Duy et al Sesen Dinis et al Malebana Yushuai et al Cheng and Soo Phan Anh Tu and Nguyen Thanh Son Mekonnin Phan Anh Tu and Giang Thi Cam Tien Hassan and Midih Hassan and Anas Hassan and Ying Nguyen Quoc Nghi vet al Le Thi Trang Dai and Nguyen Thi Phuong Anh Kabir et al Nguyen Hai Quang and Cao Nguyen Trung Cuong Nguyen Phuong Mai et al Nguyen Thao Nguyen Demand for success Individual ability Optimism Risks Taking Social network Social status entrepreneurs Access to capital Comments of people around Perceived barrier Personal factors o + + o + + + + + + + o o + o + o + + Environmental factors + + of o o + + + + o + o + + o + + o + + - + o + The symbol (+): positive effect; (-): negative impact; (o): no impact Group discussions were conducted with 03 lecturers in economics and business administration to form the initial model Then, the author used the techniques of in-depth interviewing experts including university lecturers, business managers, bank officials, officials of the Department of Planning and Investment, tax officers, the heads of associations and clubs The theoretial sampling technique was used, 10 female SME owners in Son La and Dien Bien provinces were selected for in-depth interviews to assess the appropriateness of influencing factors and scales, questionnaire 4.2 Quantitative research 4.2.1 Quantitative research objectives Quantitative research method aims to: test the scale (2nd and official); sample description statistics about yourself, your family, and describe the EM of the female SME owner; determine the order of the influence of factors and compare the group of individual factors and environmental factors to the EM of female SME owners 4.2.2 Quantitative research content + + 4.1.2 Content of qualitative research - + + o + + + o Businessman model (Source: The Author's compilation) 3.2.2 Development of research hypothesis The author uses 10 pairs of hypothesis showing the expected impact of the above 10 factors on EM of female SME owners in the northwest subregion, in which, except for the perceived Barrier factor with a negative impact, all other factors have a positive impact CHAPTER 4: RESEARCH METHODS 4.1 Qualitative research 4.1.1 Qualitative research objectives The objective of the qualitative research is (1) to determine the most appropriate factors influencing the EM of female SME owners in the context of the northwest Through experts’ opinions (in discussions and in-depth interviews), the suummary of development variables in form of coded questions, sources and scales is shown in the following tables: Table 4.3 Entrepreneurial motivation Scale Kind of Question Source motivation Pull For an interesting job Malebana (2014); Choo and Wong (2006); motivation Imitate a woman I admire Malebana (2014); Choo and Wong (2006); Inherit and make some adjustment To challenge yourself Malebana (2014); Choo and Wong (2006) To make more money Malebana (2014); Choo and Wong (2006); Hassan and Midih (2016) To be the owner Malebana (2014); Choo and Wong (2006); Taormina and Lao (2007), Fereidouni et al (2010); Buttner and Moore (1997) Inherit and make some adjustment To take advantage of my creative Malebana (2014); Choo and Wong (2006) talents To take advantage of opportunities Inherit Malebana (2014); Choo and Wong from the market (2006); Hassan and Midih (2016) Push To maintain family traditions Malebana (2014); Choo and Wong (2006) motivation To increase my status / reputation Job demand Balance between work and home life Buttner and Moore (1997) 11 12 Table 4.7 The Risk Acceptance Scale Table 4.4 The Demand for Achievement Scale Items Set high goals Show effort at work Questions Source I like setting myself high goals When I something I don't just get the job done, I have to it well Phan Anh Tu and Giang Thi Cam Tien (2015); Phan Anh Tu Nguyen Thanh Son (2015) Items I am willing to take risks Questions I am willing to take high risks for high profits I like to take risks Phan Anh Tu and Giang Thi Cam Tien (2015); Phan Anh Tu Nguyen Thanh Son (2015); Dinis et al (2013) I take risks when necessary to achieve important goals I try to better than my friends and Kristiansen and Indarti (2004); Ahmad colleagues et al (2016), and making som adjustment I try my best to overcome past Kristiansen and Indarti (2004); Ahmad achievements et al (2016) Requires I am not interested in a regular job highwhich is not challenging if the job does performance not give me high performance jobs Phan Anh Tu and Nguyen Thanh Son (2015); Dinis et al (2013) Questions Source Deal with any situation with confidence I am confident that when I have problems, I can often find some solutions Achieve business goals confidently I can achieve all of the business goals that I have set for myself Confidently build, manage and develop businesses I can define and build the management team to develop the business I can deal with any surprises I come across Inherit Hassan and Midih (2016); Kabir (2017); Neill et al (2017) Inherit Hassan and Midih (2016) Table 4.6 Scale of Optimism Items Questions To life I often expect economic improvements in my life To economy I feel the economy will grow next year To work I feel my performance will improve over the next year Source For a great chance I can take a high risk To achieve high profits, businesses must accept high risks Nguyen Thao Nguyen (2018); Neill et al (2017) Table 4.8 Social Network Scale Items Role in starting a business Table 4.5 Scale of Entrepreneurship itself Items Perception of risk acceptance for businesses Source Phan Anh Tu and Nguyen Thanh Son (2015); Dinis et al (2013); Neill ey al (2017) Phan Anh Tu Nguyen Thanh Son (2015); Nguyen Thao Nguyen (2018); Neill et al (2017) Nguyen Thao Nguyen (2018); Dinis et al (2013); Neill et al (2017) Questions Owning a social network is important to starting a business Source Social networking plays an important role in Inherit Taormina and Lao business development (2007); Hassan and Anas Role in When I need help, I often rely on my existing (2016) enterprise social networks development A strong social network is certainly very important to a business Table 4.9 Scale of Access to Capital Items questions From the self I have the ability to accumulate capital (owner) (through spending savings, overtime ) I can borrow money from friends and relatives From other to business individuals I can raise capital from other sources (banks, credit funds, ) and organizations I can easily raise funds from usury Source Nguyen Quoc Nghi et al (2016); Phan Anh Tu Giang Thi Cam Tien (2015); Yushuai et al (2014) The author proposed through qualitative research Table 4.10 Scale Model of business woman Inherit Simon et al (1999); Wally and Baum (1994) Know other people who are female entrepreneurs Know other successful female entrepreneurs Questions I know other female entrepreneurs I know successful female entrepreneurs in my community Source Inherit Malebana (2014), and making some adjustment 13 14 Table 4.11 Scale of Social Position of businesswoman factor EFA to preliminary assess unidirection, value convergence of the scale, remove Items Questions Admiration The social regime should place much value on female business owners Source Inherit Begley and Tan (2001); Fereidouni et al (2010); Nasurdin (2009); and making some adjustment Running a private company gives a high High status position to female entrepreneurs in society Inherit Begley and Tan (2001); Starting a private business brings reputation Fereidouni and et al (2010); and Reputation to female entrepreneurs making some adjustment Starting a new business creates respect for Respect female entrepreneurs unguaranteed Indicator The minimum sample size is defined as 215 In official quantification, 713 is actually collected and 669 samples are used The steps include: testing the reliability of the scale, Analysis of discovery factors EFA, correlation and regression and testing the regression model assumptions 4.3 Overview of the research process Tools activites Result Table 4.12 Scale of surrounding people's opinion Items Relatives Friends Colleagues Questions My family support the decision to start a business My friends support the decision to start a business My colleague support the decision to start a business Source Malebana (2014); Nguyễn Quoc Nghi et al (2016); Phan Anh Tu Giang Thi Cam Tien (2015); Begley and Tan (2001); Kabir (2017); Liñán and Chen (2009); Nguyen Thao Nguyen (2018) Inherit Malebana (2014); Liñán and Chen (2009) Table 4.13 The Barrier Scale is perceived Items Infrastructure Government regulations Local policies to support women Lack of management skills Questions Poor roads and means of transportation Too many unfavorable regulations of the Government for SMEs The tax structure is complicated and confusing for SMEs Lack of policies to encourage and support women in starting local businesses Lack of financial support packages for women SME owners to expand production and business Lack of human resource management skills Lack of business planning skills Lack of marketing skills Lack of financial management skills Source Nguyen Thao Nguyen (2018) and expert interview Nguyen Thao Nguyen (2018); Malebana (2014); and some adjustments Overview and qualitative research Model and preliminary scales Qualitative research Adjust the model and scale for the 1st time Preliminary investigation (141 female owners of SMEs) Official survey (669 female owners of SMEs) Cronbach’s Alpha, EFA Cronbach’s Alpha, EFA Multiple regression Adjust the scale for the second time Official scale Hypothesis testing (multivariate) Discussion, recommendations Figure 4.1 The research process of the thesis Proposed through qualitative research CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH RESULTS 5.1 Indicators after qualitative research Inherit Malebana (2014) The quantitative method is implemented in phases: preliminary quantitative and formal quantitative The author uses SPSS 22 software to support the data processing At the preliminary quantitative step, there are two contents performed, that is: Using Cronbach's Alpha coefficient to evaluate the reliability of the scale and test the discovery The overview of the theory and the qualitative research has build up the 10-factor model The qualitative research continued being used in group discussions In-depth interviews with experts have identifed 10 factors affecting EM in accordance with the characteristics of women, female owners of SMEs in the context of the northwest subregion The thesis simultaneously has inheriedt and developed a scale for 10 factors along with a scale for the dependent variable Summarizing the results discussions and of in-depth interviews with experts has obtained preliminary questionnaires of 10 factors with 43 indicators and 11 indicators for the dependent variable 16 15 The preliminary quantitative results have 03 indicators removed, which are Demand to achieve (due to being considered a "trash" variable), Risk-taking trend and Trend of taking risks (due to load in many factors and difference factor loading