rapid per VLAN spanning tree (rapid

• To facilitate the learning of the logical spanning tree, each switch port transitions through five possible port states and three BPDU timers.... 29 Port States and BPDU Timers (co[r]

CCNA – Semester 3

Chapter

-Spanning Tree Protocol

Objectives

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Explain the role of redundancy in a converged network

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Summarize how STP works to eliminate Layer loops in a converged network

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Explain how the STP algorithm uses three steps to converge on a loop-free topology

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Implement rapid per VLAN spanning tree (rapid

Redundancy in a hierarchical network

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The hierarchical design model addresses issues found in the flat model network topologies One of the issues is

redundancy

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Having multiple paths for data to traverse the network allows for a single path to be disrupted without impacting the

5

Issues with Redundancy : Layer Loop

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When multiple paths exist between two devices on the network, a Layer loop can occur

Issues with Redundancy : Broadcast Storm

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A broadcast storm occurs when there are so many broadcast frames caught in a Layer loop that all available bandwidth is consumed

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As a result, no bandwidth is available bandwidth for

7

Issues with Redundancy : Duplicate Unicast Frames

Real-world redundancy issues

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Network loops that are a result of accidental duplicate

connections in the wiring closets are a common occurrence

•

The example displays a loop that occurs if a switch is

9

Spanning Tree Protocol

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STP ensures that there is only one logical path between all destinations on the network by intentionally blocking

redundant paths that could cause a loop

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STP prevents loops from occurring by configuring a loop-free path through the network using strategically placed blocking state ports

•

A port is considered blocked when

11

Spanning Tree Algorithm (STA)

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The STA designates a single switch as the root bridge and uses it as the reference point for all path calculations

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After the root bridge has been determined, the STA

Spanning Tree Algorithm (STA) (cont)

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When the STA has determined which paths are to be left available, it configures the switch ports into distinct port roles

– Root ports : Switch ports closest to the root bridge

– Designated ports : All non-root ports that are still permitted to forward traffic on the network

– Non-designated ports : All ports configured to be in a blocking state to

13

Root Bridge & Election Process

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The root bridge serves as a reference point for all spanning-tree calculations to determine which redundant paths to block

•

An election process determines which switch becomes the root bridge

1 After a switch boots, it sends out BPDU frames (more detail later) containing the switch BID and the root ID every

seconds

2 Initially, each switch identifies itself as the root bridge after bootup

3 If the root ID from the BPDU received is lower than the root ID on the receiving switch, the receiving switch updates its root ID

identifying the adjacent switch as the root bridge

4 The switch then forwards new BPDU frames with the lower root ID to the other adjacent switches

15

Root Bridge & Election Process (cont)

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BID Structure

Best Path to the Route Bridge

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The path information is determined by summing up the individual port costs along the path from the destination to the root bridge

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The default port costs are defined by the speed at which the port operates

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Best Path to the Route Bridge (cont)

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Path cost is the sum of all the port costs along the path to the root bridge

Port Roles

• Root Port :

– The root port exists on non-root bridges and is the switch port with the best path to the root bridge Root ports forward traffic toward the root bridge

• Designated Port :

– For root bridges, all switch ports are designated ports

– For non-root bridges, a designated port is the switch port that receives and forwards frames toward the root bridge as needed – Only one designated port is allowed per segment

• Non-designated Port ;

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Port Roles (cont)

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When determining the root port on a switch, the switch

compares the path costs on all switch ports participating in the spanning tree

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The switch port with the lowest overall path cost to the root is automatically assigned the root port role because it is closest to the root bridge

•

When there are two switch ports that have the same lowest path cost to the root bridge, the switch uses the

customizable port priority value, or the lowest port ID if both port priority values are the same

Port Roles (cont) example

•

After a switch determines which of its ports is the root port, the remaining ports must be configured as either a

designated port (DP) or a non-designated port (non-DP)

•

When two switches exchange their BPDU frames, they

examine the sending BID of the received BPDU frame to see if it is lower than its own

•

The switch with the lower BID wins the competition and its port is configured in the designated role The losing switch configures its switch port to be non-designated and,

BPDU

•

STP determines a root bridge for the spanning-tree instance by exchanging BPDUs

25

BPDU (cont)

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By default, BPDU frames are sent every seconds after a switch is booted

•

When adjacent switches receive a BPDU frame, they

compare the root ID from the BPDU frame with the local root ID

– If the root ID in the BPDU is lower than the local root ID, the switch updates the local root ID and the ID in its

BPDU messages

BID

•

The BID field of a BPDU frame contains three separate fields: bridge priority, extended system ID, and MAC

Port States and BPDU Timers

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Port States and BPDU Timers (cont)

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Blocking - The port is a non-designated port and does not participate in frame forwarding

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Listening - In this state, the switch port is not only receiving BPDU frames, it is also transmitting its own BPDU frames and informing adjacent switches that the switch port is

preparing to participate in the active topology

•

Learning - The port prepares to participate in frame

forwarding and begins to populate the MAC address table

•

Forwarding - The port is considered part of the active

topology and forwards frames and also sends and receives BPDU frames

Port States and BPDU Timers (cont)

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Cisco PortFast Technology

STP Topology Change

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A switch considers it has detected a topology change either when a port that was forwarding is going down (blocking for instance) or when a port transitions to forwarding and the switch has a designated port

•

When a change is detected, the switch notifies the root

35

PVST +

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Cisco developed PVST+ so that a network can run an STP instance for each VLAN in the network With PVST+, more than one trunk can block for a VLAN and load sharing can be implemented

PVST + Bridge ID

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Bridge priority - A 4-bit field carries the bridge priority

Because of the limited bit count, the priority is conveyed in discrete values in increments of 4096 The default priority is 32,768

•

Extended system ID - A 12-bit field carrying the VID for PVST+

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Configure PVST +

• Step Select the switches you want for the primary and secondary root

bridges for each VLAN

• Step Configure the switch to be a primary bridge for one VLAN, for

example switch S3 is a primary bridge for VLAN 20

• Step Configure the switch to be a secondary bridge for the other

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RSTP

•

RSTP (IEEE 802.1w) is an evolution of the 802.1D standard

•

RSTP speeds the recalculation of the spanning tree when the Layer network topology changes RSTP can achieve much faster convergence in a properly configured network, sometimes in as little as a few hundred milliseconds

41

RSTP BPDU

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RSTP (802.1w) uses type 2, version BPDUs, so an RSTP bridge can communicate 802.1D on any shared link or with any switch running 802.1D

– Protocol information can be immediately aged on a port if hellos are not received for three consecutive hello times, seconds by default, or if the max age timer expires

– Because BPDUs are used as a keepalive mechanism, three consecutively missed BPDUs indicate lost

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RSTP (cont) : Edge Port

•

An RSTP edge port is a switch port that is never intended to be connected to another switch device It immediately

transitions to the forwarding state when enabled

•

Unlike PortFast, an RSTP edge port that receives a BPDU loses its edge port status immediately and becomes a

RSTP (cont) : Link Types

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The link type provides a categorization for each port participating in RSTP

•

The link type is automatically determined, but can be overwritten with an explicit port configuration

•

Root ports not use the link type parameter Root ports are able to make a rapid transition to the forwarding state as

soon as the port is in sync

•

Alternate and backup ports not use the link type parameter in most cases

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RSTP (cont) : Port States

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RSTP provides rapid convergence following a failure or during re-establishment of a switch, switch port, or link

49

Design STP for Trouble Avoidance

•

Know Where the Root Is

Design STP for Trouble Avoidance (contd)

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Design STP for Trouble Avoidance (contd)

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Use Layer Switching

– There is no speed penalty with the routing hop and an additional segment between C1 and C2

Troubleshoot STP Operation

•

To troubleshoot a bridging loop, you need to know:

– The topology of the bridge network

– The location of the root bridge

– The location of the blocked ports and the redundant links

•

Some possible failure

– Switch or Link Failure

– PortFast Configuration Error