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VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES *****@***** NGUYỄN THỊ QUYẾT METAPHORS IN CONTEMPORARY ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE POETRY: A STUDY FROM COGNITIVE APPROACH ẨN DỤ TRONG THƠ HIỆN ĐẠI TIẾNG ANH VÀ TIẾNG VIỆT: NGHIÊN CỨU THEO ĐƯỜNG HƯỚNG NGÔN NGỮ HỌC TRI NHẬN Major: English Linguistics Code: 62 22 1501 A Thesis Submitted in Total Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Supervisors: Assoc Prof Dr Nguyễn Xuân Thơm, Ph.D Assoc Prof Dr Ngơ Đình Phương, Ph.D HANOI, 2015 i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First, I would like to express my thanks to my supervisors, Assoc Prof Dr Nguyen Xuan Thom, Ph.D and Assoc Prof Dr Ngo Dinh Phuong, Ph.D., for their generous and insightful guidance while I was writing this dissertation They encouraged me to carry out the dissertation on cognitive linguistics and poetry I have been so fortunate to have them as supervisors I would be indebted to the other members of committees for their willingness to share their time and knowledge Dr Ha Cam Tam for her valuable comments and suggestions when I first showed my understanding of the field, and her critical ideas on my writing are so valuable for me Dr Nguyen Quang for his deep understanding on methodology frame, his guidance has helped me much in completing the dissertation Dr Ngo Huu Hoang for his knowledge of cognitive theory has pushed me up into a deeper scrutiny of the field Practical ideas suggested by Dr Le Thanh Ha on the literature review led me to get better understanding of the issue Prof Dr Nguyen Duc Hoat’s comments on scope of the study were also of great help for me in completing the thesis Many thanks should also go to Prof Dr Hoang Van Van, for patiently reading and commenting on this dissertation as an unofficial committee member I would like to show my deep gratitude to Dr Ilicia Sprey, a Fulbright American scholar and Ms Marilyn Nagano Schlief, an English professor from Michigan State University, in helping me clarify the meanings of English poems which were so challenging that without their help, I could not have understood them thoroughly I would also like to express my thanks to the administrators of the Graduate Department who have greatly supported me in doing my research Last, my thanks are also spent for all members of my family and colleagues at Hong Duc University who have so enthusiastically supported me during the time I was writing this dissertation Hanoi, April 2014 ii ABSTRACT Meaning construction is conceptualization which is based on embodiment (Evan & Green 2006; Evan, 2007) The conceptualization creates metaphors which mark the meditation between people and the environment Comparison of metaphors between English and Vietnamese therefore, shows not only a great deal of similarities, but also many differences In this dissertation, we study metaphors in modern English and Vietnamese lyric poems The identification of metaphors was adopted from Metaphor Identification Procedure (MIP) created by the Pragglejaz Group (Pragglejaz Group, 2007; Steen, 2010) which supports the comparison between English and Vietnamese linguistic metaphors and conceptual metaphors uncovered in our data The results contribute to and enforce the findings by previous researchers of the field, they also supplement variation of conceptualization in the two languages Conceptual domains are put under broad themes: the world; natural aspect; animal; time; action, body and character; person, life and death; inner feeling; and relationship Through the analysis and interpretation, the findings show variations in the conceptualization in language and it is realized that different conceptualizations are rooted from different beliefs, living condition, and philosophy of life iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ABSTRACT TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS LIST OF FIGURES PART A: INTRODUCTION Rationale Contribution of the study Objectives of the study Research questions and hypotheses Scope of the study Structure of the study PART B: DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER ONE: LITERATURE REVIEW 1.1 The relation between language, culture and thought 1.2 Poetry and poetic language 1.3 Lyric as a genre of poetry 1.4 Cognitive linguistics 1.4.1 An overview of Cognitive Linguistics 1.4.2 Cognitive semantics 1.5 Metaphor 1.5.1 Metaphor: substitution view, comparison view, interaction view and pragmatic appro 1.5.2 Metaphor in cognitive linguistics 1.6 Concluding Remarks CHAPTER 2: METHODOLOGY 2.1 Approach to the study 2.2 Principal methods of the study 2.3 Identification of metaphors 2.4 Data collection and analysis 2.4.1 Data collection 2.4.2 Data storage instrument 2.4.3 Data Analysis 2.4.4 Analytical Framework 2.5 Concluding Remarks CHAPTER 3: METAPHORS OF NATURE IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE POEMS 3.1 Metaphors of the world and related entities 3.1.1 The world and event 3.1.2 Colour, object, and sound 3.2 Metaphors of natural aspects 3.2.1 Landscape 3.2.2 Natural entities 3.2.3 Natural phenomena 3.2.4 Plant 3.3 Metaphors of animals iv 3.4 Metaphors of time 3.5 Concluding remarks CHAPTER 4: METAPHORS OF HUMAN AND RELATED ASPECTS IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE POEMS 4.1 Metaphors of body, characteristics, action, saying 4.1.1 Body parts 4.1.2 Characteristics of a person 4.1.3 Action 4.1.4 Saying 4.2 Metaphors of person, life, and death 4.2.1 Person 4.2.2 Life 4.2.3 Death 4.3 Metaphors of inner world: State, feeling and emotion 4.3.1 State 4.3.2 Feeling 4.3.3 Emotion 4.4 Metaphors of relationship 4.5 Concluding remarks PART C: CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS RECAPULATION COMMON FEATURES IN THE CONCEPTUALIZATION OF ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE 2.1 Abstractness is mapped through concreteness 2.2 Non-human is mapped as human: embodiment 2.3 Human is mapped through non-human domain 2.4 Container metaphor and the manifestation of anthropocentricity 2.5 Abstract concepts are mapped through other abstract domains DIFFERENCES 3.1 Basement of reasoning 3.2 Prominent differences in English and Vietnamese metaphors IMPLICATIONS FROM THE RESULTS 4.1 For teachers 4.2 For translators 4.3 Suggestions for further study ARTICLES AND PROJECTS RELATED TO THE DISSERTATION REFERENCES In English In Vietnamese WEBSITES OF ENGLISH POEMS WEBSITE OF VIETNAMESE POEMS INDEX OF CONCEPTUAL METAPHORS IN THE STUDY DATA SAMPLE OF ENGLISH METAPHORS OF LANDSCAPE DATA SAMPLE OF VIETNAMESE METAPHORS OF LANDSCAPE SAMPLE OF ENGLISH METAPHORS IN A POEM SAMPLE OF VIETNAMESE METAPHORS IN A POEM v LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS CL: Cognitive Linguistics MIP: Metaphor Identification Procedure OALD: Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary vi LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Illustration of Nvivo tree nodes 37 Figure 3: Illustration of Nvivo quotations 38 Figure 4: Sample of Coding Summary Report of LIFE IS A TRIP 39 Figure 5: Sample of Coding Comparison Report in English and Vietnamese metaphor LIFE IS A TRIP 39 Figure 6: The basic domains of conceptual metaphors 133 Figure 7: Mechanism of conceptualization from the data 134 PART A: INTRODUCTION Rationale Metaphor is a great inspiration for researchers; as such, several studies have been carried out to deal with the matter In the world, the study of metaphors in poetry by Lakoff and Turner (1989) gave a clear and critical consideration of metaphors in English poems They also generalized many conceptual metaphors of death, time, life, people, plants, nights, and days, etc Anastasia (2008) studied metaphors in women college presidents’ inaugural addresses at Coed Institution’s; she studied 20 speeches and put them under 10 broad themes Polley (2012) considered metaphors of happiness in English and Mandarin Chinese of which he uses corpus approach in dealing with the data While Gomez-Moreno (2011) carried out a comparative study of metaphor in specialized language, also, he applied the corpus-approach in dealing with metaphors Picken (2007) studied metaphors in literature and their impact on foreign language learners, of which he focuses on the identification and interpretation, the evaluation of metaphors in literature as well as implications in designing curriculum, selecting materials and building up methodology in teaching language In Vietnamese poems, metaphor is also worked on in several studies such as metaphors in English and Vietnamese proverbs by Tiến (2012), the application of conceptual metaphors in teaching English to Vietnamese students by Vũ etc al (2010), metaphors in Vietnamese folklore by Ngọc (2009) This tradition shows that there is a great interest in metaphors in general, and metaphors in poems in particular, and most of the above mentioned studies are indebted to the view of metaphor from cognitive approach that was initiated by Lakoff and Johnson (1980, 2003) which stated that metaphors were mapped under concepts, and they constructed our thought and actions However, a study focusing on comparing between English and Vietnamese poems in terms of metaphor application has not been so far carried out In this study, we decided to deal with it as an initial research of the issue We borrow the idea that Lakoff and Turner (1989: 15) gave in setting up their study of metaphor in poetry as we choose poems “not to point out what is unusual about it but rather to introduce a range of common, unconscious, automatic metaphors which are parts of our cultural knowledge and which allow us to communicate with each other, whether in ordinary conversation or in poetry.” We set up the study entitled Metaphors in contemporary English and Vietnamese poetry: A study from cognitive approach Therefore, we would like to focus on the concepts of linguistic metaphor, conceptual metaphor, conceptualization, mapping and domain, the key issues in cognitive approach to metaphor study We would make an effort to analyse metaphors in modern English and Vietnamese poems, to explore metaphors in the light of cognitive approach, drawing out similarities and differences in conceptual metaphors between English and Vietnamese and linguistic metaphors manifesting them From English metaphorical expressions, which are also called linguistic metaphors, this study would inductively contribute to the system of conceptual metaphors mentioned previously such as those by Lakoff and Johnson (1980), Kovecses (2010), Tendah (2009) etc enriching and expanding it The source domain and target domain of each conceptual metaphor and their attributes are analysed to make transparent the similarities and differences in the manifestation of conceptual metaphors in English and Vietnamese Contribution of the study Significantly, the study focuses on comparing English and Vietnamese metaphors in poems, both at the conceptual level and linguistic level, from which relating to the cultural values in the two languages, it manifests three points Firstly, it blends different ideas into one in identifying and analyzing metaphors which can be used as a replica for other research of the same interests The theory of linguistic and conceptual metaphor by Lakoff and Johnson (1980), the so called MIP model in identifying metaphors by Pragglejaz group (2007), Steen (2010), the signals marking metaphors by Charteris-Black (2004, 2005) are blended Secondly, it directly presents linguistic metaphors explored in modern English and Vietnamese lyric poems manifesting conceptual metaphors By such, it shows clearly how linguistic metaphors in the two languages represent similar conceptual metaphors, making clear about what aspects of a specific conceptual domain are activated in the two languages As a result, it clarifies the why of certain activation Thirdly, the study builds up a system of conceptual metaphors in English and Vietnamese poems, compares them, showing prominently similar and different linguistic and cultural characteristics in English and Vietnamese It would help people to thoroughly view the hidden values underlying the conceptualization of metaphors in the two languages, from that, it gives recommendations for understanding and dealing with metaphors in English, especially in teaching and translation Objectives of the study Our study pursues the following goals: - To provide the evidence of linguistic metaphors manifesting the same conceptual metaphors in English and Vietnamese poetry to make clear what aspects of the mapping domains are activated in each language - To enrich the study of metaphors, especially those in poetry by introducing conceptual metaphors explored in the study - To give explanations of the the similarities and differences in the conceptualization between English and Vietnamese metaphors in terms of the factors regulating them - To give implications to the teaching and translating of the English language Research questions and hypotheses The study is generated from the following questions: In what dimensions linguistic metaphors reveal the similar and/or different conceptual metaphors in the two languages in English and Vietnamese poems? What explanations can be made for the similarities and/or differences in conceptualization in the two languages? What implications could be drawn out from the findings in terms of teaching and translating English into Vietnamese? The research question is based on the following assumptions: Similar conceptual metaphors in modern English and Vietnamese poems are mapped from similar and/or different linguistic metaphors Living condition and cultural traits influence patterns of thought manifesting in language use Understanding similarities and differences in metaphorical mapping can help to understand the English language better which fosters the use of the English language Scope of the study In the dissertation, the issue we are concerned with is limited based on the following reasoning Firstly, among different genres of poetry, such as (1) publicistic poetry, (2) lyricism, (3) free verse, (4) poem in prose, and (5) narrative verse (Hòa, 2006), we can not cover all, in this dissertation, the source of metaphors in our study is restricted in English and Vietnamese lyric poems (which would be termed both as lyric poems or poems in this study for short) We consider metaphor as a cognitive mechanism revealed in a form of communication Secondly, the number of lyric poems selected for the study is also restricted to a modest scale, for the fact that, in this study all linguistic metaphors are identified, considered and manually picked out from poems The synthesis of these linguistic metaphors is also made based on the observation of meaning revelation of each linguistic metaphor Therefore, a lot of work is done to fulfill these tasks, and as such 100 poems in each language is within the capability of the author 160 em/poem-cbOpk02j9bgXDxVc7D4vkA Vũ Cao.(2009) Tiếng chuông Retrieved March 16th, 2011 from http://www.thivien.net/V%C5%A9-Cao/Ti%E1%BA%BFng-chu%C3%B4ng/poemj3jT1JmDezQcjxcilYunOg Lâm Thị Mỹ Dạ.(2008) Hái tuổi em đầy tay.Retrieved March 16th, 2011 from Dạ http://www.thivien.net/L%C3%A2m-Th%E1%BB%8B-M%E1%BB%B9D%E1%BA%A1/H%C3%A1i-tu%E1%BB%95i-em-%C4%91%E1%BA%A7ytay/poem-5hiIq5afBXjC-QYMoQLmRg Đức Lam Điền (2010) Em đến Retrieved March 16th, 2011 from 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Hồ Anh Tuấn (2009) Lời hoa hồng trước lúc tái sinh Retrieved March 16th, 2011 from http://www.thivien.net/viewpoem.php?ID=33551 Tườ Hoàng Phủ Ngọc Tường (2006) Gửi cho người Retrieved March 16th, 2011 from http://www.thivien.net/viewpoem.php?ID=6454 ng Diệp Minh Tuyền (2006) Dâng tặng Retrieved March 16th, 2011 from Tuy http://www.thivien.net/viewpoem.php?ID=6323 ền Diệp Minh Tuyền (2008) Mùa chim én bay Retrieved March 16th, 2011 from http://www.thivien.net/viewpoem.php?ID=19861 Diệp Minh Tuyền (2009) Tình nghèo Retrieved March 16th, 2011 from http://www.thivien.net/viewpoem.php?ID=32769 Diệp Minh Tuyền (2006) Tình yêu thầm Retrieved March 16th, 2011 from http://www.thivien.net/viewpoem.php?ID=7584 Tuy Diệp Minh Tuyền (2009) Chuyến phà ngang Retrieved March 16th, 2011 from http://www.thivien.net/viewpoem.php?ID=29001 ền Tuy Trương Đình Tuyển (2008) Ngọn lửa Retrieved March 16th, 2011 from http://www.thivien.net/viewpoem.php?ID=18017 ển Chế Lan Viên (2005) Những nấm mồ Retrieved March 16th, 2011 from http://www.thivien.net/viewpoem.php?ID=1224 Bằng Việt (2007).Từ giã tuổi thơ Retrieved March 16th, 2011 from http://www.thivien.net/viewpoem.php?ID=8565 Bằng Việt (2006) Ném câu thơ vào gió Retrieved March 16th, 2011 from http://www.thivien.net/B%E1%BA%B1ng-Vi%E1%BB%87t/N%C3%A9m-c%C3%A2uth%C6%A1-v%C3%A0o-gi%C3%B3/poem-9H0SLln7-t0Aq9YND6mCcA Việt Bằng Việt (2006) Em Retrieved March 16th, 2011 from http://www.thivien.net/viewpoem.php?ID=7170 Ngân Vịnh (2008) Chiều tơi biết Retrieved March 16th, 2011 from http://www.thivien.net/Ng%C3%A2n-V%E1%BB%8Bnh/Chi%E1%BB%81uch%E1%BB%89-m%C3%ACnh-t%C3%B4i-bi%E1%BA%BFt/poemxFMbSCoA94o7VZwTVkKtyw Tạ Hữu Yên (2010) Anh mùa hoa Retrieved March 16th, 2011 from http://www.thivien.net/T%E1%BA%A1-H%E1%BB%AFu-Y%C3%AAn/Anhv%E1%BB%81-c%C3%B9ng-m%C3%B9a-hoa/poem-xiS-OcvUCRfaLiQkdCZWIg -I- INDEX OF CONCEPTUAL METAPHORS IN THE STUDY ACHIEVEMENT IS TREASURE, EMOTION IS A PHYSICAL FORCE, 118 112 ACTION IS AN OBJECT, 81, 83 EMOTION IS A POSSESSION/TREASURE, 120 EMOTION IS AN OBJECT, 125 ACTION IS ANIMATE, 81 ACTION IS THE TRANSFERENCE OF AN OBJECT TO ANOTHER, 83 ACTIVITY IS A VOYAGE, 119 EMOTION IS ANIMAL, 120 EMOTION IS ANIMATE, 117 AFFECTION IS CLOSENESS, 121 EMOTION IS FIRE, 117, 124 ANGER IS A CAPTIVE ANIMAL, EMOTION IS FIRE/HEAT, 117 117 ANGER IS FIRE, 115 ANGER IS EMOTION IS HEAT, 107, 119 FIRE/HEAT, 115 EMOTION IS LIGHT, 119 BEING HAPPY IS BEING IN HEAVEN, 108 BEING HAPPY IS BEING OFF THE GROUND, 108 BODY IS A CONTAINER, 76 BODY IS EMOTION IS LIQUID, 119 ANIMATE, 75 CHARACTERISTIC IS A EVENT IS AN ANIMAL, 44 POSSESSION, 79 COLOUR IS LIQUID, FEAR IS BEING TRAPPED, 116 46 FEELING IS AN OBJECT, 116 CORNERSTONE OF TIME IS A COMER, 71 DEATH IS A FINAL DESTINATION., FEELING/THOUGHT IS FOOD, 83 96 DEATH IS A PERSON, 97 DEATH IS GOING HOME., 96 DEATH IS REST., 97 DEATH IS THE END/STOP, 96 EMOTION IS WEATHER,, 119 EMPTIONAL DESIRE IS HUNGER/THIRST, 103 EVENT IS A FORCE, 44 FLOWER IS A PERSON, 67 GUILT IS A STRING/BURDEN, 101 GUILT IS DANGER, 101 HAPPINES IS GREEN COLOUR, 106 HAPPINESS IS A CONTAINER, 105 DESIRE IS AN OBJECT, 104 HAPPINESS IS A FLUID IN A CONTAINER, 77, 105 HAPPINESS IS AN OBJECT, 112 DESIRE IS FIRE, 27, 102 HAPPINESS IS AN OJBECT, 109 DIVINE ANGER IS FIRE, 115 HAPPINESS IS BEING DRUNK, 105 EMOTION IS A CAPTIVE ANIMAL, 117 HAPPINESS IS BEING UP IN HEAVEN, 108 HAPPINESS IS COOL, 107 DESIRE IS A FLUID, 103, 123 EMOTION IS A FLUID IN A CONTAINER, 103 EMOTION IS A FORCE, 118 EMOTION IS A FORCE DISLOCATING THE SELF, 118 EMOTION IS A NATURAL FORCE, 118 HAPPINESS IS FOOD, 105 HAPPINESS IS HEAT/FIRE, 109 HAPPINESS IS LIGHT, 76, 105, 108, 113 -II- HAPPINESS IS LIGHT., 76 LIFE IS A HOUSE OR CONTAINER, 38 HAPPINESS IS MUSIC/SOUND, 107 LIFE IS A JOURNEY, 25, 71, 72, 81, 91, 93, 96, 106, 109, 131 LIFE IS A PERSON, 89 HAPPINESS IS SPRING, 106 HAPPINESS IS VITALITY, 106 HAPPINESS IS WARMTH, 107, 108, 109 HAPPY IS UP, 104, 108 HAPPY IS WIDE, 104 HATRED/HUNGER IS AN OBJECT, 116 HUMAN BEHAVIOUR IS ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR, 81, See PERSON IS ANIMAL HUMAN BEHAVIOUR IS ANIMAL’S BEHAVIOUR, 84 HUMAN BODY IS NATURE, 120 LIFE IS A PRECIOUS POSSESSION., 94 LIFE IS A RIVER., 93 LIFE IS A STAGE, 38 LIFE IS A TRIP, 38, 39, 89, 95, 97, 131, See, See LIFE IS FOOD/DRINK., 94 LONELINESS IS COLD, 124 LONG TERM, PURPOSEFUL ACTIVITIES ARE JOURNEYS, 81 LOVE IS A BOND, 126 HUMAN DEATH IS THE DEATH OF A PLANT, 86 HUMAN IS A FLOWER., 87 LOVE IS A CONTAINER, 129 HUMAN IS AN OBJECT., 88 HUMAN IS PLANT, 82, 86 LOVE IS A JOURNEY, 25, 28, 121, 126, 128, 135, See LOVING IS LIVING LOVE IS A JOURNEY., 121, 126 IDEAS ARE FOOD, 99 LOVE IS A PERSON, 127 IDEAS ARE PLANTS, 50 LOVE IS A ROOM, 129 ILLNESS IS A THORN, 101 LOVE IS A TREASURE, 125 INSECT IS A PERSON, 69 LOVE IS A TREE., 130 LACK OF EMOTION IS COLD, 119 LOVE IS AN OBJECT, 125 LANDSCAPE IS A CONTAINER, 52 LOVE IS ANIMAL/ANIMATE, 121 LANDSCAPE IS A PERSON, 50, 51 LOVE IS CLOSENESS, 121, 127 LANDSCAPE IS A VEHICLE, 54 LOVE IS FIRE, 107, 123 LANDSCAPE IS AN ANIMAL, 54 LOVE IS FLOWER/FRUIT., 130 LANDSCAPE IS AN OBJECT, 53 LOVE IS FOOD/DRINK, 129, 131 LEAF IS A PERSON, 66 LIFE IS LOVE IS ILLNESS, 123 A BATTLE, 38, 89, 95 LIFE IS A LOVE IS INSANITY, 123 BATTLE OR GAME, 38 LOVE IS MADNESS, 123 LIFE IS A BATTLE, LIFE IS A GAME, 38 LOVE IS RIVER/SEA, 128 LIFE IS A CONTAINER, 38, 89, 90, 97 LOVE IS WAR/BATTLE, 124 LIFE IS A DAY, 38, 89, 91, 134 LOVE IS WIND, 129 LIFE IS A DAY, LIFE IS A STAGE, 38 LOVING IS LIVING, 131 LIFE IS A HOUSE, 38 MANNER/STATE IS FOOD, 103 HUMAN IS NATURE., 87 LOVE IS A DISEASE, 123 LOVE IS A FORCE, 122 -III- MOON IS A CONTAINER, 55, 56 SEXUAL DESIRE IS FIRE, MOUNTAIN IS A LOVER, 51 102 SHORE IS A LOVER, 51 NATURAL ENTITY IS A CONTAINER, 55 SIGHT IS SOUND, 49 OBJECT IS A PERSON, 46 SKIN IS A CURTAIN, 78 PARTS OF THE BODY ARE CONTAINERS, 76 PERSON IS A TREE, 101 SOCIETY IS A BUILDING, PERSON IS ANIMAL, 86 STATE IS A CONTAINER, 98, 105 STATE PHYSICAL CLOSENESS IS PERSONAL CLOSENESS, 51 PLANT IS A PERSON, 65 IS A PERSON, 98 STATE IS AN OBJECT, QUALITY IS FOOD, 99 RED IS FIRE, 46 RELATIONSHIP IS MUSIC, 48 RESOURCES ARE FOOD, 99 RIVER IS A LOVER, 51 SAD IS DARK, 113 SADNESS IS A CAPTIVE ANIMAL, 113, 117 SADNESS IS A CONTAINER, 76 SOUND IS AN OBJECT., 48 SOUND IS LIQUID, 48 98 STATE/MANNER IS A CONTAINER, 100 STATES ARE LOCATIONS, 98, 100 SUN IS A CONTAINER, 55 THE DOING OF THE ACTION IS THE TRANSFERENCE OF ONE THING FROM THE SPEAKER TO THE HEARER, 80 THE WORLD IS A POWER, 43 THE WORLD IS AN OBJECT, 43 THOUGHT IS A CONTAINER, 82 THOUGHT IS CONTAINER, 113 SADNESS IS A FLUID, 113 49 TIME IS A CHANGER, 71 SADNESS IS A FLUID IN A CONTAINER, 26, 113 SADNESS IS A NATURAL FORCE, 114 TIME IS A PATH, 72 SADNESS IS AN OBJECT, 112 TIME IS FIRE, 73 TIME IS SADNESS IS ANIMATE, 112 SPACE, 72 SADNESS IS BEING LOST, 112 TIME IS THE AGENT OF ACTION, 71 SADNESS IS COLD, 124 VIOLENT HUMAN BEHAVIOR IS ANIMAL BEHAVIOR, See PERSON IS ANIMAL WOMAN IS FOOD, 99 WORD IS A SADNESS IS DARKNESS, 113 SADNESS IS PAIN, 110 SAYING IS WRITING, 84 SEA IS A LOVER, 51 SEEING IS HEARING, 45 SEEKING IS HUNTING, 81 SEPARATION IS A DISTANCE, 127 SEPARATION IS DISTANCE, 121 TIME IS A RIVER/LIQUID, 72 TIME IS AN OBJECT., 72 CONTAINER., 82 WORD IS A PERSON/ANIMATE, 84 WORDS ARE FOOD, 82 WORDS ARE OBJECTS, 83 -IV- DATA SAMPLE OF ENGLISH METAPHORS OF LANDSCAPE Source Expressions Walking On The Estuary Hill By Adrian Green and the hills alive with monstrous shapes are menacing with soundless fear, The Lost Dances Of Cranes By Juliet Wilson Mid-December By Gerald England Slough - John Betjeman Your fields are empty now Samuel Palmer Prepares To Etch " The Lonely Tower " By Ian Emberson Lament I must return to that valley of vision, At The Grave Of Anastasia Baluk – Cross Stone By Ian Emberson Sound Of Sleat By Jackie Kay A Bay In Anglesey By John Betjeman On A Portrait Of A Deaf Man By John Betjeman the lanes are full of late-fallen leave It isn't fit for humans now, Where are those dazzling hills touch sun, a toiling sky and a long white line of hills People caught between two places, Snowdon rises in pearl-grey air But least of all he liked that place Which hangs on Highgate Hill -V- The Sun Has Burst The Sky Guilt By John Betjeman Sound Of Sleat By Jackie Kay At The Grave Of Anastasia Baluk – Cross Stone By Ian Emberson On A Portrait Of A Deaf Man By John Betjeman For The Dead In A Garden By Elizabeth Jennings Lament The People By Rg Gregory The People By Rg Gregory Home From Abroad – Laurie Lee – Sound Of Sleat By Jackie Kay At The Grave Of Anastasia Baluk – Cross Stone By Ian Emberson With spring and lawns and shadows lawns And crystal-hung, the clumps of pin Stand deadly still beside the line Across the waters were mirrors to se Faces that looked like me, feverish river somnolent canal But now his mouth is wide to let The London clay come in the way water goes rushing down a long after the rains have stopped Looks wistful and seems waiting an Hidden, hidden under mist is yonder the mountains catch his laughter and turn it into streams the mountains catch his laughter and turn it into streams I set my face into a filial smile To greet the pale, domestic kiss of K When the river ran to meet the sea, feverish river -VI- Sound Of Sleat By Jackie Kay The Sun Has Burst The Sky A City Remembered A Bay In Anglesey By John Betjeman A Bay In Anglesey By John Betjeman At The Grave Of Anastasia Baluk – Cross Stone By Ian Emberson At The Grave Of Anastasia Baluk – Cross Stone By Ian Emberson When the river ran to meet the sea, And takes no heed of the moon drag away And saying coldly 'Constancy is not The whispering shadows and the wi The crack of frosty whips, brief sum Too lazy, almost, to sink and lift Round low peninsulas pink with thr The sleepy sound of a tea-time tide Slaps at the rocks the sun has dried, Through valley’s throat run double veins of water Through valley’s throat run double veins of water -VII- DATA SAMPLE OF VIETNAMESE METAPHORS OF LANDSCAPE Source Expressions Tây Tiến (Quang Dũng) Tây Tiến (Quang Dũng) Lối (Bình Nguyên Trang Hoa lúa (Hữu Loan Chiều chiều oai linh thác gầm t Gửi cho người (Hồng Phủ Ngọc Tường Tuổi tơi (Nguyễn Vĩnh Tiến) Những dịng sơng (Bế Kiến Quốc) Ảo ảnh (Trương Đăng Dung Ảo ảnh (Trương Đăng Dung Bến không chồng (Trần Đình Thọ) Bến khơng chồng (Trần Đình Thọ) Bờ nước cũ (Bùi Giáng) Sông Mã gầm lên khúc độc hàn Lối đầy ắp câu thơ Quê hương ta núi ngất, sông đầ Bát ngát làng tre, ruộng lúa Gửi em nét sông mềm Quê thẹn, hay lo Dịng sơng vắng khách, đị trầm ngâm Trên dịng sơng–là gươ trong… anh hỏi núi núi trả lời anh núi biết ngồi, Anh hỏi dịng sơng hạnh phú đời sơng trả lời anh sông biết trô Vầng trăng đỏ ối dịng sơng tình Nửa đêm qua bến khơng chồng Ngó non nước sớm chiều t lự - VIII - Bờ sơng gió (Trúc Thơng Chiều biết (Ngân Vịnh) Chớm đông (Trương Nam Hương Chuyến phà ngang (Diệp Minh Tuyền) Đừng (Việt Phương) Đừng (Việt Phương) Đường xưa lối cũ (Nguyễn Thanh Loan) Đường xưa lối cũ (Nguyễn Thanh Loan) Hồng đâu (Thao Hồng đâu (Thao Lời người, lời hoa (Nguyễn Hữu Q) Những dịng sơng (Bế Kiến Quốc) Những dịng sơng (Bế Kiến Quốc) Những người đàn bà gánh nước sông (Nguyễn Quang Thiều) Núi, biển, em anh (Phan Thị Thanh Nhàn, Việt Nam) Ru hoang (Trần Anh Thái) Đón mơ màng thổi gió lưa th Về thương lại bến sông trôi Về buồn lại thời tóc xan Mặt sân nhà rỗ giọt gianh Lối xưa cổng đất dành cho Ta tương tư với phố chiều Ngày chân cồn ủ rũ Mặt Hồ Gươm hị hẹn hay tình cờ Cứ xao động mặt hồ xưa Tinh mơ anh lại Khi đường phố nhu mì sạ Thôi anh đừng nhắc Phố ưu tư bồn chồn Em lớn lên mơ ứơc Phố già đợi chờ Ngấn cát buồn Nhớ sóng biển ru Ngấn cát buồn Nhớ sóng biển ru Hoa chữ đất trời Bán hoa lấy nghĩa đáp bồi phù sa Mặt cánh đồng nhờ mặt người soi Những dịng sơng ngàn năm ơm cá đồng Sơng gục mặt vào bờ đất lần Những đàn ông mang cần câu c mưa biển khỏi nhà lặng lẽ Ở nơi núi thò chân xuống biển Đảo se lời tự tình chưa ngỏ -IX- Ru hoang (Trần Anh Thái) Ru hoang (Trần Anh Thái) Ru hoang (Trần Anh Thái) Những dịng sơng (Bế Kiến Quốc) Đường xưa lối cũ (Nguyễn Thanh Loan) Chiều nghiêng nắng (Nguyễn Phan Quế Mai) Ngôi đền hoang ru giấc mơ hoang Dấu hoa vương cát trắng ngủ vùi Đá nhọc nhằn dông bể ngày xa Từ nguồn nào, sông nặng phù Chòng chành phố cũ ướt mưa Con đường lăng tím ngắt Phố chở mùa chùm hoa kèn trắng Cơn mưa chiều thoảng ướt mắt -X- SAMPLE OF ENGLISH METAPHORS IN A POEM http://www.poemhunter.com/poem/in-memory-of-jane-fraser/ In Memory of Jane Fraser When snow like sheep lay in the fold And wind went begging at each door, And the far hills were blue with cold, And a cloud shroud lay on the moor, She kept the siege And every day We watched her brooding over death Like a strong bird above its prey The room filled with the kettle's breath Damp curtains glued against the pane Sealed time away Her body froze As if to freeze us all, and chain Creation to a stunned repose She died before the world could stir In March the ice unloosed the brook And water ruffled the sun's hair Dead cones upon the alder shook Geoffrey Hill And wind went begging at each door, And a cloud shroud lay on the moor, She kept the siege And every day We watched her brooding over death The room filled with the kettle's breath Damp curtains glued against the pane Sealed time away Her body froze As if to freeze us all, and chain Creation to a stunned repose She died before the world could stir In March the ice unloosed the brook And water ruffled the sun's hair Dead cones upon the alder shook And water ruffled the sun's hair Dead cones upon the alder shook -XI- SAMPLE OF VIETNAMESE METAPHORS IN A POEM http://www.thivien.net/viewpoem.php?ID=9787 Thơ tình ngày khơng em (Trần Nhuận Minh, Việt Nam) Nếu biết chẳng gặp lại Anh chẳng buộc em bao tội lỗi Em đứng lặng mặt úp vào bóng tối Khổ thân em có nói đâu Nếu biết chẳng gặp lại Anh chẳng hẹn em đêm Để khứ thương nhớ Và tương lai chí ngào Nếu biết ta chẳng gặp lại Anh chẳng trách em yêu người khác Điều đơn giản anh biết Thì em xa, em xa Nếu biết chẳng gặp lại Anh chẳng buộc em bao tội lỗi Em đứng lặng mặt úp vào bóng tối Khổ thân em có nói đâu Để q khứ cịn thương nhớ Và tương lai chí ngào Điều đơn giản anh biết Thì em xa, em xa ... WEBSITE OF VIETNAMESE POEMS INDEX OF CONCEPTUAL METAPHORS IN THE STUDY DATA SAMPLE OF ENGLISH METAPHORS OF LANDSCAPE DATA SAMPLE OF VIETNAMESE METAPHORS OF LANDSCAPE... ( 2010 ), Tendah (2009) etc enriching and expanding it The source domain and target domain of each conceptual metaphor and their attributes are analysed to make transparent the similarities and. .. light of cognitive approach, drawing out similarities and differences in conceptual metaphors between English and Vietnamese and linguistic metaphors manifesting them From English metaphorical expressions,
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