Chapter 16 - Equipment acquisition and disposal. In chapter 16 a step-by-step capital acquisition process is given. The steps are based on requisition, company objectives, new product ideas, cash flow analysis, an economic evaluation, a financial plan analysis, and expenditure control.
Chapter16: EquipmentAcquisition andDisposal PurchasingandSupplyChainManagement 3rdedition PurchasingandSupplyChainManagement,3rdedition,Copyrightâ2013,W.C.BentonJr.,Allrightsreserved. PurchasingandSupplyChainManagement3rdedition,Copyright2013W. CapitalEquipmentAcquisition ã The acquisition of capital equipment is a major decision in most firms • Made at a vice president level and above • Involve an expert equipment buyer • Industry specific • Significant long term expectation of returns PurchasingandSupplyChainManagement,3rdedition,Copyrightâ2013,W.C.BentonJr.,Allrightsreserved. TheProcesses DepartmentRequisition ã Adepartmentrequestsequipmentreplacementsandexpansions ã Involvestheplantmanagerortheexecutiveinchargeofthe department CompanyGoalsAndObjectives ã Tocomparetheacquisitionrequestwiththeoveralllongưrun objectivesofthefirm ã e.g.,maximizeprofitability PurchasingandSupplyChainManagement,3rdedition,Copyrightâ2013,W.C.BentonJr.,Allrightsreserved. TheProcesses(cont.) New Project Ideas • Capital projects categories: • Replacements • • Expansion (new products) • • Increase quality, reduce operating expense, and provide more efficiency Expand into a newly introduced product line Expansion (existing products) • An alternative to replacing the current equipment • Other (heating system for plant) • Other(newconstruction) PurchasingandSupplyChainManagement,3rdedition,Copyrightâ2013,W.C.BentonJr.,Allrightsreserved. ã Other(renovation) TheProcesses(cont.) CashưFlowAnalysis ã Evaluateafterưtaxcashinflowsandoutflowsofeachcapital project alternative • Evaluation criteria: • • The net cash investment • The net cash flow • The economic life of the project Lifecyclecosting ã Anevaluationmethodusedtoevaluatealternativecapital acquisitions Basedonthetotalcostoftheequipmentovertheexpectedlifeof PurchasingandSupplyChainManagement,3rdedition,Copyrightâ2013,W.C.BentonJr.,Allrightsreserved. theproduct ã TheProcesses(cont.) Economic Evaluation • Formal process of evaluating capital equipment or projects • 5 common evaluation methods for individual projects: a) Payback b) Average rate of return c) Net present value d) Internal rate of return e) Profitability index Purchasing and Supply Chain Management, 3rd edition, Copyright © 2013, W. C. Benton Jr., All rights reserved. Comparison of Evaluation Methods Method Payback Good Features • • • ARR • • • NPV • • IRR • • • Pl Easily understood Easy to calculate Provides a crude risk screen Easily understood Easy to calculate Considers pastpayback cash flows Relatively easy to calculate Best method for mutually exclusive ranking problems Easily understood intuitive economic meaning Okay on simple accept–reject problems Bad Features • • • • • • • Ignores the time value of prepayback cash flows Ignores pastpayback cash flows Ignores the time value of any cash flows Hard to understand May not work well in capital rationing problems Tedious to calculate Does not work well on nonsimple problems Relativelyeasytocalculate ã Hardtounderstand ã Bestmethodforoneưperiodcapital ã Doesntworkwellinsomemutually PurchasingandSupplyChainManagement,3rdedition,Copyrightâ2013,W.C.BentonJr.,Allrightsreserved. rationingproblems exclusive choice situations • The Processes (cont.) Selection of Projects • A accept–reject decision based on competition for limited funds • The hurdle rate may be based on: • Thecostofcapital ã Theopportunitycost ã Otherconceptualstandards PurchasingandSupplyChainManagement,3rdedition,Copyrightâ2013,W.C.BentonJr.,Allrightsreserved. TheProcesses(cont.) FinancialPlanAnalysis • Activities: 1) 2) • First, a comprehensive comparison of the selected alternatives Second, measure the planned project selections against the initial company goals and objectives Finance methods: •) Lease •) Purchase Purchasing and Supply Chain Management, 3rd edition, Copyright © 2013, W. C. Benton Jr., All rights reserved. Decision Factors Related To Finance methods • Tax effect • Effects on future financing • Risk of obsolescence • Salvage value • Maintenance • Discount rate 10 PurchasingandSupplyChainManagement,3rdedition,Copyrightâ2013,W.C.BentonJr.,Allrightsreserved. EquipmentLeasing ã GeneralCharacteristics ã Duringafixedleaseperiod ã Lesseeusesthecapitalequipment ã Lessee plays a series of payments • • • e.g., monthly, semiannual, or annual payments When the lease period ends, the equipment goes back to the lessor General Options: Buy 11 PurchasingandSupplyChainManagement,3rdedition,Copyrightâ2013,W.C.BentonJr.,Allrightsreserved. ã EquipmentLeasing(cont.) ã Typesofleases ã Operatingleases ã ã Capitalleases • • Shortterm leases that can be cancelled during the contract period Cannot be cancelled during the lease period without a significant penalty Financial leases • A source of financing for companies that require positive cash flows during the lease period 12 PurchasingandSupplyChainManagement,3rdedition,Copyrightâ2013,W.C.BentonJr.,Allrightsreserved. DisposalofCapitalEquipment ã Ingeneral,mostfirmshavenotyetdesignedaclean processforthedisposalofusedequipment ã Forsomefirms,purchasingisusuallychargedwiththetaskof scrappingorsellingretiredequipment ã Forothers,itisthevendorsresponsibility 13 PurchasingandSupplyChainManagement,3rdedition,Copyrightâ2013,W.C.BentonJr.,Allrightsreserved. Newvs.UsedCapitalEquipment Purchasing ã NewEquipmentPurchases ã Newequipmentrequireslessmaintenancethanusedequipment ã • Determine the number of hours per year the equipment will be employed Used Equipment Purchases • The true value of used equipment is extremely difficult to estimate • The tradeoff between: • • Longưtermfinancingcosts ã Shortưtermmaintenancecosts Lowcostisusuallytheonlyreasontobuyusedequipment 14 PurchasingandSupplyChainManagement,3rdedition,Copyrightâ2013,W.C.BentonJr.,Allrightsreserved. Questions? 15 PurchasingandSupplyChainManagement,3rdedition,Copyrightâ2013,W.C.BentonJr.,Allrightsreserved. ... Low cost is usually the only reason to buy used equipment 14 Purchasing? ?and? ?Supply? ?Chain? ?Management, 3rd edition, Copyright © 2013,? ?W.? ?C.? ?Benton? ?Jr., All rights reserved. Questions? 15 Purchasing? ?and? ?Supply? ?Chain? ?Management, 3rd edition, Copyright © 2013,? ?W.? ?C.? ?Benton? ?Jr., All rights reserved. ... Second, measure the planned project selections against the initialcompanygoalsandobjectives Financemethods: ã) Lease ã) Purchase PurchasingandSupplyChainManagement,3rdedition,Copyrightâ2013,W.C.BentonJr.,Allrightsreserved. DecisionFactorsRelatedToFinance... Forsomefirms,purchasingisusuallychargedwiththetaskof scrappingorsellingretiredequipment ã Forothers,itisthevendorsresponsibility 13 PurchasingandSupplyChainManagement,3rdedition,Copyrightâ2013,W.C.BentonJr.,Allrightsreserved.