Chapter Financial Statements LEARNING OBJECTIVES (Slide 2-2) Explain the foundations of the balance sheet and income statement Use the cash flow identity to explain cash flow Provide some context for financial reporting Recognize and view Internet sites that provide financial information IN A NUTSHELL… Although many business students find accounting to be rather boring and dry as a subject, it is important to remind them that accounting is the official “language” of finance It provides managers and business owners vital information via financial statements, which can be used to assess the current health of the business, figure out where it has been, how it is doing, and chalk up a planned route for its future performance In this chapter, we review the basic financial statements i.e the income statement, the balance sheet, and the cash flow statement However, unlike a formal course in Accounting, which trains students to actually prepare financial statements, the material in this chapter mainly helps students read financial statements and understand how they are linked together in calculating the cash flow of a company Publicly traded companies are required by law to file quarterly (10-Q), and annual (10K), reports with the Securities Exchange Commission (SEC) Privately-held firms compile financial statements so as to keep track of their performance, file taxes, and provide information to t he owners Thus, a knowledge of the the relationship between the three primary financial statements, i.e The Income Statement, The Balance Sheet, and The Statement of Cash Flows, is essential for business students to assess the condition of the firms that they are associated with, and can help them immensely in planning and forecasting for future growth The value of a firm depends on the present value of its future cash flows Thus, it is imperative that students learn how to estimate the cash flows of a firm Accounting income that is reported in financial statements is typically not the same as the cash flow of a firm, since most firms use accrual accounting principles for recording revenues and expenditures Under accrual accounting, firms may recognize revenues at the time of sale, even if cash is received at a later date Similarly, the expenses recorded over a period may not be the same as the actual payments made, since firms are billed in units of calendar time, i.e monthly or quarterly, while the actual usage and payment may follow a different pattern As a result, accounting statements not accurately reflect the actual cash inflows and outflows that have occurred over a period of time The cash balance shown on the balance sheet is a true reflection of the cash available to a firm and the 15 © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc Chapter Financial Statements 16 change in cash balance points out the net result of the cash receipts and payments that have occurred Thus, by preparing a Statement of Cash Flows, a manager can track the sources and uses of cash from the operations, investment, and financing activities of the firm and understand what has caused the cash balance to change from the prior period It is important to stress the point that although almost all financial information for publicly traded firms is available on the internet at various websites like EDGAR.com, sec.gov, yahoo.com, etc., not all of the information is formatted in the same way Sometimes it is necessary to dig through the financial statements to get the information necessary to examine the performance of a firm LECTURE OUTLINE (Slide 2-3) 2.1 Financial Statements The focus of the discussion in this section should be on the inter-relationship between the financial statements, i.e The Income Statement, The Balance Sheet, The Statement of Retained Earnings, The Statement of Cash Flow, and on the process by which these statements can be used to project a firm’s future cash flows, which in turn are essential for accepting or rejecting projects Students as well as some instructors tend to be a bit rusty on their grasp of double-entry book-keeping, so a discussion of some ledger entries regarding cash and credit purchases/sales and how they are all tied into the basic accounting identity can be very helpful and is therefore included in an Appendix at the end of the Lecture Outline 2.1 (A) The Balance Sheet: lists a firm’s current and fixed assets, as well as the liabilities, and owner’s equity accounts that were used to finance those assets Thus, the total assets figure has to equal the sum of total liabilities and owner’s equity of a firm J.F & Sons’ Balance sheet for the recent two years is shown below along with the annual changes in each account item (Slides 2-4 to 2-6) J.F & Sons’ Balance Sheet as at the end of This Year and Last Year Assets This Year Last Year Change Cash 318,000 1,000,000 –682,000 Accounts Receivable 180,000 180,000 50,000 50,000 Inventory Total Current Assets 548,000 1,000,000 452,000 Gross Plant and Equipment 200,000 200,000 Land and Buildings 400,000 400,000 25,000 25,000 Truck © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc 17 Brooks Financial Management: Core Concepts, 3e Less accumulated Dep Net Fixed Assets -125,000 125,000 500,000 500,000 TOTAL ASSETS 1,048,000 1,000,000 48,000 100,000 Liabilities & Owner’s Equity Accounts payable 100,000 Accruals Deferrals Total Current Liabilities 100,000 Bank Debt 500,000 500,000 Capital 500,000 500,000 Retained Earnings -52,000 Owner’s Equity 448,000 100,000 –52,000 500,000 –52,000 TOTAL LIABILITIES & OWNER’S EQUITY 1,048,000 1,000,000 48,000 The Balance Sheet has five sections: Cash account, which shows a decline of $682,000 An analysis of the Statement of Cash Flows will help determine why Working capital accounts, which show the current assets and current liabilities that directly, support the operations of the firm The difference between current assets (CA) and current liabilities (CL) is a measure of the net working capital (NWC) or absolute liquidity of a firm For J.F & Sons; This Year’s NWC = $548,000 - $100,000 = $448,000 Last Year’s NWC = $1,000,000 - $0 = $ 1,000,000 indicating that the firm’s absolute liquidity, although positive in both years, has dropped by $552,000 this year Long-term capital assets accounts - which show the gross and net book values of the long-term assets that the firm has invested into since its inception The © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc Chapter Financial Statements 18 accumulated depreciation figure shows how much of the original value of the assets has already been expensed as depreciation Long-term liabilities (debt) accounts - which include all the outstanding loans that the firm has taken on for periods greater than one year As part of the loan is paid off this balance will decline For J.F & Sons it is assumed that the loan will be paid off after 10 years Ownership Accounts - include the capital contributed by the owners (common stock account) and the retained earnings of the firm since its inception The sum of both these components is known as owners’ equity or stockholders’ equity on the balance sheet The year-end retained earnings figure is determined by adding net income for the year to the beginning retained earnings figure and subtracting dividends paid during the year (if any) Note: It is important to stress the point to students that the retained earnings figure is an accumulated total of the undistributed earnings of a company since its inception and that it is not cash available for future expenses or investment, since it has already been used in the business 2.1 (B) The Income Statement: shows the expenses and income generated by a firm over a past period, typically over a quarter or a year It can be thought of as a video recording of expenses and revenues Revenues are listed first, followed by cost of goods sold, depreciation, and other operating expenses to calculate Earnings before Interest and Taxes (EBIT) or operating income From EBIT, we deduct interest expenses to get taxable income or earnings before taxes (EBT), and finally after applying the appropriate tax rate, we deduct taxes and arrive at net income or Earnings after Taxes (EAT) (Slides 2-7 to 2-9) J F & Sons’ Annual Income Statement Revenues 300,000 Cost of Goods Sold 150,000 Wages 20,000 Utilities 5,000 Other Expenses 2,000 Earnings Before Depreciation, Interest, Taxes less Depreciation 123,000 125,000 –2,000 Earnings Before Interest & Taxes less Interest 50,000 Earnings Before Taxes Taxes –52,000 –52,000 Net Income (Loss) © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc 19 Brooks Financial Management: Core Concepts, 3e J.F & Sons had earned an operating income of -$2,000 during their first year and after accounting for interest they would show a loss of $52,000, thus no taxes would be paid Now, the net loss of $52,000 is not the same as their change in cash balance (-682,000) because of three reasons: accrual accounting, non-cash expense items, and interest being treated as a financing rather than an operating expense item Issue 1: Generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) Based on GAAP, firms typically recognize revenues at the time of sale, even if cash is not received in the same accounting period Similarly, firms are billed for expenses that may correspond to a later period This is known as accrual-based accounting Thus, the yearly net income figure could be different from the change in cash balance that has occurred during that year As shown below, the cash account shows that the cash balance would have declined from $1,000,000 to $318,000 or a net decline of $682,000, while the net income figure shows a loss of only $52,000 Issue 2: Non-cash expense items Some expenses shown on the income statement e.g depreciation of $125,000, are actually annual charges (20%) being shown based on the initial year expense of $625,000 for acquiring the truck, the plant and equipment, and the land and buildings J.F & Sons’ Cash Account details for the year ended December 31, 20XX Debit Credit Owner's Capital 500,000 Plant & Equipment 200,000 Bank Loan 500,000 Land & Bldg 400,000 Revenues 120,000 Inventory 100,000 Truck 25,000 Wages 20,000 Utilities 5,000 Other Expenses 2,000 Interest Expense 50,000 Ending Balance 318,000 Issue 3: Classifying interest expense as part of the financing decision In finance, there is a preference to separate operating decisions (investment-related) from financing decisions Thus, interest expense is not deducted as part of operating cash flow Thus, we can calculate J.F & Sons’ operating cash flow (OCF) by adding back depreciation and interest expense to its net income, i.e Operating Cash Flow = Net Income + Depreciation + Interest $123,000 = $-52,000 + $125,000 + 50,000 or by using an alternative method, i.e © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc Chapter Financial Statements 20 Operating Cash Flow (OCF) = EBIT + Depreciation – Taxes $123,000 = $-2000 + $125,000 - Thus, although the firm is showing a negative net income (loss) of -$52,000 its cash flow from operations of $123,000 is positive and considerably higher 2.1 (C) The Statement of Retained Earnings: is considered to be the 4th financial statement that firms prepare and report It shows how the net income for the past period was allocated between dividends (if any) and retained earnings For J.F & Sons, the net loss of $52,000 for the year has resulted in negative retained earnings, since this is their first year of operation, and has caused a reduction in the owner’s equity from $500,000 to $448,000 (Slide 2-10) J F & Sons’ Statement of Retained Earnings Beginning balance 500,000 Add net income (Loss) (52,000) Subtract dividends Ending balance 448,000 2.2 Cash Flow Identity and the Statement of Cash Flows (Slides 2-11 to 2-20) The cash flow identity states that the cash flow from the left hand side of the balance sheet is equal to the cash flow on the right hand side of the balance sheet That is, Cash Flow from Assets ≡ Cash Flow to Creditors and Cash Flow to Owners Where; Cash Flow from Assets = Operating Cash Flow – Net Capital Spending Change in Net Working Capital, Operating Cash Flow = EBIT + Depreciation – Taxes or alternatively Operating Cash Flow = Net Income + Depreciation + Interest Expense; Net Capital Spending = Ending Net Fixed Assets - Beginning Net Fixed Assets + Depreciation Change in Net Working Capital = Ending NWC – Beginning NWC Net Working Capital = Current Assets – Current Liabilities Cash Flow to Creditors = Interest Expense – Net New Borrowing from Creditors Net New Borrowing = Ending Long-term Liabilities – Beginning Long-term Liabilities Cash Flow to Owners = Dividends – Net New Borrowing from Owners Net New Borrowing from Owners = Change in Equity © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc 21 Brooks Financial Management: Core Concepts, 3e Change in Equity = Ending Common Stock and Paid-in-Surplus Beginning Common Stock and Paid-in-Surplus For J.F & Sons, Operating Cash Flow = -$2000+$125,000-0 = $123,000 Net Capital Spending = $500,000 - + $125,000 = $625,000 Change in Net Working Capital = $448,000 - $1,000,000 = -552,000 So, Cash Flow from Assets = 123,000 - 625,000 - (-552,000) = 675,000 - 625,000 = $50,000 Cash Flow to Creditors = $50,000 - $0 (since the loan amount was neither increased nor decreased) Cash Flow to Owners = (since no shares were issued or repurchased nor were any dividends paid) Hence, the cash flow identity holds, i.e., Cash Flow from Assets = $50,000 = Cash Flow to Creditors and Owners The Statement of Cash Flows, or the Sources and Uses of Cash Statement, as it is often called, is compiled by taking information from the Income Statement and the Balance Sheet and organizing it into three sections, i.e cash flow from operating activities, cash flow from investment activities, and cash flow from financing activities, so as to reflect the change in the ending cash balance of the firm during that reporting period i.e., quarter or year So the three sections of the cash flow identity explained above are related to the three sections of the statement of cash flows in the following manner: Cash flow from Assets = Cash flow to Creditors + Cash flow to Owners Cash flow from Cash flow from Cash flow from operating activities investment activities financing activities Note: Remind students that based on the accounting identity and double-entry accounting principles explained earlier, an increase in an asset (except cash) would result in a use of cash, while a decrease (sale) of an asset would result in a source of cash Similarly, an increase in a liability or owners’ equity would bring in cash while a decrease would take away cash J F & Sons’ Statement of Cash Flow Operating Cash Flow –2,000 EBIT Depreciation 125,000 Increase in Inventory (Use) –50,000 © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc Chapter Financial Statements Increase in Accounts Receivable (Use) –180,000 Increase in Accounts payable (Source) 100,000 22 –7,000 Cash Flow from Operating Activities Investment Cash Flow Invested in Plant & Equipment (Use) –200,000 Invested in a Truck (Use) –25,000 Land & Buildings (Use) –400,000 –625,000 Cash Flow from Investment Activities Financing Cash Flow –50,000 Interest Paid Cash flow from financing activities –50,000 Net Sources (Uses) or Change in Cash Account – 682,000 Beginning Cash Balance 1,000,000 Net Cash Flow during current year –682,000 Ending Cash Balance 318,000 Cash flow from operating activities - would include the firm’s operating cash flow calculated as follows: Operating Cash Flow (OCF) = EBIT + Depreciation – Taxes as well as the changes in the current assets (except cash) and current liabilities of the firm for that reporting period For J.F & Sons during the past year, cash flow from operations was -$7,000, indicating that the firm had to dip into it its cash account to fund its operations for the year Cash flow from investing activities - includes the cash used/generated in purchasing/disposing fixed assets and other investments For J.F & Sons, given that this © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc 23 Brooks Financial Management: Core Concepts, 3e has been its first year of operations, a fairly large use of cash ($625,000) has resulted from the purchase of its plant, equipment, land, buildings, and a delivery truck Note: Since we have already added back depreciation for the year ($125,000) as part of the sources of funds from operations, we account for the change in gross value of the assets (–$625,000) in this section Sometimes, the Balance Sheet shows only net fixed assets and accumulated depreciation figures In such a case we would add together the change in value in each of the items to represent the change in gross fixed assets Cash flow from financing activities- includes the payment of interest, dividends, reduction of the principal balance on debt, repurchase of stock, floating of new issues of stock and/or bonds and increase/decrease in treasury stock For J.F & Sons, this past year, the only cash flow from financing in the payment of interest of $50,000 on its outstanding loan Free Cash Flow: is another term used in conjunction with the cash flow from assets of a firm It refers to the cash available to pay the creditors and owners once the firm has made the investments in working capital and capital assets necessary for continuing and growing the business The timing and amount of free cash flow generated by a firm is critical to its valuation 2.3 Financial Performance Reporting (Slide 2-21) Publicly traded companies provide current and potential shareholders financial performance information, company highlights, and management perspectives by compiling annual reports In addition, they are required to file quarterly (10-Q) and annual (10-K) reports with the SEC Regulation Fair Disclosure (Reg FD): requires companies to release all material information (which would include financial statements)to all investors at the same time so that no single investor or group of investors has privileged access to the information and is able to profit from it at the expense of others Notes to the Financial Statements are included to provide details and clarifications regarding the various items and methods use to report a firm’s financial performance Unusual items such as sudden increases in debt, losses, or financial impact from lawsuits are clarified in the Notes section 2.4 Financial Statements on the Internet (Slide 2-22) EDGAR (Electronic Data Gathering Analysis and Retrieval) is the SEC’s website (www.sec.gov/edgar.shtml) for obtaining financial reports and filings of all publicly listed companies, free of charge The internet is replete with other sites such as finance.yahoo.com, etc that offer similar financial statement data for publicly listed companies It is important to note that often times the formatting and grouping of the data can be different and some adjustments would have to be made so as to standardize the data © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc Chapter Financial Statements Appendix A Review of Double Entry Book-Keeping The basic rules of double entry book-keeping are as follows: Debit what comes in; credit what goes out Debit an expenditure item; credit a revenue item Debit an asset; credit a liability Thus, let’s say a firm purchased $300 worth of finished goods inventory on credit on January 2nd, paid for it on February 2nd, sold it on credit for $350 on February 15th, and received payment on April 14th The ledger entries would be as follows: Date Jan Debit Inventory (Asset) Credit $300 Accounts Payable (Liability) $300 (Recording of inventory purchased on credit) Feb Accounts Payable $300 Cash (since cash goes out) $300 (Recording of payment for inventory purchased) Feb 15 Accounts Receivable (Asset) $350 Credit sales (Revenues) $350 (Recording of credit sale) April 14th Cash (Asset) $350 Accounts Receivable $350 (Recording of receipt of payment for credit sale) A Comprehensive Example to show how the statements are prepared from the ledger entries Let’s say that J.F & Sons decide to start a business by contributing $500,000 of their own money and borrowing $500,000 from a bank (10-year note) at the rate of 10%, per year It is the last week in December During the first quarter of the following year, they complete the following transactions: Amount Transaction 200,000 Bought Equipment 400,000 Bought Land & Bldg 100,000 Paid Cash for Raw Materials © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc 24 33 Brooks Financial Management: Core Concepts, 3e administrative costs of $40,000,000, depreciation expense of $65,000,000, and a tax rate of 40% ANSWER Using income statement format we have, Sales COGS SG&A Depreciation EBIT Taxes (@ 40%) Net Income $300,000,000 $140,000,000 $ 40,000,000 $ 65,000,000 $ 55,000,000 $ 22,000,000 $ 33,000,000 Operating Cash Flow = EBIT + Depreciation – Taxes Operating Cash Flow = $55,000,000 + $65,000,000 - $22,000,000 = $98,000,000 Find the operating cash flow for the year for Robinson and Sons if they had sales revenue of $80,000,000, cost of goods sold of $35,000,000, sales and administrative costs of $6,400,000, depreciation expense of $7,600,000, and a tax rate of 30% ANSWER Using income statement format we have, Sales COGS SG&A Depreciation EBIT Taxes (@ 30%) Net Income $80,000,000 $35,000,000 $ 6,400,000 $ 7,600,000 $31,000,000 $ 9,300,000 $21,700,000 Operating Cash Flow = EBIT + Depreciation – Taxes Operating Cash Flow = $31,000,000 + $7,600,000 - $9,300,000 = $29,300,000 © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc Chapter Financial Statements For problems through 14 use the data from the following financial statements: Partial Income Statement Year Ending 2014 Sales Revenue $350,000 COGS $140,000 Fixed Costs $ 43,000 SG&A Expenses $ 28,000 Depreciation $ 46,000 Partial Balance Sheet 12/31/2013 Assets: Cash $ 16,000 Accounts Rec $ 28,000 Inventories $ 48,000 Fixed Assets $368,000 Acc Depreciation $142,000 Intangible Assets $ 82,000 Liabilities: Notes Payable $ 14,000 Accounts Payable $ 19,000 Long-Term Debt $190,000 Owners’ Equity: Retained Earnings $ ??????? Common Stock $130,000 Partial Balance Sheet 12/31/2014 Assets: Cash $ 26,000 Accounts Rec $ 19,000 Inventories $ 53,000 Fixed Assets $448,000 Acc Depreciation $ ??????? Intangible Assets $ 82,000 Liabilities: Notes Payable $ 12,000 Accounts Payable $ 24,000 Long-Term Debt $162,000 Owners’ Equity: Retained Earnings $ ?????? Common Stock $180,000 Complete the partial income statement if the company paid interest expense of $18,000 for 2014 and had an overall tax rate of 40% for 2014 ANSWER Income Statement for the Year Ending 12/31/2014 Sales Revenue $350,000 COGS $140,000 Fixed Costs $ 43,000 SG&A Expenses $ 28,000 Depreciation $ 46,000 EBIT $ 93,000 Interest Expense $ 18,000 Taxable Income $ 75,000 Taxes @ 40% $ 30,000 Net Income $ 45,000 © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc 34 35 Brooks Financial Management: Core Concepts, 3e Complete the balance sheet (Hint, find accumulated depreciation for 2014 first) ANSWER To complete the balance sheet for 2013 add up all the asset accounts and subtract off the accumulated depreciation (contra asset account) for a total of $400,000 Now balance the balance sheet by determining the total liabilities and owner’s equity accounts ($353,000) and filling in the difference between this total and Total Assets as the balance in Retained Earnings, i.e $47,000 Balance Sheet 12/31/2013 Assets: Cash $ 16,000 Accounts Rec $ 28,000 Inventories $ 48,000 Fixed Assets $368,000 Acc Depreciation $142,000 Intangible Assets $ 82,000 Total Assets $400,000 Liabilities: Notes Payable $ 14,000 Accounts Payable $ 19,000 Long-Term Debt $190,000 Owner’s Equity Retained Earnings $ 47,000 Common Stock $130,000 Total Liab & OE $400,000 Do the same for the year 2014 but now we must first find accumulated depreciation total The prior year was $142,000 and the current year’s depreciation from the income statement is $46,000 so the accumulated depreciation for 2014 is $188,000 Now balance the balance sheet by finding the Retained Earnings that makes the total liabilities and the owner’s equity equal $440,000 Balance Sheet 12/31/2014 Assets: Cash $ 26,000 Accounts Rec $ 19,000 Inventories $ 53,000 Fixed Assets $448,000 Acc Depreciation $188,000 Intangible Assets $ 82,000 Total Assets $440,000 Liabilities: Notes Payable Accounts Payable Long-Term Debt Owner’s Equity Retained Earnings Common Stock Total Liab & O.E © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc $ 12,000 $ 24,000 $162,000 $ 62,000 $180,000 $440,000 Chapter Financial Statements 36 Complete the statement of retained earnings for 2014 and determine the dividends paid last year ANSWER Retained Earnings increases by Net Income minus dividends paid and we have an increase of $15,000 for retained earnings ($62,000 - $47,000) Net Income is $45,000 so if $15,000 went to Retained Earnings then the rest, $30,000 was paid out in dividends Statement of Retained Earnings for 2014 Beginning Balance Add Net Income Minus Dividends Ending Balance $47,000 $45,000 $30,000 $62,000 10 What are the net fixed assets for the years 2013 and 2014? ANSWER Net Fixed Assets = Fixed assets minus accumulated depreciation For 2013, Net Fixed Assets = $368,000 - $142,000 = $226,000 For 2014, First find the new accumulated depreciation for 2014 which is the accumulated depreciation balance in 2013 plus the depreciation expense for 2014: Accumulated Depreciation 2014 = $142,000 + $46,000 = $188,000 Net Fixed Assets = $448,000 - $188,000 = $260,000 11 Find the cash flow from assets for 2014 and break it down into its three parts: operating cash flow, capital spending, and change in net working capital ANSWER Find the three parts that make up Cash Flow from Assets, i.e Operating Cash Flow, Change in Net Working Capital and Capital Spending Operating Cash Flow is EBIT – Taxes + Depreciation so, OCF = $93,000 - $30,000 + $46,000 = $109,000 Change in Net Working Capital is 2014 NWC – 2013 NWC Net Working Capital is Current Assets minus Current Liabilities 2013 NWC = $16,000 + $28,000 + $48,000 - $14,000 - $19,000 = $59,000 2014 NWC = $26,000 + $19,000 + $53,000 - $12,000 - $24,000 = $62,000 © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc 37 Brooks Financial Management: Core Concepts, 3e Change in NWC = $62,000 - $59,000 = $3,000 Capital spending for 2014 is the Change in Net Fixed Assets (Fixed Assets minus Depreciation) plus 2014 Depreciation Expense Note there is no change in Intangible Assets so we need only Fixed Assets and Accumulated Depreciation Capital Spending = ($448,000 - $188,000) – ($368,000 - $142,000) + $46,000 =$80,000 And Cash Flow from Assets is: CF from Assets = OCF - Increase in NWC - Increase in Capital Spending CF from Assets = $109,000 - $3,000 - $80,000 = $26,000 12 Find the cash flow to creditors for 2014 by parts and total, with the parts being interest income paid and increases in borrowing ANSWER First the Interest Paid to Creditors comes from the income statement and is $18,000 for the year Second, the change in Long-Term Debt reflects an increase or decrease in cash flows to creditors Here we have a decrease from 2013 to 2014 reflecting a reduction or retirement of debt, a cash flow to creditors: Decrease in Long-Term Debt 2014 = $190,000 – $162,000 = $28,000 Cash Flow to Creditors for 2014 = $18,000 + $28,000 = $46,000 13 Find the cash flow to owners for 2014 by parts and total, with the parts being dividends paid and increase in borrowing ANSWER Dividends Paid for 2014 were $30,000 and the Common Stock account changed from $130,000 in 2013 to $180,000 in 2014 for an increase of $50,000 so we have the following Cash Flow to Owners: 2014 CF to Owners = $30,000 - $50,000 = -$20,000 14 Verify the cash flow identity: cash flow from assets = cash flow to creditors + cash flow to owners ANSWER $26,000 ≡ $46,000 - $20,000 © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc Chapter Financial Statements 38 For problems 15 through 17, obtain the balance sheet, income statement, and statement of cash flow for PepsiCo (ticker symbol PEP) for the most recent year from Yahoo! Finance and answer the following questions 15 Provide the following amounts for PepsiCo: a b c d e f net income depreciation (see cash flow statement) cash flow from operating activities cash flow from investing activities cash flow from financing activities change in cash and equivalents ANSWER: All value in (‘000s) a b c d e f Net Income for 2013 is $6,740, 000 Depreciation Expense for 2013 is $2,663,000 Cash Flow From Operating Activities is (source) $9,688,000 Cash Flow From Investing Activities is (use) - $2,625,000 Cash Flow From Financing Activities is (use) - $3,789,000 Change in Cash and Equivalents for 2013 is an increase of $3,078,000 16 For PepsiCo for the most recent year explain the difference between net income and the change in cash and equivalents In other words, why is the profit or loss of PepsiCo different from the change in their cash and equivalents account? ANSWER: Pepsi generated $9.688 billion from operating activities It had a cash outflow of $3.789 billion from financing activities (due to dividends being paid and repurchase of common stock) for the year and spent $2.625 billion investing in new assets Thus, after adjusting for exchange rate losses of $196 million, it ended up with a net increase in cash of $3.078 billion i.e Cash Flow From Operating Activities – Cash Flow From Financing Activities – Cash Flow from Investment Activities – Adjustment for Exchange rate losses = Change in Cash Balance $9.688b - $3.789b - $2.625b - ) - $0.196b = $3.078b 17 Using the cash flow statement find the dividends paid to the PepsiCo owners in the most recent year ANSWER: Dividends in 2013 for PepsiCo were $3,434 billion © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc 39 Brooks Financial Management: Core Concepts, 3e For problems 18 through 20, obtain the balance sheet, income statement, and statement of cash flow for Pfizer (ticker symbol PFE) for the most recent year from Yahoo! Finance and answer the following questions 18 Provide the following amounts for Pfizer: a b c d e f net income depreciation (see cash flow statement) cash flow from operating activities cash flow from investing activities cash flow from financing activities change in cash and equivalents ANSWER: : All value in (‘000s) a b c d e f Net Income 2013 $22,003,000 Depreciation Expense for 2013 is $6,410,000 Cash Flow From Operating Activities is (source) $17,765,000 Cash Flow From Investing Activities is (use) - $10,625,000 Cash Flow From Financing Activities is (use) -$14,975,000 Change in Cash and Equivalents for 2013 is a decrease of $7,898,000 19 Explain the difference between net income and the change in cash and equivalents for Pfizer In other words, why is the profit or loss of Pfizer different from the change in their cash and equivalents account? ANSWER: Pfizer generated $17.765 billion in operating activities for the year It used10.625 billion for investing in fixed assets and other investments and an additional 14.975 billion dollars for financing activities such as paying dividends, buying back stock, and paying off debt, leaving it with a reduction in cash of $7.898 billion, after adjusting for a currency translation loss of $63 million CF from Operating Activities – CF from Investing Activities – CF from Financing Activities = Change in Cash Balance $17.765b - $10.625b - $14.975b - $0.063b = -$7,898b 20 Using the cash flow statement find the dividends paid to the Pfizer owners in the most recent year ANSWER: Dividends in 2013 paid to Pfizer stockholders $6.58 billion © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc Chapter Financial Statements Solutions to Advanced Problems for Spreadsheet Application Note: Shaded portions are the inputs provided in the textbook Income Statements Part (A) Company A Units sold Revenue per unit Cost per unit Fixed costs SG&A costs Depreciation Expense Interest Expense Tax Rate Information 847,000 $ 16.98 $ 8.17 $ 1,245,788.00 Company B Units sold Revenue per unit Cost per unit Fixed costs Information 1,388,000 $ 11.98 $ 6.69 $ 1,354,218.00 $ 785,038.00 SG&A costs $ 584,431.00 $ 1,489,374.00 Depreciation Expense $ 1,137,890.00 $ 501,030.00 0.375 Interest Expense Tax Rate Income Statement $ 698,540.00 0.375 Income Statement Revenue $ 14,382,060.00 Revenue $ 16,628,240.00 COGS $ 6,919,990.00 COGS $ 9,285,720.00 Gross Margin or Profit $ 7,462,070.00 Gross Margin or Profit $ 7,342,520.00 Fixed Costs $ 1,245,788.00 Fixed Costs $ 1,354,218.00 SG&A costs $ 785,038.00 SG&A costs $ 584,431.00 Depreciation Expense $ 1,489,374.00 Depreciation Expense $ 1,137,890.00 EBIT $ 3,941,870.00 EBIT $ 4,265,981.00 Interest Expense $ 501,030.00 Interest Expense $ 698,540.00 Taxable Income $ 3,440,840.00 Taxable Income $ 3,567,441.00 Taxes $ 1,290,315.00 Taxes $ 1,337,790.38 Net Income $ 2,150,525.00 Net Income $ 2,229,650.63 Operating Cash Flow $ 4,140,929.00 Operating Cash Flow $ 4,066,080.63 © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc 40 41 Brooks Financial Management: Core Concepts, 3e Company B has the higher Net Income but lower Operating Cash Flow Part (B) Company A Units sold Revenue per unit Cost per unit Fixed costs SG&A costs Depreciation Expense Interest Expense Tax Rate Information 847,000 $ 16.98 $ 8.17 $ 1,245,788.00 $ 785,038.00 $ 1,489,374.00 $ 501,030.00 0.375 Company B Units sold Revenue per unit Cost per unit Information 1,179,800 $ 14.98 $ 7.89 Fixed costs $ 1,354,218.00 SG&A costs $ 1,168,862.00 Depreciation Expense $ 1,137,890.00 Interest Expense Tax Rate Income Statement $ 698,540.00 0.375 Income Statement Revenue $ 14,382,060.00 Revenue $ 17,667,505.00 COGS $ 6,919,990.00 COGS $ 9,313,577.16 Gross Margin or Profit $ 7,462,070.00 Gross Margin or Profit $ 8,353,927.84 Fixed Costs $ 1,245,788.00 Fixed Costs $ 1,354,218.00 SG&A costs $ 785,038.00 SG&A costs $ 1,168,862.00 Depreciation Expense $ 1,489,374.00 Depreciation Expense $ 1,137,890.00 EBIT $ 3,941,870.00 EBIT $ 4,692,957.84 Interest Expense $ 501,030.00 Interest Expense $ 698,540.00 Taxable Income $ 3,440,840.00 Taxable Income $ 3,994,417.84 Taxes $ 1,290,315.00 Taxes $ 1,497,906.69 Net Income $ 2,150,525.00 Net Income $ 2,496,511.15 Operating Cash Flow $ 4,140,929.00 Operating Cash Flow $ 4,332,941.15 © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc Chapter Financial Statements 42 Company B’s Net Income and Operating Cash Flow are both higher than those of Company A Balance Sheets (Part A) Reach Manufacturing 2013 2014 Change Verification Assets: Current Assets Cash $ 23,000.00 $ 26,000.00 $ 3,000.00 $ 3,000.00 Marketable Securities $ 62,000.00 $ 58,000.00 $ (4,000.00) $ (4,000.00) Accounts Receivable $ 518,000.00 $ 796,000.00 $ 278,000.00 $ 278,000.00 Inventory $ 639,000.00 $ 910,000.00 $ 271,000.00 $ 271,000.00 Total Current Assets $ 1,242,000.00 $ 1,790,000.00 $ 548,000.00 $ 548,000.00 $ 4,387,000.00 $ 4,975,000.00 $ 588,000.00 $ 588,000.00 $(1,009,000.0 0) $(1,364,000.0 0) $ (355,000.00) $ (355,000.00) Intangible Assets $ 465,000.00 $ 431,000.00 $ (34,000.00) $ (34,000.00) Total Long-Term Assets $ 3,843,000.00 $ 4,042,000.00 $ 199,000.00 $ 199,000.00 TOTAL ASSETS $ 5,085,000.00 $ 5,832,000.00 $ 747,000.00 $ 747,000.00 Accounts Payable $ 419,000.00 $ 679,000.00 $ 260,000.00 $ 260,000.00 Notes Payable $ 390,000.00 $ 210,000.00 $ (180,000.00) $ (180,000.00) Total Current Liabilities $ 809,000.00 $ 889,000.00 $ 80,000.00 $ 80,000.00 Long-Term Debt $ 3,540,000.00 $ 3,912,000.00 $ 372,000.00 $ 372,000.00 TOTAL LIABILITIES $ 4,349,000.00 $ 4,801,000.00 $ 452,000.00 $ 452,000.00 Long-term Assets Fixed Assets Accumulated Depreciation Liabilities: Current Liabilities Long-Term Liabilities Owner’ Equity: © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc 43 Brooks Financial Management: Core Concepts, 3e Common Stock $ 330,000.00 $ 330,000.00 $- $- Retained Earnings $ 406,000.00 $ 701,000.00 $ 295,000.00 $ 295,000.00 TOTAL OWNER’s EQUITY $ 736,000.00 $ 1,031,000.00 $ 295,000.00 $ 295,000.00 TOTAL LIAB AND O.E $ 5,085,000.00 $ 5,832,000.00 $ 747,000.00 $ 747,000.00 Part (B) PART B: Net Working Capital 2013 2014 $ 433,000.00 $ 901,000.00 Change $ 468,000.00 Capital Spending 2011 Fixed Assets plus 2011 Intangible Assets minus 2010 Fixed Assets $ 4,975,000.00 $ 431,000.00 $ 4,387,000.00 minus 2010 Intangible Assets $ 465,000.00 Change In Capital Spending $ 554,000.00 Cash Flow From Assets: OCF $ 389,000.00 minus increase in NWC $ 468,000.00 minus increase in capital sp $ 554,000.00 Cash Flow From Assets $ (633,000.00) Solutions to Mini-Case Questions Hudson Valley Realty This case focuses on the interpretation rather than the preparation of financial statements Students should understand how the statements are important for outside stakeholders who need to make decisions concerning a company The case reinforces the chapter’s emphasis on cash flow rather than accrual-based measures of income The statements are loosely based on Ethan Allen Co., but have been modified to eliminate complexities that are not important at this level © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc Chapter Financial Statements 44 Look at Vermont Heritage’s sales revenue, EBIT, and net income over the threeyear period Would you classify it as a growing, diminishing, or a stable company? Sales were up a little in 2013, down a little in 2014 Overall, sales are trendless EBIT and net income also remain remarkably stable, indicating that the company can adjust expenses as a response to falling sales The company appears to be stable, but not growing Look at Vermont Heritage’s expense accounts, cost of goods sold, and selling and administrative expenses Do they seem to be roughly proportional to sales? Do any of these categories seem to be growing out of control? Cost of goods sold decreases when sales decrease, which suggests that sales revenue is responding to lower volume Selling and administrative expenses are increasing relative to sales, and this is a matter for some concern Perhaps the company is making an extra marketing effort to increase sales Depreciation expense is the same for all three years What does that tell you about Vermont Heritage’s growth? It is highly unusual for depreciation expense to remain the same, at least when the figures are rounded to millions, for three years in a row It would suggest that the company is not selling off assets, but neither is it investing in new assets At most, it is replacing assets as needed Look at Vermont Heritage’s EBIT, interest expense, and debt accounts (current liabilities, long-term debt, and other liabilities) over the three-year period Comparing debt to equity, you think the company seems to have excessive debt? Would you expect the company to have any problems meeting its interest payments? Interest expense is minimal compared to EBIT, which shows that the company is in a strong financial position Vermont Heritage has been using surplus cash to reduce long-term liabilities over the last few years The company is now almost entirely equity-financed Dividends have increased as a percentage of net income Why you think the company decided to pay out more of its earnings to shareholders? The company has paid off most of its debt and seems to have limited growth opportunities at the present time, so it is appropriately returning cash to the stockholders Compare current assets with current liabilities Would you expect Vermont Heritage to have any problems meeting its short-term obligations? Current assets are approximately 10 times current liabilities, implying that the company is highly liquid Excess liquidity may imply inefficiency, but since Peter Cortland is only concerned with safety, it is a good thing from his point of view Overall, you think Vermont Heritage will be a relatively safe tenant for Hudson Valley’s building? © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc 45 Brooks Financial Management: Core Concepts, 3e Vermont Heritage should be a very safe and stable tenant for Hudson Valley’s building Although it doesn’t seem to be growing rapidly, it has very low debt, stable profits, excellent liquidity, and low interest obligations Additional Problems with Solutions Balance Sheet Chuck Enterprises has current assets of $300,000, and total assets of $750,000 It also has current liabilities of $125,000, common equity of $250,000, and retained earnings of $85,000 How much long-term debt and fixed assets does the firm have? ANSWER (Slides 2-23 to 2-24) Current Assets + Fixed Assets = Total Assets $300,000+Fixed Assets = $750,000 Fixed Assets = $750,000 - $300,000 = $400,000 Total Assets = Current Liabilities + Long-term debt + Common equity + Retained Earnings $750,000 = $125,000 + Long-term debt + $250,000 + 85,000 Long-term debt = $750,000 - $125,000-$250,000 - $85,000 Long-term debt = $290,000 Income Statement The Top Class Company had revenues of $925,000in 2014 Its operating expenses (excluding depreciation) amounted to $325,000, depreciation charges were $125,000, and interest costs totaled $55,000 If the firm pays a marginal tax rate of 34 percent, calculate its net income after taxes ANSWER Revenues Less operating expenses = EBITDA Less depreciation = EBIT Less interest expenses = Taxable Income Less taxes (34%) = Net Income after taxes (Slides 2-25 to 2-26) $925,000 325,000 600,000 125,000 475,000 55,000 420,000 142,800 277,200 Retained Earnings: The West Hanover Clay Co had, at the beginning of the fiscal year, November 1, 2013, retained earnings of $425,000 During the year ended October 31, 2014, the company generated net income after taxes of $820,000 and © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc Chapter Financial Statements 46 paid out 35 percent of its net income as dividends Construct a statement of retained earnings and compute the year-end balance of retained earnings ANSWER (Slides 2-27 to 2-28) Statement of Retained Earnings for the year ended October 31, 2014 Balance of Retained Earnings, November 1, 2013 .$425,000 Add: Net income after taxes, October 31, 2014 $820,000 Less: Dividends paid for the year ended October 31, 2014 $287,000 Balance of Retained Earnings, October 31, 2014 .$958,000 Working Capital: D.K Imports Incorporated reported the following information at its last annual meeting: Cash and cash equivalents = $1,225,000; Accounts payables = $3,200,000 Inventory = $625,000; Accounts receivables = $3,500,000; Notes payables = $1,200,000; other current assets = $125,000; Calculate the company’s net working capital ANSWER (Slides 2-29 to 2-30) Net Working Capital = Current Assets - Current Liabilities (Cash & Cash Equivalents + Accts Rec + Inventory + other current assets) - (Accounts payables + Notes Payables) ($1,225,000+$3,500,000+$625,000+$125,000) ($3,200,000+$1,200,000) $5,475,000 - $4,400,000 Net Working Capital $1,075,000 Cash Flow from Operating Activities The Mid-American Farm Products Corporation provided the following financial information for the quarter ending September 30, 2014: Depreciation and amortization - $75,000 Net Income - $225,000 Increase in receivables - $ 95,000 Increase in inventory - $69,000 Increase in accounts payables - $80,000 Decrease in marketable securities - $34,000 What is the cash flow from operating activities generated during this quarter by the firm? © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc 47 Brooks Financial Management: Core Concepts, 3e ANSWER Net Income Add depreciation and amortization Add decrease in marketable securities Add increase in accounts payables Less increase in accounts receivables Less increase in inventory Cash flow from operating activities (Slides 2-31 to 2-32) $225,000 75,000 34,000 80,000 95,000 69,000 $250,000 © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc ... 100,000 Paid Cash for Raw Materials © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc 24 25 Brooks Financial Management: Core Concepts, 3e 100,000 Bought Raw Materials on Credit 25,000 Bought Truck for cash By the... Education, Inc 34 35 Brooks Financial Management: Core Concepts, 3e Complete the balance sheet (Hint, find accumulated depreciation for 2014 first) ANSWER To complete the balance sheet for 2013 add... recent year ANSWER: Dividends in 2013 for PepsiCo were $3,434 billion © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc 39 Brooks Financial Management: Core Concepts, 3e For problems 18 through 20, obtain the