Ethical issues in responding to climate change a comparative studies between lagos city, nigeria and hanoi city, vietnam

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY AZU ANTHONY ANWANI ETHICAL ISSUES IN RESPONDING TO CLIMATE CHANGE: A COMPARATIVE STUDIES BETWEEN LAGOS CITY, NIGERIA AND HANOI CITY, VIETNAM MASTER’S THESIS VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY AZU ANTHONY ANWANI ETHICAL ISSUES IN RESPONDING TO CLIMATE CHANGE: A COMPARATIVE STUDIES BETWEEN LAGOS CITY, NIGERIA AND HANOI CITY, VIETNAM MAJOR: CLIMATE CHANGE AND DEVELOPMENT CODE: 8900201.02QTD RESEARCH SUPERVISOR: Dr NGUYEN NGOC HUY Prof ITO TETSUJI Hanoi, 2020 PLEDGE I assure that this thesis is the result of my own research and has not been published The use of other research‟s result and other documents must comply with regulations The citations and references to documents, books, research papers, and websites used in this research are all in the list of references of the thesis AZU ANTHONY ANWANI i TABLE OF CONTENTS PLEDGE .i TABLE OF CONTENTS .II LIST OF TABLES IV LIST OF FIGURE V LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS VI ACKNOWLEDGMENT VII ABSTRACT VIII CHAPTER INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Problem statement 1.3 Objectives 1.4 Research question 1.5 Hypothesis .4 1.6 Scope of the research 1.7 Theoretical framework 1.8 Research process 1.9 Literature review 1.9.1 Introduction 1.9.2 The conception of ethical response to climate change .8 1.9.3 Development of ethical response to climate change 1.9.4 The ethical implications of global climate change 11 1.9.5 A framework of ethical principles and responsibilities for climate change adaptation 15 1.9.6 Statement on issues relevant to consideration of the desirability of preparing a declaration of ethical rinciples in relation to climate change 17 1.9.7 Ethical principles for climate change: Adaptation and mitigation 21 1.9.8 Ethical response to climate change 21 1.9.9 Moral disengagement and the motivational gap in climate change 24 1.9.10 Ethics and climate change: An introduction 25 1.9.11 Relevance of the research .27 CHAPTER RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 31 2.1 Introduction 31 2.2 Research philosophy 31 2.3 Positivist approach 32 2.4 Quantitative research method 33 2.5 Data collection techniques 34 ii 2.6 Questionnaire survey 35 2.7 Data sampling 36 2.8 Sample size 37 2.9 Questionnaire overview 38 2.10 Gender participation 39 2.11 Educational level of participants .40 2.12 Age distribution 41 2.13 Method of Data Analysis 42 CHAPTER ETHICAL ISSUES IN RESPONDING TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN LAGOS AND HANOI 43 3.1 Introduction 43 3.2 Importing variables from Google forms (Questionnaire for Lagos) 43 3.3 Coding of the variables .44 3.4 Correlation co-efficient scatter plot 44 3.5 Highlighted correlation co-efficient 45 3.6 Discussion on the relationship and the implications 49 3.7 Importing variables from Google forms (Questionnaire for Hanoi) 51 3.8 Coding of the variables .51 3.9 Correlation co-efficient linear plot 52 3.10 Highlighted correlation co-efficient 53 3.11 Discussion on the relationship and the implications 55 3.12 Comparative analysis between the result from Lagos and Hanoi .56 CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION FOR IMPROVING ETHICAL RESPONSE TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN LAGOS AND IN HANOI 59 4.1 Introduction 59 4.2 Reasons for non-ethical response to climate change 59 4.3 Ways to improve awareness and right attitude towards climate change response .61 4.4 Recommendations for policy makers 63 4.5 Conclusions and recommendations .65 4.6 Limitations of the research 68 4.7 Recommendations for future study .68 REFERENCES 70 APPENDIX – A 73 APPENDIX – B 80 iii LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1: Sample size 38 Table 2.2: Questionnaire survey distribution, completion and response for Lagos city, Nigeria 39 Table 2.3: Questionnaire survey distribution, completion and response for Hanoi city, Vietnam 39 Table 2.4: Educational level of participants 40 Table 2.5: Age distribution 41 Table 3.1: Correlation table 47 iv LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: Map of Nigeria indicating Lagos State 45 Figure 1.2: Map of Vietnam indicating Hanoi 45 Figure 1.3: Theoretical framework Figure 1.4: Research process Figure 2.1: Gender participation for Lagos city 40 Figure 2.2: Gender participation for Hanoi city 40 Figure 2.3: Educational level of participants in Lagos city 41 Figure 2.3: Educational level of participants in Hanoi city 41 Figure 3.1: Coding for Lagos questionnaire 44 Figure 3.2: Correlation co-efficient scatter plot 45 Figure 3.3: Highlighted correlation co-efficient 46 Figure 3.4: Coding of variables 52 Figure 3.5: Correlation co-efficient linear plot 53 Figure 3.6: Highlighted correlation co-efficient 54 v LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS COMEST CBO GHG IPCC NGO UNESCO UNFCCC The world commission on the ethics of scientific knowledge and technology Congressional budget office Greenhouse gas Intergovernmental panel on climate change Non-governmental organization The United Nations educational, scientific and cultural organization United Nations framework convention on climate change vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I will like to express my profound gratitude to my supervisor, Dr Nguyen Ngoc Huy, who was always ready to welcome my questions and for giving me guidance and useful suggestions for the success of my Master thesis I thank him especially for his great support during the time of the global pandemic Covid – 19 I sincerely appreciate all you did for me for the success of my master thesis My special thanks goes to my thesis advisor Prof Ito Tetsuji, who gave me useful tips on social research during my internship in Japan I really appreciate your warm support throughout my internship period in Japan I also wish to extend my gratitude to all the staffs of Vietnam Japan University for their contribution towards my successful stay in VJU especially the directors and staff of MCCD - Dr Kotera and Ms Hoa thank you so much I say a big thanks to JICA for the scholarship that assisted me in my Master degree journey I cannot forget my family, AZUOKO family I am glad for the warm backup and support I treasure you all Ms Nguyen Thi Dung you are special to me thanks a lot Above all, I am very grateful to God Almighty for his goodness and Mercy Without God the story will not be same vii ABSTRACT In the recent years, the global challenge posed by climate change has received greater attention in many countries than before Due the various campaign led by many climate activist like Greta Thunberg and others There is a significant increase of awareness across the globe This increased awareness prompted responses from the governments, international organizations, NGOs, researchers and policy makers towards addressing the issue Responding to climate change involves two possible approaches; reducing and stabilizing the levels of greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere (mitigation) and adjusting to cope with the already existing impacts (adaptation) Since the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (AR4), understanding of response options has increased, with improved knowledge of their benefits, costs and links to sustainable development Adaptation can take a variety of approaches depending on its context in vulnerability reduction, disaster risk management or proactive adaptation planning These include; Social, ecological asset and infrastructure development, Technological process optimization, Integrated natural resources management, Institutional, educational and behavioral change or reinforcement, Financial services, including risk transfer, Information systems to support early warning and proactive planning In terms of mitigation a broad range of sectoral mitigation options is available that can reduce GHG emission intensity, improve energy intensity through enhancements of technology, behavior, production and resource efficiency and enable structural changes or changes in activity (IPCC AR4) There are several studies on climate change mitigation and adaptation which have contributed enormously to the response of this phenomenon However, there is a gap of a well-defined empirical research that is able to deal with viii S, S (1998) Social Research Macmillan, Press: London S., N (2019, 1) Advantages And Disadvantages Of Quantitative And Qualitative Research S.G., N (2007, 1) Dissertation Research and Writing for Construction Students Saunders M., Lewis P., &Thornhill A (2009) Understanding research philosophies and approaches Research Methods for Business Students, 124 Saunders M., Lewis P., and Thornhill A (2009) Research Methods for Business Students Prentice Hall WorldBank (1987) World Bank Operations project for Lagos Eko Secondary Education Project: World Commission on Environment and Development World Bank Zukauskas, P & (2018) Philosophy and Paradigm of Scientific Research p 121 72 APPENDIX – A: QUESTIONNAIRE SURVEY FOR LAGOS CITY QUESTIONNAIRE FOR CLIMATE CHANGE PERCEPTION, MITIGATION AND ADAPTATION This survey is aimed at getting responses from wide range of people on climate change mitigation and adaptation This will help increasing the knowledge of climate change and also help in assessing the thoughts, opinions and feelings of diverse people on issues on climate change And finally serve as a handy evidence for the better formulation of climate change policies and more ethical ways to live in favor of our climate General information Just so that I can compare the views of different people, please could you tell me about yourself a Are you… Male Female b Please indicate the age bracket you are in; Infancy Youth Young adult Middle adult Older adult Retirement c What is your qualification; No education Primary school 73 Secondary school High school Bachelors Masters and above d What is your profession? …………… SECTION A: PERCEPTION ABOUT CLIMATE CHANGE AND DISASTER Do you understand the concept “climate change”? Yes No Maybe Where did you heard about climate change? ………… In your opinion, what is the main cause of climate change Natural process Human activity Have you noticed evidence of changes of climate recently? Yes No Maybe Do you think that climate change causes the increase of occurrence and intensity of disasters? Strongly disagree Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly agree Do you believe in global warming? 74 Yes No Maybe How often you recycle waste? Always Often Sometimes Rarely Never What you think contributes more to climate change? Greenhouse gasses Atmospheric changes Do you think you are well informed about different issues related to climate change like mitigation, adaptation, vulnerability, etc.? ………………… 10 Have you noticed particular increase or decrease in in temperature in the last ten years in your region? Yes No Maybe SECTION B: ACTIONS FOR CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION 11 Reducing emissions from livestock and rice will contribute to reducing climate change Strongly disagree Disagree Neutral Agree 75 Strongly agree 12 Afforestation and ecosystem development both create sustainable livelihoods, and prevent negative impacts from emissions to climate change? Strongly disagree Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly agree 13 Using biogas to treat waste from animal husbandry reduces greenhouse gas emission Strongly disagree Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly agree 14 The process of rice and livestock production creates emissions (CH4, NO2, NH3, NO) that increase the risk of climate change? Strongly disagree Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly agree 15 Planting forests, mangroves, developing forest gardens to increase absorption of greenhouse gases? Strongly disagree Disagree Neutral Agree 76 Strongly agree 16 Use Ulva seaweed in shrimp farming to save shrimp feed, and help shrimp less disease can reduce greenhouse gas emissions? Strongly disagree Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly agree 17 Using solar electric equipment in activities of living, cultivation and livestock will reduce emission? Strongly disagree Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly agree 18 Do you have any plan for getting low emission car or motorbike? ……………… 19 Do you have any suggestions or measures to minimize emissions from the household? …………… 20 Does the local government organize a training course on greenhouse gas emission reduction? Yes No Maybe 21 Do your local government organizes a training course on greenhouse gas emission reduction, are you willing to participate? Yes 77 No Maybe 22 Does the local government provide help to your family in terms of waste management? Yes No Maybe 23 Do you need any external support to minimize the impact of livelihood activities on the environment? Yes No Maybe SECTION C: ACTIONS FOR CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION 24 Technical flood protection (build and upgrade dikes, enlarge reservoirs, upgrading drainage systems) Implemented Planned Not planned Not relevant 25 Natural retention of flood water (floodplain restoration, change of land use) Implemented Planned Not planned Not relevant 26 Restriction of settlements (in risk areas) Implemented 78 Planned Not planned Not relevant 27 Reinforce or heighten existing coastal protection infrastructure Implemented Planned Not planned Not relevant 28 Disaster response enhancement (improved reaction in extreme weather situations- warning systems for flood and droughts) Strongly disagree Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly agree 29 Increase protected forest area and improved forest fire Warning system Implemented Planned Not planned Not relevant 30 Improved civil preparedness for protecting health in case of Extreme weather events like warning system? Implemented Planned Not planned Not relevant THANK YOU FOR ASSISTING! 79 APPENDIX – B: QUESTIONNAIRE SURVEY FOR HANOI CITY BẢNG HỎI VỀ HIỂU BIẾT VỀ BIẾN ĐỔI KHÍ HẬU, GIẢM THIỂU VÀ THÍCH ỨNG Khảo sát nhằm mục đích thu thập phản hồi từ nhiều người giảm thiểu thích ứng với biến đổi khí hậu Điều giúp bổ sung kiến thức biến đổi khí hậu giúp đánh giá suy nghĩ, ý kiến cảm xúc nhiều người khác vấn đề biến đổi khí hậu Và cuối cùng, (các kết quả) sử dụng/xem chứng hữu ích cho việc xây dựng tốt sách biến đổi khí hậu cách sống phù hợp theo hướng có lợi cho khí hậu Thơng tin chung Để so sánh quan điểm khác người, Ơng/Bà vui lịng chia sẻ số thơng tin a Ơng/Bà là… Nam Nữ b Vui lịng chọn lứa tuổi phù hợp; Trẻ em Thiếu niên Thanh niên Người trưởng thành Trung niên Đã nghỉ hưu c Trình độ học vấn Ông/Bà; Mù chữ 80 Tiểu học Trung học sở Trung học phổ thông Đại học Sau đại học d Nghề nghiệp Ơng/Bà gì? …………… PHẦN A: HIỂU BIẾT VỀ BIẾN ĐỔI KHÍ HẬU VÀ THIÊN TAI Ơng/Bà có hiểu khái niệm “biến đổi khí hậu” hay khơng? Có Khơng Có thể hiểu Ơng/Bà nghe biến đổi khí hậu từ nguồn nào? ………… Theo ý kiến Ông/Bà, nguyên nhân biến đổi khí hậu gì? Q trình tự nhiên Hoạt động người Ơng/Bà có ý đến thay đổi khí hậu gần hay khơng? Có Khơng Có thể có Ơng/Bà có nghĩ biến đổi khí hậu gây việc gia tăng mức độ thường xuyên khốc liệt thiên tai hay không? Rất không đồng ý Không đồng ý Không rõ Đồng ý Rất đồng ý Ơng/Bà có tin vào tượng ấm lên tồn cầu hay khơng? Có 81 Khơng Có lẽ có Ơng/Bà tái sử dụng rác thải mức độ thường xuyên nào? Luôn Thường xuyên Thi thoảng Hiếm Chưa Theo Ông/Bà yếu tố đóng góp thêm vào biến đổi khí hậu? Khí nhà kính Những thay đổi khơng khí Ơng/Bà có nghĩ nhận thơng tin đầy đủ vấn đề khác liên quan đến biến đổi khí hậu, giảm thiểu, thích ứng, tính dễ bị tổn thương, v.v…? ………………… 10 Ơng/Bà có thấy gia tăng hay giảm nhiệt độ vòng 10 năm qua khu vực hay khơng? Có Khơng Có lẽ có PHẦN B: HÀNH ĐỘNG NHẰM GIẢM THIỂU BIẾN ĐỔI KHÍ HẬU 11 Giảm phát thải từ chăn ni trồng lúa góp phần giảm thiểu biến đổi khí hậu Rất khơng đồng ý Không đồng ý Không rõ Đồng ý Rất đồng ý 82 12 Trồng rừng phát triển hệ sinh thái tạo sinh kế bền vững, ngăn chặn ảnh hưởng tiêu cực từ việc phát thải tới biến đổi khí hậu? Rất khơng đồng ý Không đồng ý Không rõ Đồng ý Rất đồng ý 13 Sử dụng khí sinh học để xử lý chất thải từ động vật nuôi giúp giảm phát thải khí nhà kính Rất khơng đồng ý Khơng đồng ý Không rõ Đồng ý Rất đồng ý 14 Quá trình sản xuất lúa gạo chăn ni tạo khí thải (CH4, NO2, NH3, NO) mà khí gia tăng nguy biến đổi khí hậu? Rất không đồng ý Không đồng ý Không rõ Đồng ý Rất đồng ý 15 Trồng rừng, rừng ngập mặn, phát triển vườn lâm nghiệp nhằm tăng hấp thụ khí nhà kính? Rất khơng đồng ý Khơng đồng ý Không rõ Đồng ý Rất đồng ý 83 16 Sử dụng rong biển Ulva việc nuôi tôm để tiết kiệm thức ăn nuôi tôm giúp tôm phịng bệnh giảm phát thải khí nhà kính? Rất không đồng ý Không đồng ý Không rõ Đồng ý Rất đồng ý 17 Sử dụng thiết bị điện mặt trời hoạt động sống, canh tác chăn nuôi giúp giảm phát thải? Rất không đồng ý Không đồng ý Không rõ Đồng ý Rất đồng ý 18 Ơng/Bà có kế hoạch sử dụng xe máy hay ô tô phát thải thấp hay khơng? ……………… 19 Ơng/Bà có gợi ý hay giải pháp nhằm giảm thiểu phát thải từ hộ gia đình hay khơng? …………… 20 Chính quyền địa phương có tổ chức khóa tập huấn giảm phát thải khí nhà kính hay khơng? Có Khơng Có lẽ có 21 Nếu quyền địa phương tổ chức buổi tập huấn giảm phát thải khí nhà kính Ơng/Bà có sẵn lịng tham dự hay khơng? Có Khơng 84 Có lẽ có 22 Chính quyền địa phương có giúp đỡ Ơng/Bà việc quản lý rác thải hay khơng? Có Khơng Có lẽ có 23 Ơng/Bà có cần hỗ trợ từ bên nhằm giảm thiểu ảnh hưởng hoạt động sinh mơi trường hay khơng? Có Khơng Có lẽ có PHẦN C: CÁC HÀNH ĐỘNG NHẰM THÍCH ỨNG VỚI BIẾN ĐỔI KHÍ HẬU 24 Chống lũ lụt giải pháp kỹ thuật (xây dựng nâng cấp đê điều, mở rộng hồ chứa, tu sửa hệ thống tưới tiêu) Đã thực Đã có kế hoạch Chưa có kế hoạch Khơng liên quan 25 Việc giữ nước cách tự nhiên (phục hồi đồng chống lũ, thay đổi sử dụng đất) Đã thực Đã có kế hoạch Chưa có kế hoạch Không liên quan 26 Các giới hạn/quy định định cư (ở khu vực có nguy cao) Đã thực 85 Đã có kế hoạch Chưa có kế hoạch Không liên quan 27 Tu sửa xây cao hệ thống bảo vệ vùng ven biển Đã thực Đã có kế hoạch Chưa có kế hoạch Khơng liên quan 28 Gia tăng thích ứng với thiên tai (tăng cường phản ứng với tượng thời tiết cực đoan – hệ thống cảnh báo lũ lụt hạn hán) Rất không đồng ý Không đồng ý Không rõ Đồng ý Rất đồng ý 29 Tăng cường diện tích rừng phịng hộ hệ thống cảnh báo cháy rừng Đã thực Đã có kế hoạch Chưa có kế hoạch Khơng liên quan 30 Tăng cường chuẩn bị dân việc bảo vệ sức khỏe tượng thời tiết cực đoan hệ thống cảnh báo? Đã thực Đã có kế hoạch Chưa có kế hoạch Không liên quan XIN CẢM ƠN SỰ GIÚP ĐỠ CỦA ÔNG/BÀ! 86 .. .VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY AZU ANTHONY ANWANI ETHICAL ISSUES IN RESPONDING TO CLIMATE CHANGE: A COMPARATIVE STUDIES BETWEEN LAGOS CITY, NIGERIA AND HANOI CITY,. .. how Lagos city, Nigeria and Hanoi city, Vietnam respond to climate change  To compare (similarities and differences) in ethical response in climate change in Lagos and Hanoi 1.4 Research questions... was on climate change mitigation and numbers (24-30) was on climate change adaptation The administration of the questionnaire was for all who can read and write and have access to internet Infants