the effects of cooperative learning on efl learners’ writing motivation, writing anxiety and writing performance

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HO CHI MINH CITY OPEN UNIVERSITY THE EFFECTS OF COOPERATIVE LEARNING ON EFL LEARNERS’ WRITING MOTIVATION, WRITING ANXIETY AND WRITING PERFORMANCE A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Arts (TESOL) Submitted by BA NGUYEN THI TUYET Supervisor: Dr LUU TRONG TUAN Ho Chi Minh, November 2018 STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP I certify that this thesis entitled “The effects of cooperative learning on EFL learners’ writing motivation, writing anxiety and writing performance” is my own work Except where reference is made in the text of the thesis, this thesis contain material published elsewhere or extracted in whole or in part from a thesis by which I have qualified for or been awarded another degree or diploma No other person’s work has been used without due acknowledgement in the main text of the thesis This thesis has not been submitted for the award of any degree or diploma in any other tertiary institution Ho Chi Minh, 2018 Nguyen Thi Tuyet i ACKNOWLEDMENTS This Master of Art in TESOL thesis is the result of a productive collaboration of all the people whom have compassionated contributed to my research Without the help of those, it would have been unable for me to complete my Master thesis First and foremost, I would like to deeply thank to my supervisor, Dr Luu Trong Tuan Without his compassion, encouragement, understanding and guidance in every step throughout the process, this paper would have never accomplished Getting through the dissertation required more than academic support, and I have many people to thank for; however, these outstanding people wish their personal information to be kept confidentially Exceptionally, I sincerely thank my manager who had allowed me to conduct the current research at the research site, also to my colleagues who had shared their constructive opinions on my thesis Moreover, I owe a great debt of gratitude to the anonymous participants no matter they contributed data to this thesis or not Most importantly, none of this could have happened without my family I would like to express my particular gratitude to my beloved mother Do Thi Dieu for her unconditional love, understanding, encouragement over time and distance Also, I am grateful to my husband Nguyen Minh Huy for his non-stop support not only in guiding me process obtained data but also his non-stop encouragement every time I was ready to quit This dissertation stands as a testament to both his and my great efforts ii ABSTRACT Writing in a foreign language is the most difficult skill to learn; consequently, teaching writing is a true challenging experience to language teachers Recent studies in the field of language teaching indicated that pedagogical trends has shifted from teacher-centered to learnercentered; therefore, the use of Cooperative Learning has become popular worldwide However, Cooperative Learning were mainly implicated in Western contexts and there has been little studies conducted in Asian EFL contexts As the result, this study tried to fill the gap by examining effects of Cooperative Learning and traditional learning on EFL learners’ writing motivation, writing anxiety and writing performance The subjects were 32 students in the Spring academic year 2018 at a private school in Vietnam The two-group participants were chosen and randomly assigned as a control group (14 subjects) and an experimental group (18 subjects) The control group studied writing through traditional learning of whole-class instruction; nevertheless, the Cooperative Learning instruction was employed in the experimental group Each group was instructed writing skills for 14 sessions; each sessions lasted 90 minutes The participants responded to four different instruments (2 questionnaires and two writing proficiency tests) in order to enable the researcher to prove the effects of Cooperative Learning on their writing skills The findings indicated that both traditional learning and Cooperative Learning had improved the students’ writing ability Despite the fact that no significant difference was found in learners’ writing motivation, Cooperative Learning was proved to decrease the participants’ apprehension level Moreover, the resulting t-test of the experimental group’s post-test mean scores indicated a significant improvement in their writing composition including organization and content component Ultimately, several useful educational implications of this study for language associates were also discussed Key words: Cooperative Learning, writing iii STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP i ACKNOWLEDMENTS ii ABSTRACT iii LIST OF FIGURES .vii LIST OF TABLES viii ABBREVIATION ix Chapter INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background to the study 1.2 Rationale for the study 1.3 Research Questions 1.4 Significance of the study 1.5 Definition of terms 1.6 Organization of the study Chapter LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Learner-centered instruction vs Traditional Language Teaching 2.2 Cooperative Learning 2.2.1 Definitions of Cooperative Learning 2.2.2 Theoretical framework of Cooperative Learning strategy 2.2.2.1 The Vygotskian perspective 2.2.2.2 Bandura’s Social Learning theory 10 2.2.2.3 Summary 10 2.2.3 Elements of Cooperative Learning 11 2.2.3.1 Positive dependence 11 2.2.3.2 Individual accountability 11 2.2.3.3 Face-to-face interaction 11 2.2.3.4 Social skills 12 2.2.3.5 Group processing 12 2.2.5 Techniques 13 2.2.5.1 Jigsaw 13 2.2.5.2 Think-pair-share 13 2.2.5.3 Round Robin 13 2.2.5.4 Numbered Heads 13 2.2.5.5 Peer editing 14 iv 2.2.6 Benefits of Cooperative Learning for language education 14 2.2.6.1 Social benefits 14 2.2.6.2 Academic benefits 14 2.2.6.3 Linguistic benefits 14 2.2.6.4 Affective benefits 14 2.3.1 Definition of writing 15 2.3.2 Definition of writing performance 15 2.3.3 Factors affect writing 17 2.3.3.1 Motivation 17 2.3.3.2 Anxiety 18 2.4 Relationships between Cooperative Learning and writing motivation, writing anxiety and writing performance 21 2.4.1 Relationship between Cooperative Learning and writing motivation 21 2.4.2 Relationship between Cooperative Learning and writing anxiety 22 2.4.3 Relationship between Cooperative Learning and writing performance in previous studies 22 Chapter 27 3.1 Setting 27 3.2 Selected subjects 27 3.2.1 Role of the researcher 27 3.2.2 Selection of writing examiners 28 3.2.3 Selection of students 28 3.3 Research design 30 3.3.1 Experimental group (EG) 30 3.3.2 Control group (CG) 30 3.4 Data collection 31 3.4.1 Instruments 31 3.4.1.1 Motivational questionnaire 31 3.4.1.2 Anxiety questionnaire 32 3.4.1.3 Pre and post writing test 34 3.4.1.4 Scoring rubrics 36 3.4.2 Data collection procedure 36 3.5 Data analysis 43 3.6 Conclusion 47 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 48 v 4.1 Analysis and findings of motivational questionnaires 48 4.2 Analysis and findings of anxiety questionnaires 50 4.3 Analysis and findings of pre and post writing tests 52 4.3.1 Pre-test 53 4.3.2 Post-test 55 4.3.3 Pre-test and Post-test writing findings 57 4.4 Conclusion and Interpretation 65 CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS 68 5.1 Conclusion 68 5.1 Pedagogical implications 68 5.1.1 Implications for language instructors 68 5.1.1.1 Cooperative group work 68 5.1.1.2 Necessary skills for Cooperative Learning 70 5.1.1.3 Recommend Cooperative Learning strategies in language teaching 71 5.1.2 Implications for language leaners 72 5.1.3 Implications for language institutions 72 5.2 Limitations 73 5.3 Directions for further research 74 REFERENCES 76 APPENDIX A 85 vi LIST OF FIGURES Page Chapter 2: LITERATURE REVIEW Figure Relationships between variables 26 Chapter 3: METHODOLOGY Figure Grading procedure (scenario 1) 35 Figure Grading procedure (scenario 2) 36 Chapter 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Figure Summary of CG Writing Performance 58 Figure Summary of EG Writing Performance 58 vii LIST OF TABLES Page Chapter 3: METHODOLOGY Table 3.1 Student Subjects 30 Table 3.2 Cheng’s (2004) Second Language Writing Anxiety Questionnaire 33 Table 3.3 Data Collection Timeline 39 Table 3.4 Research Questions, Data Collection and Data Analysis 43 Table 3.5 Reliability of Each Item of the Writing Motivational Questionnaire 45 Table 3.6 Reliability of Each Item of the Writing Anxiety Questionnaire 46 Chapter 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Table 4.1 Descriptive Statistics on the Writing Motivation of CG and EG before the Treatment 49 Table 4.2 Writing Motivation between CG and EG before the Treatment 49 Table 4.3 Writing Motivation between CG and EG after the Treatment 49 Table 4.4 Descriptive Statistics on the Writing Anxiety of CG before the Treatment 50 Table 4.5 Descriptive Statistics on the Writing Anxiety of EG before the Treatment 51 Table 4.6 Writing Anxiety between CG and EG before the Treatment 51 Table 4.7 Writing Anxiety between CG and EG after the Treatment 51 Table 4.8 CG Writing Performance Reliability Statistics 53 Table 4.9 EG Writing Performance Reliability Statistics 53 Table 4.10 The range of gained score on pre writing test of CG 53 Table 4.11 The Range of Gain Score on Pre Writing Test of EG 54 Table 4.12 Independent T-test for the Comparison of Pretest Results 55 Table 4.13 The Range of Gain Score on Post writing test of CG 55 Table 4.14 The Range of Gain Score on Post writing test of EG 56 Table 4.15 Independent T-test for the Comparison of Posttest Results 57 Table 4.16 Paired Sample T-test on the Writing components of CG 60 Table 4.17 Independent T-test for the Comparison of Organization Component 61 Table 4.18 Paired Sample T-test on the Writing components of EG 62 Table 4.19 Independent T-test for the Comparison of Content Component 63 Table 4.20 Independent T-test for the Comparison of Grammatical Structure Component 64 viii ABBREVIATION EFL: English as a Foreign Language CEFR: Common European Framework for Reference ZPD: Zone of Proximal Development CG: Control Group EG: Experimental Group TESOL: Teaching English for Speakers of other Languages ix 18 Nowaday, we have many big problem, such as drug trafficking, war, global warming But i thinks the big problem we must to overcome first is drug trafficking You know, addictive substances like a heroin, cocain, ketamin, moocphin is very danger Because it make people who use it have illusion, lost themself and the can’t know what hell they doing when the use a addictive substances Drug trafficking is very highly profitable, so the crime who drug trafficking very dangerous They ready to use a war weapon when they meet the police We need better ways to handle the transportation of drugs, such as equip the police better equipped and use better tactic, better way to win the crime Finally, if don’t we anybody use drug, we don’t have a trafficking! 19 War is an important issues in the world in the last, now and future A lot of causes can conduce the war in the world First important cause is class struggles It’s contradictions between ideal For example in the history people have a lot of wars, some wars among capitalist forces and democratic forces Besides, we can see in world war I and world war II, It was expansion and show power of rich countries However, war is course, humans need the war to develop but if we use modern weapons, humans and even the earth can be destroyed Nowadays, the world is more modern than the past, if war is occurred it’s very dangerous so we need solution for the war First solution, I hope people need patience because when people have patience they can’t have conflict and then war can’t be occurred In my opinion, greed is the source of war, war all over the world How to break free of greed is the completion of military disarmament around the world When people have same everything, greed is disappeared In brief, war is very bad and dangerous so I hope war will be disappeared in all the world 20 Drug trafficking is one of the most popular problem in the world It is a global illicit trade can make lots of money and easy destroy our life Drug trafficking seem to be a treasure of criminal that can carry their life There are lots of reason cause it like political corruption, terrible education from social When the economy is going down and people can’t carry their family, so drug dealing is the best way for them and it 139 will turn them to a criminal Drugs like heroin, cocain, ketamin have high profit, and it easy to pass through the security, so people can risk their life to sell to the foreign countries In the modern day drug trafficking is all over the world, and government is trying to get rid of it One of the way to reduce this criminal is show everyone to know the harm of drug, create more jobs for everybody who is losing their way, mobilize people say ‘’NO’’ with drug dealing, and teach our children to get out of drug All in all, drug trafficking is extremely dangerous, we need to avoid it 140 APPENDIX R EG Posttest Nowaday, animals are endangered and at risk of extinction, they are not living by their instincts It is believed that animals should not be kept in the zoo There are three reasons why we should not keep animals in the zoo as animals lose their distincts, lose their freedom, influence their reproductive numbers First, animals lose their instincts If animals live in the natural environment, they will hunt themselves and survive instinctively, they will grow up according to the instincts of each species However, in the zoo, food and water of animals is always prepared by humans, so that would make the animals more passive and instinctive Next, Animals will not be free in the zoo If we keep animals in the zoo, all animals must eat and sleep on time, play on time Besides, the cramped space of the cage or place of detention is not suitable for some species like lion, elephant,ect Final, animals will be restricted to the number of offspring Animals are always controlled by humans Moreover, their ecosystems will be lost or depleted Because, in nature every animal has its ecosystem, they feed on other animals and reproduce in the right quantities for the ecosystem If animals are kept in the zoo, they will live under human control Leading to ecosystems is also affected In conclusion, animals need to live in natural environment where they are born and grow in their natural way I completely agree that animals should not be kept in the zoo Today, there are many animals being kept in the zoo How would you feel if you were locked in cage for the rest of your life? How would you feel if you were always on zoo for entertain others? Animals shouldn’t be caged Therefore, I believe that animals are better off in the wild and shouldn't be kept in the zoo There are many disadvantages when we keep animals in the zoo Two of them is make animals no freedom and loose instinct First, if we keep it in the zoo, they won't get freedom They are locked in an iron fence, eat, drink, sleep and active on time in limit place Are you ok if you always must everything with the instruction of others? I’m sure that no way Another 141 negative is that it is also loose instinct Animals only live, eat, sleep, etc Everything is ready so animals lose their instinct They don't need hunt for food, don't need to find water and place for sleep Example, tiger have meat to eat in the day and don’t need hunt in night – one of instinct special of tiger Although there are many disadvantages of keeping animals in the zoo, there are one benefit reason is that we can protect animals in the zoo They are hunted too much so reduce the number of species If we keep it in the zoo and many people custody, no one can catch it Moreover, we can take care them better Because of environment change, many animals no longer have food or water to sustain life Animals in the zoo have enough foods and water to use and they are cared for by doctors In conclusion, I think everything always have two sides - good and bad Animals are kept in the zoo, too Look at both sides, we see that only should be kept animals which need to protect in the zoo and should leave other species outside their habitat Nowadays, many people think animals are very dangerous when they are out in the wild and some claim that animals should be kept in the zoo However, I feel that the zoo is not the best place for animals In the zoo, they will lose their freedom, unfamiliar to the environment and it leads to the decrease the number amount of species Firstly, if you keep animals in the zoo, they will lose their freedom It will make animals feel uncomfortable with the limited space around them Some of them will be trained to entertain people who visit the zoo, such as elephants, dolphins Secondly, in the different environment, it will make animals gradually can not adaptable They are used to the natural environment and whenever it will make animals behave unnaturally Even though they are animals, they also need a comfortable place to mating It is hard to keep everything of animals naturally Beside that, animals will be decreased the number amount of species because they can not mating with other species To sum up, I not agree with the idea that animals should be kept in zoo They are a part of nature and we indirectly break the circle of nature Animals should deserve the environment where they can have the freedom and live happily If people can not accept the lost of freedom 142 and be treated like a toy, animals neither So, we should give them what they want and what make them feel better It is claimed that animals shouldn’t be kept in the zoo Nowadays, people often think that keeping animals in the zoo is to protect and preserve them They must know that wild animals belong to nature, they are born to live in wilderness, natural Animals will lose their freedom, different environment,and lose instinct First, animals that live in the zoo will lose their freedom Many animals in the zoo live in cages, very small space compared to the space they have in nature This can make the animal nervous, unhappy and get angry For example, how does a tiger hunt in zoos? Tiger is a wild animal and it needs space to live rather than being trapped in a cage Second, the environment in the zoo differs from the wilderness so much Before they are taken to the zoo, animals live in a large, free and natural environment However, some zoos capture them from the wild and force them to go to the zoo For what? Entertainment for humans When live in the zoo, animals are limited and live in small cages Final, animals will lose their survival instincts When living in nature, they will struggle, looking for food The animals in the cage can’t find food themselves, but people will give them food every day, they not know how to hunt or eat natural grass or explore the environment and choose their partner In conclusion, animals as well as humans are cruel to keep them in cages and deprive them of their freedom They should be allowed to live naturally in natural life I strongly believe that animals should not be in the zoo It is claimed that animals shouldn’t be kept in the zoo I believe if it lives in nature it will have life better than I agree that the animal shouldn’t kept in the zoo because of the following reason The first reason, it loses freedom If the animal lives in the zoo It will be confined in cages or in place be limited by human It has to eat and go to sleep under control of the human It will be used to entertain people The second reason, it will lose instinct and ability life in nature if it lives in the zoo For example, one the lion lives in the nature, it will learn ability earn a living from mother of the 143 lion but if it lives in the zoo it will not be learn ability earn a living It will have instinct nature such as eating and sleeping not under control of the human It has to confine food for the living The final reason is different environment The life in the zoo will differ with the living in nature.In nature, the animal will counteract with dangerous but when it live in the zoo,it won’t because it is protected by human.Moreover,when the animal live in nature,it may look for the friend,have relationship with the different animal easily In summary,the animal should be live in the nature therefore,it will have the life better.The animal, human, and environment have the tight relationship We should protect that relationship so the animal shouldn't be kept in the zoo.It need live in nature I believe that should not keep animals in the zoo Today, many zoos have been built for entertainment purposes This is not bad, but it can make them feel uncomfortable There are three main reasons why animals should not be kept in the zoos Firstly, animals will lose freedom if they live in the zoo, and can lead to extinction if they not suitable to the environment For example, when they are locked in a cage, they will have to go to sleep, wake up on time Animals used for entertainment purposes In particular, people make them selfish only for their own sake that forget about the effects of the animal Second, it is food because of the quality of the product Animals when free will have a happy life, get the nutrients they need If the products in the zoo are purchased, the taste of the food will not be good, it will affect their health Finally, not leave the animals in a stable place as the animals may become stressed When animals are stressed, they can sick and making animals soon become rare Animals are kept in cages, it can making animals become depressed for life As far as I know, the animals in the cage are stressed, weak and not last long In short, I believe that animals should not be placed in a cage because animals and owners can get sick and have poor health Animals not have experience in its natural habitat and it will become stressful in the cage Also the product is not good quality compared to free animals 144 The animal used to be a friend with human Only they live in human’s society, but also they are very helpful in our life Therefore, if we say “animals shouldn’t be kept in the zoo”, how you think? Many people have opposite thinking: “The zoo is necessary, we should keep the animal in that because they are dangerous and filthy” In my opinion, I completely agree with this zidea My thinking bases on following reason: First, keeping animals in the zoo is a crime If we catch and keep them in the zoo, this will make animals lose their freedom They can not move and live like what they want, and depend on human’s influence Imagining like if we were them, how will we feel? Living around with walls, can not move, just eat, and then sleep I’m exactly sure, we can’t stand to live like this Second, the animal is in the zoo in a long time, this will make them lost natural survival Comparing between animals live in natural environment and animals are kept in the zoo, they will be different The animal live in wildlife have abilities are more good than living in the zoo such as: hearing, seeing, running and strength What reason can explain is independence, in the zoo, animals can not be indepent to look for food and water, they just wait for zookeeper feeding Instead of that, if they live in forest, they can make living by themselves To sum up, the animal could be changed to bad possibility if they were be kept in the zoo Next, the animal in the zoo is not source clearly, they are not checked carefully, so it’s easy to cause some sicknesses and diseases Some people and their children really like to touch and contact with animals directly while they are seeing them That must be a main reason create a new virus Finally, when someone reads to here, they will have a thinking: “How are the dangerous animals? They are very brutal and can attack human like snake, lion, crocodile, etc The zoo will be necessary in this case because it help us avoid them” But in reality, I hate to say, this completely is our faults That animals will not attack us if they don’t have some reasons They are only not dangerous, but also are in danger by human People destroy forests where they are living, so they have to against human to survive Why don’t we think the human is really a dangerous species and the main reason cause everything? Therefore, building the zoo with the 145 reason “avoid being dangerous”, it’s not reasonable This just hides our mistakes and considers the animal is the same as a game In summary, keeping animals in the zoo is the inhumane activity, I think we should not that and treat them in fair way Please protect and love animals like yourself 10 Nowadays, animals are increasingly threatened Many species are endangered It is because of animals were taken to the zoos It is claimed that animals shouldn’t be kept in the zoos It consists of the three causes such as no freedom, loose instinct and different environment First, there will be no freedom for animals, if keeping them in zoo The animals in the wild are locked in the zoos by cages They haven’t freedom than the wild and gradually they will be stressed and scared with people In addition, they must eat and go to bed on time When they locked in the cages, they must follow the diet and sleep according to the zoo’s regime For example, Lions are caught in the wild, they must be feed and sleep follow the regime Second, there is loose instinct, when they lock the cages, they are not hunting as in the will and gradually they lose hunting instinct For example, the tigers, they often hunt deer, buffalo for food but in the zoos, they feed and not need to hunt so they will lose instinct Final, this is different environment In the wild, there are a lot of place to live and hunt but in the cages, they have not more place and they depend on the cages of zoos The animals adapt to the environment in the cages When they are released, they will not adapt to the wild and die This also cause a decrease in the number of species For example, the monkeys in zoos are free release, they are not adapt to the wild because they have adapted to the cages and die In conclusion, the animals shouldn’t be locked in the cages We need to free the animals of the wild and more activities to take care the animals, help them survive and grow 11 I strongly agree that animals shouldn’t be kept in the zoo The people must know that animals like us human too I think they should be freedom in the wild and we should not interfere with anything that belongs to nature I have some answer to support for my ideas 146 How people who catch animals in the cage feel if they be kept in the cage like animals? I just wonder why they can such inhumane things It’s like you’re stealing someone’s freedom or someone’s life For example, in the wild world, animals can be free, hunt, they have more space to go, more food, and everything is natural But when these animals are imprisoned in cages or small enclosures at zoos, they don’t get to the things that are natural and important to them Instead, animals in zoos are kept in cramped spaces with virtually no privacy and have very few opportunities to exercise or keep their minds active Someone say if animals be kept in zoos, they will be safe, healthy,etc… No , it’s wrong I think animals are also living things, they have feelings and emotions just like us human too When certain types of animals aren’t behaving well, zookeepers lock them into cages Captivity isn’t the way to solve problems Furthermore, the animals could develop depression, frustration and emotional problem.Animals are just like humans, they may also have moody days, bad days and happy days, if we need to give vent to something, then they should also have the right to just release their anger from time to time to balance their emotions And according to what I know, some zoos even inject stimulants to the animals So I personally believe that keeping animals in zoos is definitely extremely fierce and cruel 12 Nowaday most people think animals should be kept in the zoo It is claimed that animals shouldn’t be kept in the zoo Animals will lose freedom, have different environment and loose instinct First, animals don’t have freedom like in the zoo animals must live in cages, most people know cages not like the jungle For example, different between animals live in the jungle and in the zoo In the jungle, animals can go everywhere, anything and go to bed anytime if animals want However, in the zoo animals can’t go everywhere, animals must live in cages because some animals can attack people, animals can’t what animals want and go to bed on time Second, animals have different environment because animals live in different place For example, penguins live in North Pole, some zoo like the zoo in vietnam penguins can’t live because it too hot and penguins will die if we let penguins live in there The last reason why we shouldn’t keep animals in the zoo is animals will lose instinct because in the zoo animals don’t need to hunt for survival, the food always ready and animals don’t need to anything For instance , in the jungle tiger need to hunt for survival because tiger is a predator Tiger has 147 become a predator since birth that’s why tiger need to hunt for food and need to kill other animals to survival If food always ready, tiger will don’t know how to hunt or kill other animals and someday tiger live in the zoo will die if we let tiger live in the jungle That all I want to tell to people and I hope they understand animals shouldn’t be kept in the zoo and let animals free 13 It is claimed that animals should not be kept in the zoo In contrast, some people think animals should be kept in the zoo with some reason such as having place for children can play and learn something about nature, animals However, keeping animals will cause hurt for them such as losing freedom, losing instinct and different environment are thing animals must endure First, when animals live in the zoo like living in the prison Everyday, people often come to the zoo and watch them for entertainment Animals live in the zoo lose all freedom For example, eating, moving have a limit They are only moving in a fixed space and their surroundings are just artificial environments Besides, when animals are kept in the zoo, the place will cause for them discomfort and them will be stressed Next, animals in the zoo will lose their instincts Instinct is what helps them to survive and grow When they live in the zoo everything is limited For example, cheetah has a very fast speed to chase prey, but within the confines of a zoo it does not it Lions and tigers have terrible predatory instincts In the wild, they can kill a wild boar or catch a moving deer but when kept in the zoo for too long all instincts will be lost as food is available They just lie down and wait to be eaten Finally, the environment is too different Wildlife should be living in its own place The zoo is not eligible to create a real home for them Animals should be living where it belongs In short, the zoo should only keep rare animals, endangered animals and injured animals If the animals are injured the disease after the cure, then quickly bring them back to nature 14 It is claimed that animals shouldn’t be kept in the zoo, but I think it is not really true because animals should also be protected when they are at risk of extinction However, keeping animals in the zoo is not really good either because animals also need freedom There are two sides 148 Nowadays, Animals are endangered and many species stand on the verge of extinction So we should protect rare animals When animals live outside the natural environment, they have to find their own food and struggle to survive Sometimes they not find food and starve, When they find food, they must compete for it with other species At times strong will win and weak will die, so Animals gradually disappears However, When animal live in the zoo, They will be protected and provided food They not have to struggle to surviveand and not fight for food In the zoo, they are friends When animals are sick, There will be doctors for treatment and higher survivability So when Animals live in the zoo, They will be safe and take care of the best However, Keeping animals in the zoo is not really good either Can you bear if you get stuck in a place forever ? I think everyone will answer is not because everyone wants to be free, animals too They also need freedom When animals live outside the natural environment, they can be comfortable The most important thing is that they not lose their ability to survive They are living with herds, their families Keeping animals in the zoo and keeping the animals in the zoo are both beneficial and harmful Therefore we should the right thing and make the animals feel good 15 Nowadays, many animals are at risk of becoming extinct, so we are keeping animals in the zoo It is claimed that animals shouldn’t be kept in the zoo Everyone must know that animals are wild and not born in cages I think there are three reasons why we not keep them in the zoo such as lose their freedom, different environment, reduce the number of species and lead to the risk of extinction First, when we confine animals, we will lose their freedom Animals need to live in the wild and they not want to be kept in a cage For example, when they are locked in a cage, they will have to go to bed, wake up in time and not eat freely What are people doing and what are people thinking? Animals used for entertainment and photography only In particular, those who make them selfish are just for the sake of their own interests but forget the effects of animals 149 Second, animals will not develop their potential when they are not living in the wild For example, they will lose their natural instincts, not learn from each other In particular, they will not hunt for food when we return them to nature because we have given them food Finally, animals will reduce the number of species, lead to the risk of extinction In particular, they will feel uncomfortable, die because of different living environments If they live in the wild, they will have more living space than in the zoo Besides, when we keep them in the zoo, they will feel limited in living space, not know to eat natural food and choose their partner In summary, people are cruel to keep animals in the zoo and take away their freedom Animals must live in the natural environment, be born there and belong to that place I protested with the confining of animals in the zoo 16 It is claimed that animals shouldn’t be kept in the zoo I believe if it lives in nature it will have life better than I agree that the animal shouldn’t kept in the zoo because of the following reason The first reason, it loses freedom If the animal lives in the zoo It will be confined in cages or in place be limited by human It has to eat and go to sleep under control of the human It will be used to entertain people The second reason, it will lose instinct and ability life in nature if it lives in the zoo For example, one the lion lives in the nature, it will learn ability earn a living from mother of the lion but if it lives in the zoo it will not be learn ability earn a living It will have instinct nature such as eating and sleeping not under control of the human It has to confine food for the living The final reason is different environment The life in the zoo will differ with the living in nature.In nature, the animal will counteract with dangerous but when it live in the zoo,it won’t because it is protected by human.Moreover,when the animal live in nature,it may look for the friend,have relationship with the different animal easily In summary,the animal should be live in the nature therefore,it will have the life better.The animal, human, and environment have the tight relationship We should protect that relationship so the animal shouldn't be kept in the zoo.It need live in nature 150 17 It is claimed that ‘animals shouldn’t be kept in the zoo’ For many people the zoos is the place of protect animals However, the zoos has become a prison for animals Now i will give you reason why we shouldn’t kept animals in the zoo Firstly, animals being held in a captive environment can be expensive, time-consuming and needs special training to ensure their well-being An environment that can mimic elements around the animal's natural habitat is quite costly Secondly, a few generations of breeding does not erase thousands of years of evolution, for instance a lion born in a zoo still has it's needs as other wild lions Placing them in an unsuitable habitat can cause uncomfortness, stress and if being fed the wrong diet lead to suffering then illness or death.Lastly, zoos can set an improper standard for future generations Children learn from the adults in their lives When they go to a zoo, what they are seeing is that it is okay for people to put animals into enclosures for entertainment purposes For a zoo experience to be beneficial, there must be an effort to take all visitors through the scientific and preservation components of a zoological program Unfortunately, most zoo visitors go to look at the animals and nothing more, which shows imprisonment can be entertainment – and that may transfer to their views about humanity That just sums up why i think that animals should not be kept in an enclosure 18 Some people say:” Animals shouldn’t be kept in the zoo” and i agree with that idea In my opinion, animals will be better off in the wild and rare animals will stay in the protected area Now i will give some reason to protect my idea Firstly, if animals live in their natural habitat, i think their still kept their instinct Some animals go through a period of time in the zoo and after being returned to the natural environment they die of harsh natural environments, unable to look for food Secondly, rare animals should live in the protected area to be protected and it will not extinct Thirdly, if the animal live in zoo, they will lost their freedom and in some cases animals will die or lose their instincts if they lose their freedom For example, animals that live in the zoo tend to have shorter life expectancy than in the wild The last reason is very cruel if the animal life was just for fun for some people I think this is very inhumane 151 All in all, would say that it would be better if the wild animals were not kept in the zoo and they have to live each day in a fake environment day by day 19 It is claimed that animals shouldn’t be kept in the zoo Nowadays, the earth don’t have more animals than the last because some animals was extinct by a lot reasons like becoming the food for predator, hunting by humans, etc In zoo, the animal can live safe Animals will be protected and safe and some dangerous animals should live in the zoo First, in the zoo animals can have a lot of foods and can be protected For example in nature, animals must search for food for themselves It is very dangerous, sometimes they can became food for the other Beside, humans can kill a lot of animals and we can make the animals extinct Zoo is safe place for animals Second, some dangerous animals should live in the zoo because It is very dangerous if this animals live among humans They can attack humans and make people scare a lot However ,everything have two sides In the zoo, animals can be protected and safe but they can lose freedom and lose instinct First, it is not fair if we catch the animals and let them live in cage They can know and live so we can’t that The zoo can be same the nature, zoo is just very small Second, the animals will lose instinct because the food will brought to them very easy and they can’t find food In nature, they have to find food and it’s very difficult but their skill will develop and their life will be amazing In short, it’s very safe if animals live in the zoo However, if the life is very easy, it can make them very boring 20 It is claimed that animals shouldn’t be kept in the zoo For many people, the zoo is the childhood like looking lions, watching swimming fish, ect However, I saw the zoo as the prison for those animals They got no freedom, loose instinct and live in different environment Firstly, animals shouldn’t be kept in the zoo because the zoo is the prison People go to the zoo and watch those animals as their entertainment I believe that those creatures weren’t created for fun They could be stressed, always be waked up and went to bed on time day by day 152 Secondly, in surveys and in every body opinion, being locked in cages is the reason make animals loose instinct You just imagine someone lock the animal in the prison and turn them to their entertainment Back to the problem, If those creatures are locked in the zoo, they can’t hunt for food, can’t live in the wild Finally, keeping animals in the zoo is creating a different environment for them In the wild, those creatures could live the normal life, they got more place to teach their children how to survive, and the number of animals weren’t gone out However , there are a limit in the zoo It is really narrow and the animals will be stress All in all, we shouldn’t lock animals in the zoo, take away their freedom and turn them to our entertainment Please, we must care about the animals 153 ... Asian EFL contexts As the result, this study tried to fill the gap by examining effects of Cooperative Learning and traditional learning on EFL learners’ writing motivation, writing anxiety and writing. .. correlation in the teaching context of Vietnam to contribute to the students’ writing performance 2.4 Relationships between Cooperative Learning and writing motivation, writing anxiety and writing performance. .. Relationships between Cooperative Learning and writing motivation, writing anxiety and writing performance 21 2.4.1 Relationship between Cooperative Learning and writing motivation