Author(s): Luca Saba; Warren M Rozen; Alberto AlonsoBurgos; Diego Ribuffo Publisher: CRC, Taylor and Francis, Year: 2014 ISBN: 9781466551121,1466551127 Author(s): Luca Saba; Warren M Rozen; Alberto AlonsoBurgos; Diego Ribuffo Publisher: CRC, Taylor and Francis, Year: 2014 ISBN: 9781466551121,1466551127Author(s): Luca Saba; Warren M Rozen; Alberto AlonsoBurgos; Diego Ribuffo Publisher: CRC, Taylor and Francis, Year: 2014 ISBN: 9781466551121,1466551127Author(s): Luca Saba; Warren M Rozen; Alberto AlonsoBurgos; Diego Ribuffo Publisher: CRC, Taylor and Francis, Year: 2014 ISBN: 9781466551121,1466551127Author(s): Luca Saba; Warren M Rozen; Alberto AlonsoBurgos; Diego Ribuffo Publisher: CRC, Taylor and Francis, Year: 2014 ISBN: 9781466551121,1466551127 Author(s): Luca Saba; Warren M Rozen; Alberto AlonsoBurgos; Diego Ribuffo Publisher: CRC, Taylor and Francis, Year: 2014 ISBN: 9781466551121,1466551127
IMAGING for PLASTIC SURGERY IMAGING for PLASTIC SURGERY Edited by Luca Saba Warren M Rozen Alberto Alonso-Burgos Diego Ribuffo Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2015 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S Government works Version Date: 20140922 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4665-5112-1 (eBook - PDF) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint Except as permitted under U.S Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http:// www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400 CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com Luca Saba dedicates this book to his parents, Giovanni Saba and Raffaela Polla, for their love Diego Ribuffo dedicates this book to his wife, Stella, and to his wonderful girls, Chiara and Lavinia, for their continuous support during the years in Cagliari Warren M Rozen dedicates this book and the time that has gone into it to his wife, Genia, and daughters, Rebecca and Hayley, to whom he will repay that time in full Alberto Alonso-Burgos dedicates this book to the real engine of his life, his wife Arantxa and sons Pilar and Miguel and to the memory of his father, José Contents Foreword xi Preface xiii Acknowledgements xv Editors xvii Contributors xix Chapter Computed Tomography .1 Michele Anzidei, Federica Ciolina, Fulvio Zaccagna, Alessandro Napoli, and Carlo Catalano Chapter MRI Physics Principles 15 Marta Tomás Mallebrera and Ángeles Franco López Chapter Diagnostic Ultrasound 21 Alberto Benito, David Cano, Mariana Elorz, and Pedro Slon Chapter Nuclear Medicine 31 Alessandra Serra and Mario Piga Chapter Mammography 45 Luis Pina Insauti, Jon Etxano Cantera, Pedro Slon, and Arlette Elizalde Chapter PET-CT in Oncology 71 Anna Margherita Maffione, Sotirios Chondrogiannis, Adriano Marcolongo, and Domenico Rubello Chapter Sentinel Node Biopsy: An Evolution of the Science and Surgical Principles 89 Ramin Shayan, Hayley Reynolds, Cara Michelle Le Roux, and Tara Karnezis Chapter Free Flap Revascularisation Process 103 Emanuele Cigna, Federico Lo Torto, Alessandro Napoli, Jiří Veselý, and Diego Ribuffo Chapter Application of Virtual 3D Plastic Surgery 117 Alberto Alonso-Burgos, Vachara Niumsawatt, and Warren M Rozen Chapter 10 Digital Thermographic Photography for Preoperative Perforator Mapping 129 Vachara Niumsawatt, Warren M Rozen, and Iain S Whitaker vii viii Contents Chapter 11 Stereotactic Image-Guided Surgery 141 Vachara Niumsawatt, Warren M Rozen, Mark W. Ashton, Alberto Alonso-Burgos, and Iain S Whitaker Chapter 12 Lymphatics: Anatomy, Mapping, and Evolving Imaging Technologies 159 Ramin Shayan, Iain S Whitaker, Cara Michelle Le Roux, and Tara Karnezis Chapter 13 Vascular Anomalies in Children: Tumours and Vascular Malformations 175 Luigino Santecchia, Piergiorgio Falappa, and Mario Zama Chapter 14 Imaging and Surgical Principles for Maxillary Reconstruction 233 Riccardo Cipriani, Rossella Sgarzani, Luca Negosanti, Achille Tarsitano, Claudio Marchetti, and Emilia Pascali Chapter 15 Imaging for Jaw Reconstruction 277 Wei F Chen, Steven Lo, Anuja K Antony, and Fu Chan Wei Chapter 16 Imaging in Surgical Strategies for Facial Reconstruction 293 Francesco Stagno d’Alcontres, Gabriele Delia, Flavia Lupo, Marcello Longo, Francesca Granata, and Philippe Pelissier Chapter 17 Imaging and Surgical Strategies for Cutaneous Neoplasm of the Scalp 313 Luca Andrea Dessy, Matteo Atzeni, Andrea Conversi, Luca Saba, Manfredi Greco, and Diego Ribuffo Chapter 18 Surgical Strategies and Imaging for Regional Flaps in the Head and Neck 327 Gary Xia Vern Tan, Warren M Rozen, Vachara Niumsawatt, Alberto Alonso-Burgos, and Edmund W Ek Chapter 19 Imaging for Recipient Vessels of the Head and Neck for Microvascular Transplantation 339 Gary Xia Vern Tan, Warren M Rozen, Vachara Niumsawatt, Alberto Alonso-Burgos, and Edmund W Ek Chapter 20 Imaging and Surgical Principles for TRAM (pTRAM) Flap 351 Diego Ribuffo, Matteo Atzeni, Maristella Guerra, and Luca Saba Chapter 21 Angio-CT Imaging of Deep Inferior Epigastric Artery and Deep Superior Epigastric Artery Perforators 365 Vachara Niumsawatt, Warren M Rozen, Mark W Ashton, Iain S Whitaker, Emilio García-Tutor, and Alberto Alonso-Burgos ix Contents Chapter 22 M R Imaging of Deep Inferior Epigastric Artery and Deep Superior Epigastric Artery Perforators 383 Vachara Niumsawatt, Alberto Alonso-Burgos, Iain S Whitaker, and Warren M. Rozen Chapter 23 S urgical Principles of Deep Inferior Epigastric Artery and Deep Superior Epigastric Artery Perforator Flap 397 Vachara Niumsawatt, Mark W Ashton, Warren M Rozen, and Iain S Whitaker Chapter 24 I maging and Surgical Principles of the Superficial Inferior Epigastric Artery Flap 417 Mark Schaverien Chapter 25 S urgical Principles and Breast Imaging and Monitoring after Autologous Fat Transfer 431 Paolo Persichetti, Barbara Cagli, Tiziano Pallara, Donata Maria Antonia Assunta Vaccaro, Carlo Augusto Mallio, and Bruno Beomonte Zobel Chapter 26 Surgical Principles and Imaging of Breast Implants and Their Follow-Up 449 Luca Andrea Dessy, Nefer Fallico, Gloria Pasqua Fanelli, Carlo De Masi, Luca Saba, Diego Ribuffo, and Nicolò Scuderi Chapter 27 Lymphatic Imaging of the Breast: Evolving Technologies and the Future .465 Jaume Masia, Gemma Pons, Maria Luisa Nardulli, Juan Angel Clavero, Xavier Alomar, and Joan Duch Chapter 28 Breast Imaging for Aesthetic and Reconstructive Plastic Surgery 485 Jeremy Nickfarjam, Oren Tepper, and Nolan Karp Chapter 29 Imaging for Incisional Median Abdominal Wall Hernias 497 Pietro Giorgio Calò, Giuseppe Pisano, Luca Saba, Matteo Atzeni, Fabio Medas, and Angelo Nicolosi Chapter 30 Imaging and Surgical Principles of Perforator Flaps of the Trunk 513 Michel Saint-Cyr Chapter 31 Phalloplasty in Female-to-Male Sex Reassignment Surgery 535 Zdeněk Dvořák and Jiří Veselý Chapter 32 I maging and Surgical Principles of the Gluteal Arteries and Perforator Flaps 549 Julie Vasile, Maria M Lotempio, and Robert J Allen x Contents Chapter 33 Imaging and Surgical Principles of Anterolateral Thigh Perforator Flap 559 Diego Ribuffo, Emanuele Cigna, Luca Saba, Francesco Serratore, and Arianna Milia Chapter 34 Imaging and Surgical Principles of Anteromedial Thigh Perforator Flaps 571 Emanuele Cigna, Michele Maruccia, Alessandro Napoli, and Hung-Chi Chen Chapter 35 Imaging and Surgical Principles for Tensor Fascia Lata Flap 577 Ömer Özkan, Özlenen Özkan, Ahmet Duymaz, Kamil Karaali, and Can Çevikol Chapter 36 Surgical Principles of Deep Circumflex Iliac Artery 597 Warren M Rozen, Mark W Ashton, Vachara Niumsawatt, Alberto Alonso-Burgos, Iain S Whitaker, and Jeannette W Ting Chapter 37 I maging and Surgical Principles of the Propeller and Perforator Flaps of the Lower Limb 609 Emanuele Cigna, Michele Maruccia, Alessandro Napoli, Federico Lo Torto, Paola Parisi, and Diego Ribuffo Chapter 38 L ymphoscintigraphy for Extremities’ Oedemas and for Sentinel Lymph Node Mapping in Cutaneous Melanomas of the Torso 643 Giuliano Mariani, Paola A Erba, Gianpiero Manca, Luisa Locantore, Federica Orsini, Sara Mazzarri, Valerio Duce, Manuel Tredici, and Elisa Tardelli Chapter 39 N uclear Medicine as an Aid to Minimally Invasive Surgery, with Emphasis on Hybrid SPECT/CT Imaging 673 Federica Orsini, Alessandra Serra, Mario Piga, and Giuliano Mariani Chapter 40 Preoperative Imaging for Reconstruction of the Lower Extremities 709 Hidehiko Yoshimatsu and Takumi Yamamoto Chapter 41 Imaging and Surgical Principles in Hand Surgery 717 Giorgio Pajardi and Andrea Ghezzi Chapter 42 Imaging and Surgical Principles of Osteomyelitis and Pressure Ulcers 793 Bruno Carlesimo, Marco Ruggiero, Federico Lo Torto, and Marco Marcasciano Chapter 43 Image Guided 3D Printing and Haptic Modelling in Plastic Surgery 819 Michael P Chae, David J Hunter-Smith, and Warren M Rozen Index 831 Index neurosensorial flap, 588 osteomusculocutaneous, 587–588 patient position, 585 pedicled, 590–591 perforators, 591–594 postoperative care, 591 precautions and technical tips for, 589–590 preoperative preparation, 584 regional anatomy, 578–579 skin island dimensions, 584 extended, 588 transverse, 588 superior gluteal nerve, 582 surgical instruments, 589 tissue expansion, 588 vascular pedicle, 578, 591–594 venous drainage, 582 venous system, 580 V–Y advancement flap, 589 TEPID system, 486, 489 Terry Thomas sign, 722, 759 Test bolus, TFCC, see Triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) Thermogram, 130 Thermography development, 130 digital thermographic camera, 139 DIRT advantage, 138 vs CTA, 134–137 DIEA perforators, 132–133 vs Doppler probe, 134 feature of, 132, 134 rapid reperfusion hotspots, 132–133 tensor fascia lata flap design, 132 infrared (see Infrared (IR) thermography) vascular anatomy, 131 Thigh arterial anatomy, 579–580 lateral cutaneous of, 583 tensor fascia lata flap (see Tensor fascia lata (TFL) flap) 12th Thoracic nerve, lateral cutaneous branch, 583 Thoracodorsal artery perforator (TDAP) flap anteroposterior dynamic CT angiograms, 519, 521 in cadaveric model, 520 CT angiography, 525 description, 517 Doppler imaging, 520 latissimus dorsi flap, 517–519 linking vessels, 520, 526 location, 521 patterns, 519, 523–524 reconstruction planning, 518–520 thinning, 520, 525 3D static image, 519, 522 Thoraco-epigastric flap, 414 3D breast imaging for breast augmentation, 489–490 and breast reconstruction, 491–493 clinical applications, 488–489, 492 and mammometrics, 486–488 849 photography, 487–488 for reduction mammoplasty, 490–491 Three-dimensional magnetic resonance angiography (3D-MRA), 620–621 3D printing advantage, 821 bone mapping, 826 description, 819 disadvantage, 821–822 education, 827 vs 4D printing, 826–827 haptic biomodels, 821, 827–828 prosthesis, 827 soft tissue ankle defect, 822–824 types of, 820–821 vascular mapping breast model, 825–826 breast reconstructive surgery, 824 perforator anatomy, 823 3D Slicer, 823–824 for volumetric analysis, 824–825 3D Slicer, 823–824 Thumb metacarpophalangeal joint dislocations, 744 ulnar collateral ligament, 744 physical examination, 745 radiographs, 745 treatment, 745–746 Tongue cancer anterolateral thigh perforator flaps, 566–567 anteromedial thigh perforator flaps, 574 TRAM flap, see Transverse rectus abdominis musculocutaneous (TRAM) flap Transcapho-perilunate dislocation, 757–758 Transverse cervical artery superficial, 522 supraclavicular artery flap, 334, 523 Transverse rectus abdominis musculocutaneous (TRAM) flap, 351, 398 laser-assisted indocyanine green dye angiography, 360 laser Doppler flowmetry, 355 muscle/myocutaneous flap, 403–406 muscle sparing, 411 venous anatomy, 399 Transverse relaxation time (T2), 16 Trapezius flap, 335 Triana’s classification partial maxillectomy defect, 257–258 totalmaxillectomy, 257, 259 Triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) evaluation, 767 lesions types, 767–768 magnetic resonance imaging, 730–731 midcarpal instability and, 766–768 surgical treatment, 767–768 Trigger finger condition, 786 Trochanteric pressure sore, 813 Tube load (mAs), Tube voltage (kVp), Tubulised flap, phalloplasty, 536–537 Tumour metastasis, 90 Two-compartment lymphoscintigraphy, 651 850 U Ulnar collateral ligament (UCL), thumb, 744 physical examination, 745 radiographs, 745 treatment, 745–746 Ulnar-deviated PA view, hand, 725 Ulnar styloid process, 722–724, 789 Ultrasonography, 370 arteriovenous malformations, 211, 213–214 breast implants advantages, 455 alterations detected by, 454–455 appearance of normal implants, 453–454 imaging appearance, 452 limitations, 455 haemangiomas, 196–197 microvascular transplantation, 342–344 venous malformations, 207–208 Ultrasound (US) imaging advantages, 21 brightness-mode, 21–23 in De Quervain’s disease, 787 ganglion, 777 of hand, 732–733 pulsed and colour Doppler, 23–24 (see also Doppler ultrasound) of scalp, 315 trigger finger, 786 Unknown primary cancer (UPC), 74 Upper extremities, vascular system, 784–785 Urethra location, 544 V Vacuum-assisted closure (VAC) therapy, 108 Vascularisation facial reconstruction (see Facial reconstruction) of head skin, 293–294 Vascularised fascia lata, 320 Vascular malformations arteriovenous malformations colour Doppler ultrasonography, 211, 213–214 lower limb, 212, 215 rapid sequence angiography, 212 standard X-ray examination, 210–211 ulcerated and infected, 211, 215 capillary malformations, 203–204 clinical and haemodynamic characteristics, 199 diagnosis, 200, 202 fast-flow malformations, 199–200 vs haemangiomas biological classification, 176 diagnostic imaging devices, 177–178 ISSVA classification, 176, 178 lymphatic malformations CT scans, 204 cystic lymphangioma, 204, 206 diffuse forms, 204–205 MRI, 204, 207 superficial/deep, 204–205 management, 202–203 occurrence, 198 Index slow-flow malformations, 199–200 venous malformations, 205 angiography of, 210 Doppler ultrasonography, 207–208 features of, 207 right temporal region, 208–209 T2-weighted sequences, 208 Vascular mapping, 3D printing breast model, 825–826 breast reconstructive surgery, 824 perforator anatomy, 823 3D Slicer, 823–824 Vascular pedicles localisation, 374, 376 preoperative imaging, 374–375 selection factors, 366–367 Vascular steal phenomenon, 107 Vascular system, upper extremities, 784–785 Vascular tumours classification, 178 vs infantile haemangioma and vascular malformations, 177 management, indications and timing for, 180–184 Vasculogenesis, 160 Venous drainage, 399 Venous duplex study, 472 Venous malformations (VMs), 205 angiography, 210 Doppler ultrasonography, 207–208 features of, 207 right temporal region, 208–209 T2-weighted sequences, 208 Venous-phase scan, 369 Vertical RA muscle (VRAM) flap, 398; see also Transverse rectus abdominis musculocutaneous (TRAM) flap Virtual 3D imaging, plastic surgery advantage, 126 CAD/CAM software, 125 characteristics, 125 in DIEP flap, 124 facial aesthetic surgery, 124–125 history, 118–121 perforator flap reconstruction, 123–124 stereolithography free fibular flap reconstruction, 122–123 Virtual 3D reconstruction phases, 125–126 Virtual surgery, jaw reconstruction advantages, 283–285 limitations, 285–286 with stereolithographic model-guided surgery fibular cutting guide, 280, 282 mandibular cutting guide, 280, 282 plate-bending template, 280, 283 3D reconstructed fibula on mandibular defect, 280–281 technique, 283–284 Volume-rendered technique (VRT) CTA images with VRT reformat, 401, 408 MRI images, 391–392 perforator flap reconstruction, 123–124 reconstruction, 373 851 Index Volume rendering (VR), 12–13 images anteroposterior views, 374 CTA, 368 reconstruction, 331 von Bruns flap, 308, 311 VRAM flap, see Vertical RA muscle (VRAM) flap VRT, see Volume-rendered technique (VRT) Vulvar cancer, SLNM/SLNB patients inguino-femoral lymphadenectomy, 683 99mTc-nanocolloidal albumin injection, 684 multispectral fluorescence camera, 684–685 surgical treatment, 776 X-ray evaluation, 774 MRI image, 730–731 osteoarthritis non-operative treatment, 769 operative treatment, 769–771 physical examination, 768–769 post-traumatic carpal osteoarthritis, 771–773 radiographs, 768 posteroanterior views, 722 radiographic evaluation, 720 scaphoid articular and lunate facet, 723 scapholunate dissociation acute, 762 arthroscopy, 762 CT scan in, 761 evaluation of, 759 MRI in, 760–761 physical examination of, 759 treatment, 762 static instability series, 726 W Water density implants, 59 Watson’s manoeuvre, 759 Weber–Ferguson access, 262, 268 White adipose tissue, 431 Whole-body MRA (WB MRA), 345 Workhorse flap deltopectoral flap, 526 and DIEP flap, 146 and pectoralis major flap, 333 for reconstruction, 559 Wrist arthritis, 772 arthrography, 732 bone tumours aneurysmal bone cysts, 782 enchondroma, 782–784 carpal dislocations, 757–758 carpal instability, 759–762 Gilula’s arcs, 722 Kienböck’s disease, 731 clinical evaluation, 774 conservative treatment, 776 factors of, 773 MRI evaluation, 774–775 X X-ray evaluation arteriovenous malformations, 210–211 breast cancer, 472 enchondroma, 782, 784 Kienböck’s disease, 774 Preiser’s disease, 776 rheumatoid arthritis, 789 Z Z-touch surface matching, 145, 155 Zygomatic process maxilla, 234, 239, 243 temporal bone, 238 ... IMAGING for PLASTIC SURGERY Edited by Luca Saba Warren M Rozen Alberto Alonso- Burgos Diego Ribuffo Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa... Niumsawatt, Alberto Alonso- Burgos, and Edmund W Ek Chapter 20 Imaging and Surgical Principles for TRAM (pTRAM) Flap 351 Diego Ribuffo, Matteo Atzeni, Maristella Guerra, and? ?Luca Saba Chapter... Stereotactic Image-Guided Surgery 141 Vachara Niumsawatt, Warren M Rozen, Mark W. Ashton, Alberto Alonso- Burgos, and Iain S Whitaker Chapter 12 Lymphatics: Anatomy, Mapping, and Evolving Imaging