Fabrication of photothermal nature inspired materials application on highly solar steam generation

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY NGUYEN MINH TUAN FABRICATION OF PHOTOTHERMAL NATURE-INSPIRED MATERIALS APPLICATION ON HIGHLY SOLAR STEAM GENERATION MASTER’S THESIS Hanoi, 2020 VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY NGUYEN MINH TUAN FABRICATION OF PHOTOTHERMAL NATURE-INSPIRED MATERIALS APPLICATION ON HIGHLY SOLAR STEAM GENERATION MAJOR: NANOTECHNOLOGY CODE: 8440140.11QTD RESEARCH SUPERVISOR: Dr PHAM TIEN THANH Associate Prof Dr MAI ANH TUAN Hanoi, 2020 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Firstly, I would like to extend my sincere thanks to Dr Pham Tien Thanh, working for Vietnam Japan University, for his enthusiasm, encouragement, and patient guidance during the preparation of my master thesis Secondly, I would like to express my great appreciation to Assoc Prof Dr Mai Anh Tuan, working for National Center for Technological Progress (NACENTECH), Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST), for his enthusiasm guidance and inspiration throughout the implementation of the thesis Moreover, I would like to express my great appreciation to Prof Dr Kazuo Umemura, working for Department of Physics, Faculty of Science Division II, Tokyo University of Science, who gives me a lot of valuable suggestions and teaches me with the necessary knowledge about the science I would like to thank the respectful professors, lecturers, researchers, and staff in Master program in Nanotechnology, Vietnam Japan University, who help me accomplish this thesis I take this chance to acknowledge the support provided by Assoc Prof Dr Do Danh Bich, Dr Nguyen Duc Cuong, Dr Nguyen Viet Hoai, and Mr Vu Tien Dung The advice given by them has been a great help in my research Finally, I especially wish to thank my mom, my dad, and friends, who are always by my side, have supported and encouraged me throughout my life My life will be incomplete without them Nguyen Minh Tuan Hanoi, 2020 i TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS i LIST OF TABLES iii LIST OF FIGURES iv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS vi ABSTRACT .1 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION OF SOLAR STEAM GENERATION 1.1 The importance of converting seawater into freshwater 1.2 Desalinating seawater 1.3 Solar steam generation (SSG) 1.3.1 Types of photothermal materials .4 1.3.2 Solar steam generation devices design 1.4 Purpose of thesis CHAPTER 2: EXPERIMENTS 11 2.1 Fabrication of photothermal materials 11 2.1.1 Chemicals 11 2.1.2 Preparation of natural porous materials 11 2.2 Characterization of photothermal materials 13 2.3 Solar steam generation systems 14 2.3.1 Construction of SSG systems 14 2.3.2 Evaluate the water evaporation ability of SSG system 15 2.3.3 Evaluate the desalination ability of the system .16 CHAPTER 3: RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 18 3.1 The surface morphologies of photothermal materials 18 3.2 Analyzing surface structure of photothermal materials 21 3.2.1 FT-IR spectra and EDS analysis .21 3.2.2 Iron-tannic acid complexes .23 3.3 The photothermal materials 25 3.3.1 Absorption properties 25 3.3.2 Evaluation of light to heat conversion 27 3.3.3 Evaluation of water transport 31 3.4 Performance of SSG devices 33 3.4.1 SSG devices under solar simulator 33 3.4.2 SSG devices under natural sun 35 3.4.3 The photothermal materials stability .36 3.4.4 Quality of freshwater collected from SSG systems 37 CONCLUSION 42 REFERENCES 43 APPENDIX 48 ii LIST OF TABLES Pages Table 3.1 Composition of the pristine pomelo, pomelo-TA, pomelo-TA-Fe .23 Table 3.2 The comparison of evaporation rate for each material .41 Table S1 Composition of pristine crape myrtle wood, wood-TA, wood-TA-Fe3+ 49 Table S2 Composition of pristine corn stover, corn-TA, corn-TA-Fe3+ 49 Table S3 Composition of pristine fingered citron, fingered citron-TA, fingered citron-TA-Fe3+ 50 3+ iii LIST OF FIGURES Pages Figure 1.1 Distribution of Earth’s water Figure 1.2 The photothermal material combined AuNPs and graphene oxide Figure 1.3 Simulation of Tungsten oxides Figure 1.4 Schematic of AuNps – Airlaid Paper and carbonized Airlaid Paper .6 Figure 1.5 Configuration of double-layer photothermal materials including polyacrylonitrile and carbon black NPs coating PMMA Figure 2.1 Fabrication of (a) solar steam generation system and (b) photothermal materials 12 Figure 2.2 Some instruments used in this research (a) JSM-IT100 InTouchScopeTM Scanning Electron Microscope (b) Oriel® Sol1ATM Solar Simulators (c) FLIR C2 camera (d) Jasco V-730 UV-VIS Spectrophotometer (e) Drying oven Venticell LSIS-B2V/VC55, MMM Group 14 Figure 2.3 The structure of steam generation part of an SSG system 15 Figure 2.4 Evaluate the steam evaporation index of SSG systems in the laboratory 16 Figure 2.5 The experiment of collecting freshwater from seawater of SSG devices .16 Figure 3.1 SEM images of natural porous materials (a-c) pristine pomelo peel, (df) pristine crape myrtle wood, (g-i) pristine corn stover, (i-l) pristine buddha’s hand .19 Figure 3.2 Images of natural porous materials at each step of functionalization: (ad) natural samples, (e-h) pristine pieces, (i-l) materials modified by TA, (m-p) materials modified by TA and followed by Fe3+ From a to d, the materials are corn stover, crape myrtle wood, pomelo peel, and buddha’s hand, respectively 20 Figure 3.3 SEM images of functionalized materials (a, b) Pomelo-TA-Fe3+, (c, d) Wood-TA-Fe3+, (e, f) Corn-TA-Fe3+, (g, h) Fingered citron-TA-Fe3+ 21 Figure 3.4 FTIR spectra of the pristine pomelo, pomelo-TA, pomelo-TA-Fe3+ 23 Figure 3.5 Schematic representation of the background cellulose of natural porous materials with hydrogen bonded tannic acid 24 Figure 3.6 The possible complexation mechanism of TA with Fe3+ 25 Figure 3.7 Absorption of different chemically modified materials 26 Figure 3.8 Absorption of functionalized materials in the UV-Vis-IR region 27 Figure 3.9 The surface temperature rise of pristine materials and the resultant functionalized materials relative to heating time under sun illumination 28 Figure 3.10 The surface temperature rise of functionalized porous materials relative to heating time under sun illumination .29 Figure 3.11 IR images of chemically modified materials within 10 minutes under sun illumination (a) Pomelo-TA-Fe3+, (b) Wood-TA-Fe3+, (c) Corn-TA-Fe3+ and (d) Fingered citron-TA-Fe3+ 30 Figure 3.12 Water capacity ability of chemically modified materials .32 Figure 3.13 The temperature of functionalized materials under sun illumination relative to irradiation time 33 Figure 3.14 Vapor generation ability of various functionalized materials under sun .34 Figure 3.15 Vapor generation of functionalized material at difference moments .35 iv Figure 3.16 Images of materials before and after vibrating in ultra-sonic machine (a – d) pomelo-TA-Fe3+, fingered citron-TA-Fe3+, corn-TA-Fe3+, wood-TA-Fe3+, respectively (e – h) pomelo-TA-Fe3+, fingered citron-TA-Fe3+, corn-TA-Fe3+, woodTA-Fe3+, respectively 36 Figure 3.17 Concentrations of primary ions in an actual seawater sample before and after desalination Anions (top) and Cations (bottom) 38 Figure 3.18 The freshwater from SSG system of each day (7 hours/day) 39 Figure S1 FTIR spectra of pristine and functionalized corn stover 48 Figure S2 FTIR spectra of pristine and functionalized wood 48 Figure S3 FTIR spectra of pristine and functionalized fingered citron .49 Figure S4 Vapor generation ability of pristine and functionalized materials under sun illumination 50 v LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Abbreviation Description AuNPs CDD CDWA CS CuNPs DI EDS FTIR GO LSPR MTES MWCNTs NPs RO SEM SSG TiO2-NTs UV-Vis-NIR ZVI Gold nanoparticles Capillary driven desalination Capillary driven water ascension Carbon sponge Copper nanoparticles Deionized Energy Disperse X-Ray Spectroscopy Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy Graphene oxides Localized surface plasmon resonance Minimum thermodynamic energy of separation Multiwalled carbon nanotubes Nanoparticles Reverse Osmosis Scanning Electron Microscope Solar steam generation Titanium dioxide nanotubes Ultraviolet-Visible-Near Infrarred Zerovalent iron vi ABSTRACT Clean freshwater plays an essential role in human life and social development, which relates closely to many aspects such as potable water, food-producing, environment protection, ecological equilibrium, and so on As we known that 70% of Earth’s surface is covered by water, but only about 1.7% of that is freshwater being suitable for consumption Water scarcity has been considered as one of the most serious risks in the world, which is originated from the unequal distribution of water over time and place on Earth Besides that waste, pollution, and unsustainable consumption are also known as causes from human activities leading to water scarcity Developing nanostructured materials-based methods for converting saltwater into freshwater has attracted the broad attention of the scientist, which is a potential approach to contribute to reducing consequences of water scarcity Thermal distillation method makes steam from salt water sources, and the condensation then generates the liquid phase of freshwater However, this method requires a large amount of energy Using renewable energy for thermal distillation is an effective solution instead of consuming traditional resources such as coal or fossil fuels Solar steam generation (SSG) system has been studied to exploit solar energy for producing freshwater In this system, photothermal materials are considered as a key component, which acts to achieve a high yield for convert sunlight energy into thermal In addition, the photothermal material should possess the porous morphology that facilitates efficient water transport through capillarity, and enhances the speed of water evaporation Natural porous substances, such as pomelo, wood, corn stover, buddha’s hand fruit, reveal natural capillary infiltration due to the high density of porous media The application of natural substances for photothermal materials in SSG not only reduces the material preparation steps, but also offers an environmentally-friendly solution in material technology This thesis with the title “Fabrication of photothermal nature-inspired materials application on highly solar steam generation” reports a relatively sufficient work for the development of the solar steam generation system based on natural porous materials For preparation of photothermal materials, natural porous sheets were functionalized chemically using the iron-tannic complex This complex has an important role in enhancing solar absorptivity due to its strong absorption bands from the ultraviolet to near-infrared regions The effect of experimental conditions such as various natural porous substances, concentration of chemically precursors, and time for chemical functionalization, was investigated to prepare optimally photothermal materials The capability of the prepared materials to convert sunlight to heat was evaluated using photo-thermal imaging Setup of solar steam generation systems was conducted and applied with salt water to measure water evaporation rate under illumination of a solar simulator Subsequently, real tests were carried out by exposure to sunlight Furthermore, the quality of freshwater obtained from the SSG systems was determined that aims to evaluate the capability of potable water As can be seen, there has no change about the shape and color of these materials The color of functionalized materials remained unchanged after the ultrasonic vibration process In addition, after the first day of desalination process, the materials had no sign of change and it performed well in the following days (shown in Figure 3.18 below) This indicates that the functionalized materials possess a high stability and they are suitable for practical application 3.4.4 Quality of freshwater collected from SSG systems The photothermal materials which are pomelo peel, crape myrtle wood, corn stover, and fingered citron exhibits an impressive performance of desalination seawater To evaluate the desalination ability of the SSG system, the concentration of ions of a seawater sample before and after desalination, was analyzed The seawater sample was taken from Quynh Phuong beach, Hoang Mai, Nghe An province The ion concentrations were analyzed by SW-846 Test Method 6010D by using Skalar ++ CP-OES The results are presented in Figure 3.17 37 Figure 3.17 Concentrations of primary ions in an actual seawater sample before and after desalination Anions (top) and Cations (bottom) The concentrations of the primary cations (Na+, Mg2+, K+, Ca2+) and anions (Cl-, SO42, NO3-) are significantly reduced by several orders of magnitude The ions concentration in the seawater is much higher than the concentration of ions in freshwater, this means the desalination process of SSG system was particularly good When judged with the standard of drinking water, these ions concentrations are much 38 smaller than the allowed maximum value Therefore, the collected freshwater could be regarded as clean and safe water In practice, the collection freshwater ability of SSG system is determined under the real conditions (power ≈ 0.7 kW.m-2) with 100 cm2 of area The SSG system is used in hours per day (from 9:00 to 16:00) during five days and plot a graph as shown in Figure 3.18 Figure 3.18 The freshwater from SSG system of each day (7 hours/day) Figure 3.18 exhibits the volume of collected freshwater from SSG system after exposure hours under natural sun The volume of freshwater is in the range of – liter/m2/day If our SSG system is optimized, the collected freshwater could be up to 10 – 15 liter/m2/day This meets a part of water consumption that a person needs per day 39 Material Evaporation rate Power (kg.m-2.h-1) density Limitation (sun) CuNPs 2.3256 Low efficiency Black Ag 1.38 Expensive WO2.9 1.28 Cumbersome MoOxHNS 1.255 Complex 81 10 High power RGO/PU foam density RGO + MWCNTs 1.31 No cheap Carbon sponge 1.39 / Carbonized foams 1.27 High temperature Carbonized membrane 4.45 Energy consumption Carbonized woods 12.2 10 High power density Carbonized mushrooms 1.475 Energy consumption Carbonized daikon 1.57 Energy consumption Carbonized seedpods 1.30 Energy consumption Carbonized kelps 1.351 Energy consumption Chemically modified 1.5 1.6 pomelo peel Chemically modified corn stover 40 Chemically modified 1.7 1.75 crape myrtle wood Chemically modified fingered citron Table 3.2 The comparison of evaporation rate for each material Table 3.2 illustrates the evaporation rate of various materials under different power density [25] As can be seen, the materials published by various experimental methods, have the water evaporation capacity between – 1.5 kg.m-2.h-1 These methods still exist some demerits, such as high cost, cumbersome, low efficiency, energy consumption, etc Therefore, our photothermal materials could be a great step in developing the SSG systems because of their good evaporation rate and their advantages like cheap, fabrication at large quantities, and less energy consumption 41 CONCLUSION The SSG system using chemically modified materials corresponding pomelo peel, corn stover, crape myrtle wood, and fingered citron as the photothermal materials is constructed and evaluated for the specific characteristics All the functionalized materials have absorbance above 95 % in the region of ultraviolet and visible Under sun illumination, the temperature of materials is in the range from 53 – 76˚C, corresponding with crape myrtle wood, corn stover, fingered citron, and pomelo peel The water evaporation of the SSG system is in the range from 1.5 to 1.75 kg.m-2.h-1 under kW.m2 of power density The collected water from the SSG system meets the WHO standard of drinking water and other prestigious organization in the world In summary, our group has successfully fabricated the new photothermal materials by chemical method with low-cost fabrication With this method, the photothermal materials have a great potential for producing in large numbers In the 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