Effect of organizational factors on employee deviant behaviors evidence from service sector companies in vietnam

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY NGUYEN DANH VIET EFFECT OF ORGANIZATIONAL FACTORS ON EMPLOYEE DEVIANT BEHAVIORS: EVIDENCE FROM SERVICE SECTOR COMPANIES IN VIETNAM MASTER’S THESIS Hanoi, 2020 VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY NGUYEN DANH VIET EFFECT OF ORGANIZATIONAL FACTORS ON EMPLOYEE DEVIANT BEHAVIORS: EVIDENCE FROM SERVICE SECTOR COMPANIES IN VIETNAM MAJOR: BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION CODE: 8340101.01 RESEARCH SUPERVISORS: Dr TRAN THI BICH HANH Prof Dr DANIEL ARTURO HELLER Hanoi, 2020 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ABSTRACT LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION .1 1.1 Background of the study 1.2 Research questions and research objectives .3 1.3 Organization of the thesis CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 A theoretical background on unethical behavior 2.2 Workplace Deviance 2.2 Organizational factors .10 2.3 Hypothesizes development .12 2.3.1 Code of conduct and deviant behaviors 12 2.3.2 Social norms and deviant behaviors 13 2.3.3 Unethical leadership and deviant behaviors .14 2.3.4 Performance pressure and deviant behaviors 16 2.3.5 Likelihood of Detection and deviant behaviors .18 2.3.6 Internal Virtual Community Participation as a moderator in the relationship between organizational factor and employee deviance behaviors 19 2.4 Research model .21 CHAPTER 3: METHOD 23 3.1 Sample 23 3.2 Procedure and Data Analysis 24 3.3 Measures 26 3.3.1 Deviance behaviors 26 3.3.2 Code of conduct 26 3.3.3 Social norms .26 3.3.4 Unethical leadership 26 3.3.5 Performance pressure .27 3.3.6 Likelihood of Detection 27 3.3.7 Internal Virtual Community Participation 27 CHAPTER RESULT 28 4.1 Reliability test 28 4.2 Exploratory factor analysis .29 4.3 Regression analysis 31 4.4 Moderating Effect 34 CHAPTER 5: DISCUSSION 37 5.1 Conclusion 37 5.2 Implications 39 5.3 Limitations and future research direction .42 REFERENCES 44 APPENDIXES ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The academic life in VJU was exciting with friends and supportive people around To complete this essay, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor Dr Tran Thi Bich Hanh, and co-supervisor, Prof Daniel Arturo Heller Their tireless support has been a massive motivator for me to complete this study I sincerely thank all VJU staff for providing me an opportunity to the research and review it Finally, I wish all my friends and my teachers have a lot of joy in their way Yours sincerely, Nguyen Danh Viet ABSTRACT The purpose of this research is to point out the organization factors that affect the deviant behaviors and the impact of Internal Virtual Community Participation in those relationships from service organizations in Vietnam The study focuses on two types of employee’s deviant behaviors: interpersonal deviance and organizational deviance Self-report data was collected among 174 employees of some Vietnam services company through an online survey Correlational and moderated regression analyses were used to test the hypotheses The results show that Likelihood of detection (L) is the most critical factor that impacts both Interpersonal and Organizational Deviance, which is followed by Code of Conduct (C), Social Norms (S), Unethical Leadership (U) According to the research results, the minimum impactful factor toward Interpersonal Deviance (ID) is Code of Conduct (C), and the least impactful factor toward Organizational Deviance (OD) is Unethical Leadership (U) And Performance Pressure (P) fails to support the hypothesis Finally, the moderating effect is not significant Future research directions and practical implications for organizational settings are addressed in the last chapter Keywords: Unethical behaviors, workplace deviances, business organizational factors, internal virtual communication participation ethics, LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1 Measures of misconduct behaviors…………………………… Table 2.3 Literature on outcomes of unethical leadership on employee… Table 2.4 Summarizes some studies on the influence of Unethical 17 17 leadership to subordinate behaviors……………………………………… Table 3.1 Demographic data…………………………………………… Table 4.1 Coefficient α reliabilities result……………………………… Table 4.2 KMO and Bartlett’s Test……………………………………… Table 4.3 Rotated Component Matrix (N = 174)………………………… Table 4.4 Correlation and descriptive result…………………………… Table 4.5 Coefficients for the sample for Deviant behaviors toward 26 30 31 32 33 34 Interpersonal misconduct Table 4.6 Coefficients for the sample for Deviant behaviors toward 35 Organizational misconduct Table 4.7 Conditional indirect effect of Unethical Leadership (U) on 35 Interpersonal Deviance (ID) at Internal Virtual Community Participation (V) Table 4.8 Moderating effect……………………………………………… 38 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1 Typology of deviant behaviors at workplace………………… Figure 2.2 Categories of influences on individual decision-making process Figure 2.3 Research model ……………………………………………… Figure 4.1 Research moderation model………………………………… Figure 4.2 Statistical diagram of moderating effect……………………… 10 11 24 36 36 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS No Abbreviated characters Detail C Code of Conduct ID Interpersonal Deviance IVCP Internal Virtual Community Participation OD Organizational Deviance P Performance Pressure S Social Norms U Unethical leadership WD Workplace Deviance CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the study In the early years of the 21st century witnessed a series of scandals in the unethical behaviors’ issue Many of the biggest corporations is a typical example of the collapse of the company after those scandals came to light Some giants like WorldCom, Tyco, and Lehman Brothers collapsed after those scandals were leaked out The financial loss is noticeable; the value of securities instantly falls dramatically The stock market response is almost immediately after the scandal events are revealed According to a statistic of 23 primary cases of business scandals (see: appendix C) links with corporate governance problems in the period 2000 - 2010, the total market capitalization loss estimated by $751 billion, of which 16 cases in total 23 were confirmed linking to fraud (accounting for 70% case) and total company's market capitalization decreased by $369 billion (da Silveira, 2012) More recently, there was a scandal of formal chairman of Nissan, Carlos Ghosn Nissan has been in turmoil after Carlos Ghosn was detained in Tokyo The first time in 11 consecutive years, Nissan recorded a full-year $ 6.2 billion loss in its 2020 financial report Those issue of ethics at the workplace is an attractive topic to be concerned, especially for deviant behavior Misconduct behavior clearly has many adverse outcomes for an organization as also confirmed by researchers; Workplace deviance like many other unethical behaviors seems to have a further impact on customers (Babin, Boles, & Robin, 2000; Gilbert, 2003) Deviant workplace behaviors become a problem that many businesses have noticed because of its consequences for branding, firm performance, which in turn will increase financial risk and cost (Thomas, Schermerhorn, & Dienhart, 2011; Henle, 2005) In the long-term period, negative effects result from this behavior will damage the competitive strength of the firms Therefore, businesses need to have a full awareness of this issue Vietnam's economy is growing; the lessons drawn from the predecessor is a way to shorten the development gap Considering the context of Vietnam's economy, this research focus on the service sector is appropriate The service sector has made an important contribution to the economy in terms of product creation and employment Due to the shift from a production economy to a service-providing economy, the service sector Management Journal Bandura, A (1977) Social Learning Theory Oxford, England: Prentice-Hall Bandura, A (1978) Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change Advances in Behaviour Research and Therapy https://doi.org/10.1016/01466402(78)90002-4 Baumeister, R F (1984) Choking under pressure: Self-consciousness and paradoxical effects of incentives on skillful performance Journal of Personality and Social Psychology https://doi.org/10.1037/00223514.46.3.610 Baumhart, R c (1961) How ethical are businessmen? Harvard Business Review, 39, pp 6–8 Bennett, R J., & Robinson, S L (2000) Development of a measure of workplace deviance Journal of Applied Psychology, 85(3), 349–360 https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.85.3.349 Bennett, R J., & Robinson, S L (2003) The past, present, and future of workplace deviance research In Organizational behavior: The state of the science, 2nd ed Benson, G C S (1989) Codes of ethics Journal of Business Ethics https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00381721 Bernerth, J B., Walker, H J., & Harris, S G (2016) Rethinking the benefits and pitfalls of leader–member exchange: A reciprocity versus self-protection perspective Human Relations https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726715594214 Berry, C M., Carpenter, N C., & Barratt, C L (2012) Do other-reports of counterproductive work behavior provide an incremental contribution over self-reports? A meta-analytic comparison Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol 97, pp 613–636 https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026739 Bobek, D D., Hageman, A M., & Kelliher, C F (2013) Analyzing the Role of Social Norms in Tax Compliance Behavior Journal of Business Ethics, 115(3), 451–468 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-012-1390-7 Brass, D J., Butterfield, K D., & Skaggs, B C (1998) Relationships and unethical behavior: A social network perspective Academy of Management Review https://doi.org/10.5465/AMR.1998.192955 45 Brenner, S N., & Molander, E A (1977) Is the Ethics of Business Changing? Harvard Business Review Brief, A P., Buttram, R T., & Dukerich, J M (2001) Collective corruption in the corporate world: Toward a process model In Groups at Work: Theory and Research Brown, M E., & Mitchell, M S (2017) Exploring New Avenues for Future Research Business Ethics Quarterly, 4(October 2010), 583–616 Brown, M E., Treviño, L K., & Harrison, D A (2005) Ethical leadership: A social learning perspective for construct development and testing Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 97(2), 117–134 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2005.03.002 Buckley, M R., Wiese, D., & Harvey, M (1998) Identifying Factors Which May Influence Unethical Behavior Teaching Business Ethics https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009705418567 C Skooglund (1992) Ethics in the Face of Competitive Pressures Business Ethics Resource Chiu, R K (2011) Ethical Intention: Role Judgment and Whistleblowing the Moderating Examining of Locus of Control Journal of Business Ethics https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022911215204 Cropanzano, R., & Mitchell, M S (2005) Social exchange theory: An Interdisciplinary review Journal of Management https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206305279602 da Silveira, A D M (2012) Corporate Scandals of the 21st Century: Limitations of Mainstream Corporate Governance Literature and the Need for a New Behavioral Approach SSRN Electronic Journal https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2181705 Decoster, J., & Hall, G P (1998) Overview of Factor Analysis In Practice https://doi.org/10.2307/2685875 Deng, X (2013) Factors Influencing Ethical Purchase Intentions of Consumers in China Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2013.41.10.1693 Detert, J R., Treviño, L K., & Sweitzer, V L (2008) Moral Disengagement in 46 Ethical Decision Making: A Study of Antecedents and Outcomes Journal of Applied Psychology https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.93.2.374 Dholakia, U M., Bagozzi, R P., & Pearo, L K (2004) A social influence model of consumer participation in network- and small-group-based virtual communities International Journal of Research in Marketing, 21(3), 241–263 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijresmar.2003.12.004 Druzin, B H (2015) Using Social Norms as a Substitute for Law SSRN Electronic Journal https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2600012 Duffy, M K., Ganster, D C., & Pagon, M (2002) Social undermining in the workplace Academy of Management Journal https://doi.org/10.2307/3069350 Fox, S., Spector, P E., & Miles, D (2001) Counterproductive work behavior (CWB) in response to job stressors and organizational justice: Some mediator and moderator tests for autonomy and emotions Journal of Vocational Behavior https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.2001.1803 Frost, P J (2004) Handling toxic emotions: New challenges for leaders and their organization Organizational Dynamics https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgdyn.2004.01.001 Gardner, H K (2012) Performance pressure as a double-edged sword: Enhancing team motivation but undermining the use of team knowledge Administrative Science Quarterly https://doi.org/10.1177/0001839212446454 George, D (1999) Mallery; P.(2003) SPSS for Windows Step by Step: A Simple Guide and Reference 11.0 Update Boston: Pearson Education, Inc Gilbert, J (2003) A Matter of Trust Sales and Marketing Management, 155(3), 30–35 Gioia, D A (2013) Pinto fires and personal ethics: A script analysis of missed opportunities In Citation Classics from The Journal of Business Ethics: Celebrating the First Thirty Years of Publication https://doi.org/10.1007/97894-007-4126-3_34 Granovetter, M S (1973) The strenght of weak ties American Journal of Sociology Greenberg, J (1990) Employee theft as a response to underemployment inequity: the hidden costs of pay cuts Journal of Applied Psychology 47 Grover, S L (1993) Why Professionals Lie: The Impact of Professional Role Conflict on Reporting Accuracy Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes https://doi.org/10.1006/obhd.1993.1033 Grover, S L (2008) Lying, Deceit, and Subterfuge: A Model of Dishonesty in the Workplace Organization Science https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.4.3.478 Gutnick, D., Walter, F., Nijstad, B A., & De Dreu, G K W (2012) Creative performance under pressure: An integrative conceptual framework Organizational Psychology Review https://doi.org/10.1177/2041386612447626 Hackman, J R (1992) Group Influences on Individuals in Organizations In Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdl064 Harper, D C (1990) Spotlight Abuse - Save Profits Industrial Distribution Harris, L C., & Ogbonna, E (2002) Exploring Service Sabotage: The Antecedents, Types and Consequences of Frontline, Deviant, Antiservice Behaviors Journal of Service Research https://doi.org/10.1177/1094670502004003001 Hayes, A F (2013) Introduction to Mediation, Moderation and Conditional Process Analysis In Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004 Hegarty, W H., & Sims, H P (1978) Some determinants of unethical decision behavior: An experiment Journal of Applied Psychology https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.63.4.451 Henle, C (2005) Predicting workplace deviance from the interaction between organizational justice and personality Journal of Managerial Issues Hill, J P., & Kochendorfer, R A (1969) Knowledge of peer success and risk of detection as determinants of cheating Developmental Psychology https://doi.org/10.1037/h0027330 Jones, T M (1991) Ethical Decision Making by Individuals in Organizations: An Issue-Contingent Model Academy of Management Review https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1991.4278958 Kaptein, M., & Schwartz, M S (2008) The effectiveness of business codes: A critical examination of existing studies and the development of an integrated 48 research model Journal of Business Ethics https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551006-9305-0 Kohlberg, L (1984) Essays on moral development The Psychology of Moral Develoment Lazarus, R S (2016) How Emotions Influence Performance in Competitive Sports The Sport Psychologist https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.14.3.229 Leming, J S (1980) Cheating behavior, subject variables, and components of the internal-external scale under high and low risk conditions Journal of Educational Research https://doi.org/10.1080/00220671.1980.10885288 Lin, X., Clay, P F., Hajli, N., & Dadgar, M (2018) Investigating the Impacts of Organizational Factors on Employees’ Unethical Behavior Within Organization in the Context of Chinese Firms Journal of Business Ethics, 150(3), 779–791 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-016-3209-4 Loe, T W., Ferrell, L., & Mansfield, P (2013) A review of empirical studies assessing ethical decision making in business In Citation Classics from The Journal of Business Ethics: Celebrating the First Thirty Years of Publication https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4126-3_13 Martinko, M J., Gundlach, M J., & Douglas, S C (2002) Toward an Integrative Theory of Counterproductive Workplace Behavior: A Causal Reasoning Perspective International Journal of Selection and Assessment https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2389.00192 Michaels, J W., & Miethe, T D (1989) Applying Theories of Deviance to Academic Cheating Social Science Quarterly Mitchell, M S., Greenbaum, R L., Vogel, R M., Mawritz, M B., & Keating, D J (2018) Can You Handle the Pressure? The Effect of Performance Pressure on Stress Appraisals, Self-regulation, and Behavior Academy of Management Journal, 62(2), 531–552 https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2016.0646 Moore, D A., & Loewenstein, G (2004) Self-interest, automaticity, and the psychology of conflict of interest Social Justice Research https://doi.org/10.1023/B:SORE.0000027409.88372.b4 Parsell, M (2008) Pernicious virtual communities: Identity, polarisation and the Web 2.0 Ethics and Information Technology https://doi.org/10.1007/s1067649 008-9153-y Piliavin, I., Gartner, R., Thornton, C., & Matsueda, R L (2006) Crime, Deterrence, and Rational Choice American Sociological Review https://doi.org/10.2307/2095480 Pinto, J., Leana, C R., & Pil, F K (2008) Corrupt organizations or organizations of corrupt individuals? two types of organization-level corruption Academy of Management Review https://doi.org/10.5465/AMR.2008.32465726 Podsakoff, P M., MacKenzie, S B., Lee, J Y., & Podsakoff, N P (2003) Common Method Biases in Behavioral Research: A Critical Review of the Literature and Recommended Remedies Journal of Applied Psychology https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879 Randall, D M., & Fernandes, M F (2013) The social desirability response bias in ethics research In Citation Classics from The Journal of Business Ethics: Celebrating the First Thirty Years of Publication https://doi.org/10.1007/97894-007-4126-3_9 Rest, J R (1986) Moral development: Advances in research and theory In Moral development: Advances in research and theory Rheingold, H (2000) The Virtual Community Homesteading on the Electronic Frontier (Revised Edition) High Noon on the Electronic Frontier Conceptual Issues Iin Cyberspace https://doi.org/10.1561/1500000001 Robertson, D C., & Rymon, T (2001) Purchasing Agents’ Deceptive Behavior: A Randomized Response Technique Study Business Ethics Quarterly https://doi.org/10.2307/3857849 Robinson, S L., & Bennett, R J (1995) A typology of deviant workplace behaviors : A multdimensiona Academy of Management Journal Robinson, S L., & O’Leary-Kelly, A M (1998) Monkey see, monkey do: The influence of work groups on the antisocial behavior of employees Academy of Management Journal https://doi.org/10.2307/256963 Rousseau, D M (2002) ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR IN THE NEW ORGANIZATIONAL ERA Annual Review of Psychology https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.48.1.515 Sackett, P R., & Devore, C J (2012) Counterproductive Behaviors at Work In 50 Handbook of Industrial, Work and Organizational Psychology: Personnel Psychology handbook of industrial, work and organizational psychology: Personnel psychology https://doi.org/10.4135/9781848608320.n9 Salancik, G R., & Pfeffer, J (1978) A social information processing approach to job attitudes and task design Administrative Science Quarterly Santos, J R A (1999) Cronbach’s alpha: A tool for assessing the reliability of scales Journal of Extension Saunders, D R (1956) Moderator Variables in Prediction Educational and Psychological Measurement https://doi.org/10.1177/001316445601600205 Schwartz, B (1986) The battle for human nature New York, NY: Norton Schwartz, M (2001) The nature of the relationship between corporate codes of ethics and behaviour Journal of Business Ethics https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010787607771 Schwartz, M S (2002) A code of ethics for corporate code of ethics Journal of Business Ethics https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021393904930 Schwartz, M S (2005) Effective Corporate Codes of Ethics: Perceptions of Code Users Journal of Business Ethics https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-004-2169-2 Schweitzer, M E., Ordóđez, L., & Douma, B (2004) Goal setting as a motivator of unethical behavior Academy of Management Journal https://doi.org/10.2307/20159591 Serwinek, P J (1992) Demographic & related differences in ethical views among small businesses Journal of Business Ethics https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00881448 Shu, L L., Gino, F., & Bazerman, M H (2011) Dishonest deed, clear conscience: When cheating leads to moral disengagement and motivated forgetting Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167211398138 Sims, R R., & Brinkmann, J (2002) Leaders as moral role models: The case of John Gutfreund at Salomon Brothers Journal of Business Ethics https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1013826126058 Sitkin, S., See, K., Miller, C., Lawless, M., & Carton, A (2011) The paradox of stretch goals: Organizations in pursuit of the seemingly impossible Academy of 51 Management Review https://doi.org/10.5465/AMR.2011.61031811 Slora, K B (1989) An empirical approach to determining employee deviance base rates Journal of Business and Psychology https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01016441 Spector, P E (2006) Method variance in organizational research: Truth or urban legend? Organizational Research Methods https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428105284955 Steininger, M., Johnson, R E., & Kirts, D K (1964) Cheating on college examinations as a function of situationally aroused anxiety and hostility Journal of Educational Psychology https://doi.org/10.1037/h0042396 Stewart, S M., Bing, M N., Davison, H K., Woehr, D J., & McIntyre, M D (2009) In the Eyes of the Beholder: A Non-Self-Report Measure of Workplace Deviance Journal of Applied Psychology https://doi.org/10.1037/a0012605 Swaidan, Z., Vitell, S J., & Rawwas, M Y A (2003) Consumer Ethics: Determinants of Ethical Beliefs of African Americans Journal of Business Ethics https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1025068902771 Tavakol, M., & Dennick, R (2011) Making sense of Cronbach’s alpha International Journal of Medical Education https://doi.org/10.5116/ijme.4dfb.8dfd Tenbrunsel, A E (1998) Misrepresentation and expectations of misrepresentation in an ethical dilemma: The role of incentives and temptation Academy of Management Journal https://doi.org/10.2307/256911 Tenbrunsel, A E., Smith-Crowe, K., & Umphress, E E (2003) Building houses on rocks: The role of the ethical infrastructure in organizations Social Justice Research https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1025992813613 Tepper, B J (2000) Consequences of abusive supervision Academy of Management Journal https://doi.org/10.2307/1556375 Tepper, B J., Moss, S E., Lockhart, D E., & Carr, J C (2007) Abusive supervision, upward maintenance communication, and subordinates’ psychological distress Academy of Management Journal https://doi.org/10.2307/20159918 Thomas, T., Schermerhorn, J R., & Dienhart, J W (2011) Strategic leadership of 52 ethical behavior in business Academy of Management Executive https://doi.org/10.5465/ame.2004.13837425 Tittle, C R., & Rowe, A R (2012) Moral Appeal, Sanction Threat, and Deviance: An Experimental Test Social Problems https://doi.org/10.2307/799710 Tourangeau, R., & Smith, T W (1996) Asking Sensitive Questions: The Impact of Data Collection Mode, Question Format, and Question Context Public Opinion Quarterly https://doi.org/10.1086/297751 Tourangeau, R., & Yan, T (2007) Sensitive Questions in Surveys Psychological Bulletin https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.133.5.859 Treviño, L K., & Nelson, K A (2011) MANAGING BUSINESS ETHICS: Straight Talk About How To Do It Right In Vasa Treviño, L K., Weaver, G R., & Reynolds, S J (2006) Behavioral ethics in organizations: A review In Journal of Management (Vol 32) https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206306294258 Trevino, Linda K., Den Nieuwenboer, N., & Kish-Gephart, J J (2014) (Un)Ethical Behavior in Organizations In SSRN https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych113011-143745 Trevino, Linda Klebe, & Youngblood, S A (1990) Bad Apples in Bad Barrels: A Causal Analysis of Ethical Decision-Making Behavior Journal of Applied Psychology https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.75.4.378 Tsai, H T., Huang, H C., & Chiu, Y L (2012) Brand community participation in Taiwan: Examining the roles of individual-, group-, and relationship-level antecedents Journal of Business Research, 65(5), 676–684 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2011.03.011 Umphress, E E., Bingham, J B., & Mitchell, M S (2010) Unethical behavior in the name of the company: The moderating effect of organizational identification and positive reciprocity beliefs on unethical pro-organizational behavior Journal of Applied Psychology https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019214 Valentine, S., & Barnett, T (2003) Ethics code awareness, perceived ethical values, and organizational commitment Journal of Personal Selling and Sales Management https://doi.org/10.1080/08853134.2003.10749009 Vietnam National Productivity Institute (2015) Vietnam productivity report 53 Hanoi Vitro, F T., & Schoer, L A (1972) The effects of probability of test success, test importance, and risk of detection on the incidence of cheating Journal of School Psychology https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-4405(72)90062-3 Wang, L., & Murnighan, J K (2011) On greed Academy of Management Annals https://doi.org/10.1080/19416520.2011.588822 Weaver, G R (1995) Does ethics code design matter? Effects of ethics code rationales and sanctions on recipients’ justice perceptions and content recall Journal of Business Ethics https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00872099 Weaver, G R., Treviño, L K., & Cochran, P L (1999) Integrated and decoupled corporate social performance: Management commitments, external pressures, and corporate ethics practices Academy of Management Journal https://doi.org/10.2307/256975 Wotruba, T R., Chonko, L B., & Loe, T W (2001) The impact of ethics code familiarity on manager behavior Journal of Business Ethics https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011925009588 Zey-Ferrell, M., & Ferrell, O C (1982) Role-Set Configuration and Opportunity as Predictors of Unethical Behavior in Organizations Human Relations https://doi.org/10.1177/001872678203500707 54 APPENDIX APPENDIX A: Workplace deviance measure Constructs Measure Organizational Taken property from work without permission Deviance Spent too much time fantasizing or daydreaming instead of working Falsified a receipt to get reimbursed for more money than you spent on business expenses Taken an additional or longer break than is acceptable at your workplace Come in late to work without permission Littered your work environment Neglected to follow your boss’s instructions Intentionally worked slower than you could have worked Discussed confidential company information with an unauthorized person Used an illegal drug or consumed alcohol on job Put little effort into your work Dragged out of work in order to get overtime Interpersonal Deviance Made fun of someone at work Said something hurtful to someone at work Made an ethnic, religious, or racial remark at work Cursed at someone at work Played a mean prank on someone at work Acted rudely toward someone at work Publicly embarrassed someone at work APPENDIX B: Independent variables scale Construct Measure My company has standards, rules, and policies that describe good Code of conduct conduct The codes of conduct are strong in the company The codes of conduct in our company are well known Our company shares the codes of conduct with employees Ridicules me Unethical Leadership Tells me my thoughts or feelings are stupid Puts me down in front of others Makes negative comments about me to others Tells me I’m incompetent Likelihood of detection My supervisor is likely to gauge my job performance My department is likely to evaluate my work behavior My colleagues are likely to weigh my performance The pressures for performance in my workplace are high Performance I feel tremendous pressure to produce results pressure If I don’t produce at high levels, my job will be at risk I would characterize my workplace as a result-driven environment My supervisor thinks I should act consistently with our codes of conduct My colleagues think that I should act consistently with our codes Social of conduct norms The top management thinks that I should act consistently with our codes of conduct My significant other thinks that I should act consistently with our codes of conduct Every day I chat online with virtual community members in my work-group Internal I spend time chatting online with virtual community members in Virtual my work-group Community I frequently interact with other online community members in my Participation work-group I actively participate in the online community’s activities in my work-group APPENDIX C List of 23 primary business scandals links with corporate governance problems in the period 2000 - 2010 Company Country Year Estimated losses Did it involve fraud? AIG USA 2008 239 Unclear WorldCom USA 2002 186 Yes Madoff USA 2008 65 Yes Enron USA 2001 60 Yes Lehman Brothers USA 2008 60 Unclear BP UK 2010 45 No Société́ Générale France 2008 20 Yes Bear Sterns USA 2008 20 Unclear Vivendi France 2002 13 Unclear 10 Livedoor Japan 2005 Yes 11 Olympus Japan 2010 Yes 12 Refco USA 2005 Yes 13 Parmalat Italy 2003 Yes 14 Siemens Germany 2007 Yes 15 Aracruz Brazil 2008 No 16 Satyam India 2009 Yes 17 Adelphia USA 2002 2.5 Yes 18 Panamericano Brazil 2009 2.5 Yes 19 Xerox USA 2001 Yes 20 Royal Ahold Netherlands 2003 Yes 21 Sadia Brazil 2008 No 22 Tyco USA 2002 Yes 23 Royal Dutch Shell Netherlands/UK 2004 Yes Total 751 Source: (da Silveira, 2012, p27) .. .VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY NGUYEN DANH VIET EFFECT OF ORGANIZATIONAL FACTORS ON EMPLOYEE DEVIANT BEHAVIORS: EVIDENCE FROM SERVICE SECTOR COMPANIES IN VIETNAM. .. of employees in service organizations in Vietnam? Does Internal Virtual Community Participation (IVCP) moderates the effect of Organizational factors on the workplace deviant behaviors of the employee? ... influence of some organizational factors on the misconduct behaviors of employees inorganizationn, in the context of Vietnam service company The independent variable that the study takes into account