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MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS, HO CHI MINH CITY FULBRIGHT ECONOMICS TEACHING PROGRAM - HOANG THI PHUONG TRINH SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOODS AND FOREST RESERVES: A CASE STUDY OF THE COTU PEOPLE IN BHALEE COMMUNE, TAY GIANG DISTRICT, QUANG NAM PROVINCE MASTER OF PUBLIC POLICY THESIS HO CHI MINH CITY - 2015 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS, HO CHI MINH CITY FULBRIGHT ECONOMICS TEACHING PROGRAM ▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬ HOANG THI PHUONG TRINH SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOODS AND FOREST RESERVES: A CASE STUDY OF THE COTU PEOPLE IN BHALEE COMMUNE, TAY GIANG DISTRICT, QUANG NAM PROVINCE Major: Public Policy Code: 60340402 MASTER OF PUBLIC POLICY THESIS SUPERVISOR Dr RAINER ASSÉ HO CHI MINH CITY - 2015 -i- CERTIFICATION I certify that the substance of the thesis that not already been submitted for any degree and is not being currently submitted for any other degrees I certify that, to the best of my knowledge and help received in preparing the thesis, I have acknowledged all sources of information and support The study does not necessarily reflect the views of Economics University of Ho Chi Minh City or the Fulbright Economics Teaching Program Author Hoang Thi Phuong Trinh -ii- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Firstly, I would like to express my cordial gratitude to all people in three villages of Bhalee Commune, Tay Giang District, Quang Nam Province This study would not have its final shape without them This study is dedicated to all those highlanders, especially Mr Bling Con, Mr Alang Man, and Mrs Bling Thị Buoi, all management and administrative officials of Bhalee kindergarten, whose affectionate hospitality supported me throughout my three weeks of field research at very critical situations I am also thankful to the management board and staff of Sao Nature Reserve, especially Mr Ha Phuoc Phu, and Mr Dang Ba Loc for their valuable information, support and comments throughout the study I give my special thanks to Mrs Tran Thi Hong Thu, who facilitated all relationships with every person at the research site and supported my accommodation during my stay She is also the person on whom I relied for whatever issue and question that I had I am deeply grateful to her valuable help I am always grateful to my study supervisor Dr Rainer Assé whose continuous guidance, valuable suggestions, and diligent encouragement from beginning to end of my study are main reasons behind its successful completion I would like to thank all teachers and faculties in Fulbright Economics Teaching Program, who helped a lot in knowledge and experience as well as smoothing the conditions for my accomplishment of my study My family members, especially my father, deserve my acknowledgement, at most, for their incessant support and encouragement Finally yet importantly, I express my gratitude to everyone who supported me directly and indirectly throughout my study Hoang Thi Phuong Trinh -iii- ABSTRACT This study, based on the DFID sustainable livelihoods framework, analyzes vulnerability contexts, identifies strengths and weaknesses of livelihood assets, and advantages and disadvantages in the access to livelihood capitals of the Cotu people in Bhalee, Tay Giang, Quang Nam upon the establishment of Saola Nature Reserve (SNR) The study finds that four out of five capitals including human, natural, physical, financial capital are remarkably poor among the Cotu while they have rather good social capital However, access to only one capital is not enough to cover for lack of the other four capitals That is why people there are still very poor Besides, since SNR establishment, almost all activities relating to forest are prohibited Local people are no longer allowed to farm on some lands that they used to farm before There are a number of policies, programs, and projects supporting livelihoods of local people However, it seems that such support cannot cover for all their losses and are not appropriate with their cultural practices Besides, jobs are not readily available at the research sites as this is a remote area with low productivity Furthermore, activities of improving livelihoods for local people have not been focused Low education with no other skills than simple and non-modern agricultural skills leaves local people no alternatives As a result, the vulnerability contexts together with current policies make people’s lives more difficult and they have few choices other than doing illegal jobs relating to the forest Therefore, in addition to suggestions including diversification of crops and livestock, transforming the structure of crop selections and livestock, increasing the support of cows, and pigs, the study also recommends continuing current favorable policies, programs, and projects and relaxing the strict conversation policies so that these policies are more suitable for current cultural features Besides, in order to combine using nature resources together with protecting forest products, it is suggested that a model of forest co-management between local and conservation authorities with local people be created in the buffer areas of SNR Key words: livelihoods, ethnic minority, forest protection -iv- CONTENTS CERTIFICATION i ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ii ABSTRACT iii CONTENTS iv ABBREVIATIONS vi LIST OF CHARTS vii LIST OF FIGURES vii LIST OF TABLES vii LIST OF APPENDICES viii CHAPTER INTRODUCTION 1.1 Policy Context 1.2 Purposes and questions of the study 1.3 Subject and scope of the study 1.4 The structure of the study CHAPTER LITERATURE REVIEW AND IMPERICAL STUDIES 2.1 Framework of the study 2.2 Empirical studies CHAPTER OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH LOCATION 10 3.1 Natural conditions 10 3.2 Demographic characteristics 11 3.3 Social-economic status 11 CHAPTER DESIGN OF THE STUDY 13 4.1 Research process 13 4.2 Data Collection Techniques 14 4.2.1 Primary data and sample selection 14 4.2.2 Secondary data 15 4.3 Data processing tools 15 -v- 4.4 Interpretation of findings 15 CHAPTER RESEARCH RESULTS 17 5.1 HHs livelihoods assets 17 5.1.1 Human capital 17 5.1.2 Natural capital 24 5.1.3 Physical capital 25 5.1.4 Financial capital 27 5.1.5 Social capital 30 5.2 Some findings of semi-structured interviews 32 CHAPTER DISCUSSION 35 6.1 Discussion on livelihood assets 35 6.2 Current policies and impacts 36 6.2.1 Current policies 36 6.2.2 Impacts of SNR’s policy 38 6.3 Vulnerability Context 42 6.4 Response to vulnerability context 44 6.5 Households’ expectation of policy support 44 CHAPTER CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 46 7.1 Conclusion 46 7.2 Recommendations 47 7.3 Limitation 48 -vi- ABBREVIATIONS ADB Asian Development Bank DFID Department for International Development FPD Forest Protection Department FPU Forest Protection Unit G1 Group G2 Group HHs Households NGO Non-government organization No Number NTFPs Non-timber forest products Ord Order SLF Sustainable livelihoods framework SNR Saola Nature Reserve SUF Special Use Forest VBFSP Vietnam Bank for Social Policies VND Vietnam Dong WWF World Wildlife Fund -vii- LIST OF CHARTS Chart 5.1 Average household headcount and main labor 18 Chart 5.2 Job groups 21 Chart 5.3 Annual income and expense of both groups (Unit: VND) 28 Chart 5.4 Income proportion of poor and near-poor household group 29 Chart 5.5 Credit purposes 30 Chart 5.6 Sociopolitical participation 31 Chart 6.1 Households’ expectation for livelihood support 45 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1 Sustainable livelihoods framework of DFID, 1999 Figure 4.1 Research process 13 LIST OF TABLES Table 3.1 Demographic characteristics at villages of the study 11 Table 3.2 Impact groups on forest 12 Table 4.1 Sample selection 14 Table 5.1 Indicators of household size and labor 17 Table 5.2 Education status of household members 19 Table 5.3 Regular sick rate 20 Table 5.4 Seasonal calendar 22 Table 5.5 Frequency of forest-related product exploitation 23 Table 5.6 Average land (hectares) 25 Table 5.7 Possession percentage of living facilities 26 Table 5.8 Credit sources 30 Table 6.1 All programs, projects supports developing buffer areas at SNR 40 -viii- LIST OF APPENDICES Appendix Map of Tay Giang District with location of Bhalee Commune 52 Appendix Buffer areas of Bhalee Commune with SNR 53 Appendix Map of SNR Quang Nam 54 Appendix Legal basis of SNR’s establishment 54 Appendix Current management decentralization at SNR Quang Nam 56 Appendix New rural program of Tay Giang with scheme “9 yes, no” 61 Appendix HHs survey 63 -60- Saola Nature Reserve Quang Nam have a function of protecting habitat for Saola and other crucial wild animals on low-mountainous area of Quang Nam and Central Truong Son range Besides, it plays an important role in protection of Thu Bon downstream and partakes in social-economic development of the buffer community Therefore, SNR has direct connection with local community and their livelihoods (2) Department of Natural Resources and Environment: manages lands, environment and biodiversity in overall province, including SNR (3) Forest Department: is administrative organ on forest development in Quang Nam territory It monitors and supervises forest development activities conducted by SNR Besides, it participates in supervision and acceptance of forest protection contracts and payment for forest environmental services (4) Forest Protection and Development Fund of Quang Nam: is an organ contracting directly with SNR about forest protection contracts and payment for forest environmental services at SNR (5) District, Commune authority and local community: administrative manage core and buffer area of SNR District authority plays an important role in forest resource management at SNR Within this relationship, SNR support local community in livelihood improvement and local authority is the coordinator and supporter In forest resource management, the decentralization of administrative management to provincial, district and commune authority on forest resource is under the Decision 24/2012/QĐ-TTg on 1st June, 2012 by the Prime Minister about policy on investment and development of SUF from 2012 to 2020 (6) Forest Protection Unit and relevant departments: express their roles through coordinating to handle violations, patrolling and protecting the forest, and building plan for forest development -61- (7) Sponsors, NGOs: sponsor finance and technique to implement programs, projects of studies, conservation or communication, livelihoods support, enhancing community awareness about forest protection regulations (Source: SNR, 2013) Appendix New rural program of Tay Giang with scheme “9 yes, no” “9 yes” including: There are long-term and stable premises (settlement) suitable with the Cotu’s village culture There are stable production and livestock areas (settled agriculture), develop sustainable economy There are convenient concrete roads to villages, to centralized production zones There is irrigation system to ensure serving for production There is electricity, water that ensures hygienic usage There are gươl (traditional public house), permanent houses, semi-permanent houses It is encouraged to build traditional houses with clean and hygienic toilets There are stable employment and income It is planned to increase average, wealthy HHs, reduce poor HHs, and clear re-poor HHs There are playgrounds, entertainment teams 100% children in the school ages go to school There are more and more students graduating vocational training, college, university There is internet catering for the locals People having sickness go to the hospitals for examination and treatment There are hygienic environmental graveyards as planned There are cultural villages, cultural clans, cultural families, studious families Security and orders are maintained People live in harmony, solidarity, help each other progress and develop -62- The Party’s branches, the village councils, the village’s residents, and other organizations operate well, transparently and strongly “5 no” including: Do not expect and rely on the state Do not destroy old forest, watershed forest Do not exploit mineral resources and forest resources illegally Do not trap, snare wildlife and endangered animals Do not use electricity, chemicals to destroy fisheries There are no longer temporary houses, extremely poor HHs Do not spend wastefully Do not hold lavish banquets Do not spread rumors, nonsense gossips, and superstitious things Do not trust in shamans, diviners Do not maintain child marriage Do not maintain inbreeding marriage Do not kill cows, buffalos upon holding wedding ceremony There are no dropout students There are no unauthorized religious followers There are no social evils, drunk-indulgence, disputes, perturbation, curses, fighting…which cause dissociation, disunity Do not live lack of culture and morality Do not violate the law Do not intentionally correct personal documents Source: Resolution No 14-NQ/HU dated 28.10.2013 by District Commissioner about building new rural in Tay Giang district from now to 2023 -63No.: Appendix HHs survey Date: HOUSEHOLD SURVEY Dear sir/madam, My name is Hoang Thi Phuong Trinh, a student of Master of Public Policy – FETP, Ho Chi Minh University of Economics I conduct this interview with purpose of learning about difficulties of the Cotu’s HHs in Tay Giang, Quang Nam Collected data are used for suggesting recommendations and solutions for poverty reduction of HHs in the district Contents of this interview are kept confidential and only for the purpose of research Wishing you spend your valuable time for some information as follows: I GENERAL INFORMATION Interviewee’s name: Relation to HH’s head: Address: Gender: (1)Male (2)Female Age: Education: No of HH’s members: II HH’s LIVELIHOOD CAPITALS Ethnic group: Male; Religous: Female -64- 2.1 Or d Human Capital Relatio n to HH’s head Gen der Age Healt h Statu s 10 11 Health insuranc e Educ ation Labo r force Jobs before SNR Curr ent job Skill 12 Reside nce/ workpl ace 13 Commu nication language Code for columns Col um n Cod e HH’s head Spouse Children Parents Grandpa rents Grandch ildrend Children -in-law Siblings Other 10 11 12 13 14 Fe mal e Mal e Exce llent Goo d Bad 9+10 11 12 Planting Cơtu At home Not trained Trained No Illiteracy No yes Kindergart en Yes Have free health card Elementary Breeding Kinh Local Secondary Forestrelated Others Outside/Exp ort Highschool Service Vocational Trading Undergrad uate Undergrad uate Handicraft Employee Worker Public officer housework Student Retirement unemploy ment Others 13 -65- More information on education and health: Does your family apply method of family planning? Is there any member getting sick with recent months? What kinds of illness does your family often get? Once catching illness does your family visit hospital or apply traditional cure? Is there any member in the age of schooling (5-18) having to drop? Reasons? -66- 2.2 Natural capital Before SNR’s establishment Current O rd Land type Land Garden Breeding land Land for agricultural crops Land for industrial crops Land for non-agricultural Others Area Terrain Quality Waterin g Status Sloping Bad No Rice Even and flat On the hill Moderat e Not enough Maize Good Enough Crop Cassav a Vegeta bles Other Propert y status Terrain Qualit y Waterin g Status None Sloping Bad No Rice Red book Other docs Even and flat On the hill Moder ate Not enough Maize Good Enough Area Crop Cassav a Vegeta bles Other Propert y status None Red book Other docs -67- More information in natural capital: Main livelihood activities? (Using what kinds of natural resource) What kind of natural resource you often exploit that bringing the most stable income? Which risk threatening to family income most? (Resource depletion, prohibit accessing to forest, prohibiting trapping animals, climate, epidemic disease…) Do you intend to pursue this job for long-term? Any intention to change? Your feedback and reaction when receiving new regulations of SNR? Are you satisfied with new rules? How new regulations affect your livelihoods? Do the government support after applying new rules? What are they? -68- Exploitation frequency of some forest-related products Forest Products Before the establishment of SNR Frequency Yes No After the establishment of SNR Frequency Yes No Rattan Gingsen (Ba kích) Honey Wild animals Timber Wild vegetables Medicinal plants Fish, snails, frogs Fungi Đót 2.3 Physical capital 2.3.1 Housing, water, electricity source Code Current housing status Ownership status Housing type Homeless Temporary house Semi-permanent Permanent None Red book Unable to apply for documents Able to but hesitate to apply for documents 3.1 Roof Leaf Iron sheet Brick 3.2 Floor 3.3 Wall Toilet Housing origin Water source Electricity source Soil Wood Yes Cement Brick Brick Bamboo Inherit Resettlement None None From waterworks National grid From spring Generator From rain Cem ent Remark -69- 2.3.2 Properties for daily life Ord 10 11 12 13 Assets Current number Motorbike Bicycle TV Radio Telephone Gas stove Electrical stove Wood stove Electrical rice cooker Electrical fan Fridge Washing machine Others 2.3.3 Properties for production Ord Assets Current number Generator Milling machine Agrimotor Thresher Barn Cattle (cow, buffalo) Water pump Others 2.3.4 Technical Infrastructure Ord System Electrical grid Within-village road Trans-village road Trans-commune road Clean water TV broadcast Radio broadcast Worse Current quality No change Better -70- 2.3.5 Social infrastructure Ord System School Gươl District school Commune clinics District hospital Post office Market Distance Worse Current quality No change Better -71- 2.4 Financial capital Before SNR’s establishment Income Total income Stable income in which month? Unstable income in which month? Expense Total expense Low expense in which month High expense in which month Capital source Do you have loan or not? If not, why? If yes, loan information (From, amount, interest rate, purpose, period) Do you have any difficulties when you apply for loan? (Desire but cannot borrow, complicated procedure, it takes extra charge, high interest rate, small loan, collateral requirement…) Cultivation Animal breeding Forest-related products Rubber planting Forest protection Project activities Others (salary, states aids, etc) Daily life Schooling Health care Transportation Production Others Cash savings Jewelry Bank deposit Relative deposit Cattle Redundant agricultural products Valuable assets Funding from the state, organization Current -72- 2.5 Social Capital Is there any family member working in these associations as follows? Association Member Position Farmer Women Veterans Youth Fatherland Front Village management board Religious organization Invited but not participate, why? Where you receive this information? Neighbors, Information relatives guidelines, policies, laws health, family planning Production technique Jobs Loans Market price Last year, which activities did you join? Activity Dissemination of guidelines, policies, laws Extension training of agriculture, economic activities Support seeds, plants, technique Loans Issues relating to health, family planning Career orientation, vocational training, job introduction Receive food aid, cash aid Join mass production Purchasing network Get forest contract Benefits from the association TV, radio, billboards, press Who host? Detail? 1.Just listening 2.Have comments 3.Support money 4.Support labor Associations Is it practical? -73- III Shocks you met in recent years Shock Diseases of plants, livestock Illness, loss of family member Out of animals for hunting Damages, loss of properties, house, vehicles Rising price Unemployment, job loss Policies IV Details Damage Solution Changes of elements making up livelihoods Indicator Much worse Worse The same Better Much better Serious Normal The area of resident land The area of production land The area of forest land Ability to enter the jungle Roads Distance to school Distance to health care centre Job Income Water, electricity Support from authorities Support from associations V Difficulties your family met Difficulties Lack of production land Bad cropland Lack of financial capital Lack of labor Lack of experience Lack of technical skill Low productivity Yes/No Level Very serious -74- VI Future livelihood plan What you intend to to improve your life in the future? What you need to support from the local authority to improve your future life? THANK YOU SO MUCH! ... improving living standards combined with protecting forest resources? 1.3 Subject and scope of the study Subject of the study: livelihood assets of the Cotu in Bhalee, Tay Giang, Quang Nam in relation... objectives, the study concentrates on answering the following questions: (1) What are the main livelihoods and vulnerability context of the Cotu at Bhalee commune, Tay Giang district, Quang Nam province? ... relating to the forest (Statistical Department of Tay Giang, 2014) Since the establishment of SNR in July 2012 under Decree 2265/QĐ-UBND of the People? ??s Committee of Quang Nam, the Cotu people? ??s livelihoods
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