Green synthesis of metallic nanoparticles using aqueous plant extract and their antibacterial activity

The bio molecules present in plants can act as capping and reducing agents and thus increase the rate of reduction and stabilization of nanoparticles. Biosynthesized metal nanoparticles are more stable in nature and their rate of synthesis is faster than other methods. The present study describes the green synthesis of metal nanoparticles and their characterization.

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(6): 1834-1845 International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume Number (2017) pp 1834-1845 Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.606.214 Green Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles using Aqueous Plant Extract and their Antibacterial Activity S Saranya1*, A Eswari3, E Gayathri3, S Eswari2 and K Vijayarani1 Department of Animal Biotechnology, 2Department of Veterinary Physiology, Madras Veterinary College, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai-600007, India Department of Biotechnology, St Joseph's College of Engineering, Chennai-600119, India *Corresponding author ABSTRACT Keywords Copper, Zinc oxide, Musa ornate, Zea mays, Metallic nanoparticles, Antibacterial activity, Well diffusion method Article Info Accepted: 23 May 2017 Available Online: 10 June 2017 Plant extracts from Musa ornate and Zea mays were used for the green synthesis of Copper (Cu) and Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) from copper chloride and zinc sulphate solution respectively Green synthesized metallic nanoparticles were characterized by UV– visible spectrophotometer, X-ray diffractometer (XRD), Fourier Transform Infra-Red spectrophotometer (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) and Zeta potential particle size analyser Optimum parameters such as precursor salt solution concentration, pH, ratio between reducing agent and precursor salt solution and reaction time, the formation and stability of the reduced metal nanoparticles in the colloidal solution were monitored by UV–visible spectrophotometer analysis The mean particle diameter of nanoparticles was calculated from the XRD pattern according to the line width of the plane, refraction peak using the Scherrer’s equation FTIR results suggested that possible biomolecules for the reduction of metallic nanoparticles SEM and TEM analysis showed the formation of well dispersed metallic nanoparticles and the synthesized metallic nanoparticles were in nano scale range Antimicrobial activities of the metallic nanoparticles were performed by well diffusion method against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Salmonella enterica Metallic Cu and ZnO NPs synthesized had antimicrobial activity against pathogenic bacteria and highest antimicrobial activity was found with Cu NPs synthesized using Musa ornate flower sheath against Staphylococcus agalactiae Introduction Nanotechnology is an emerging area of science and synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) has been the most important step in the field of nanotechnology (Albrecht et al., 2006) In the field of biology, nanoparticles have a variety of applications as vaccine/drug delivery systems, minerals, antibacterials, etc A wide range of chemical and physical methods are being used for the synthesis of nanoparticles Nevertheless, these methods have few constraints like the use of toxic solvents, high energy consumption, hazardous by products, etc Biological synthesis of NPs has been found to be more advantageous than physio-chemical synthesis since biological synthesis is cost effective, environment 1834 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(6): 1834-1845 friendly and could easily be scaled up for large scale synthesis and not use high pressure, temperature and toxic chemicals (Forough and Farhad, 2010) Green synthesis of nanoparticles using plant extracts is gaining importance over chemical synthesis Plant extracts with their role as surface stabilizing agents, act as bio template for the synthesis of nanoparticles Better manipulation, crystal growth control and stabilization are other advantages of biological methods (Juhi et al., 2014) and green synthesis of nanoparticles plays a crucial role in diverse nano technological applications (Monalisa and Nayak, 2013) Plant extracts are reported to have antioxidant and reducing properties which are responsible for the reduction of metal salt to their respective nanoparticles Plant based method of nanoparticles synthesis eliminate the elaborate process of nanoparticles synthesis and are considered as beneficial because of the presence of wide range of bio molecules The bio molecules present in plants can act as capping and reducing agents and thus increase the rate of reduction and stabilization of nanoparticles Biosynthesized metal nanoparticles are more stable in nature and their rate of synthesis is faster than other methods The present study describes the green synthesis of metal nanoparticles and their characterization Materials and Methods respectively For the synthesis of copper and zinc oxide nanoparticles, various concentrations of CuCl2 and ZnSO4 (1, 2, 3, and mM) were prepared in distilled water Sheaths were collected and thoroughly washed with sterile distilled water, dried and chopped into fine pieces Plant extracts were prepared by using 20 g sheath per 100 mL of distilled water The mixture was heated for 20 at 60 ºC and filtered through Whatman No paper The filtrate was stored at ºC until further use Synthesis of metal nanoparticles For the synthesis of metal nanoparticles, both the precursor salt solution and reducing agent were mixed in 1:1 ratio For the reduction of Cu ions, Musa ornate flower sheath extract was mixed with aqueous CuCl2 Similarly, for the reduction of Zn ions, Zea mays cob sheath extract was mixed with aqueous ZnSO4 solution Then, the mixtures were constantly stirred at 70-80 ºC overnight Effect of concentration of precursor salt solution The effect of concentration of precursor salt solution was investigated for optimum synthesis of the two metallic nanoparticles by increasing the concentration of CuCl2 and ZnSO4 solutions from 1mM to 5mM with equal ratio of reducing agent The absorbance (200 to 800 nm) of the resulting solution was measured spectrophotometrically Preparation of plant extract and precursor salt solutions Effect of pH Metal nanoparticles (Copper and Zinc oxide) were synthesized using aqueous extract of Musa ornate flower sheath and Zea mays cob sheath as a reducing agent Copper Chloride (CuCl2), and Zinc Sulphate (ZnSO4) were used as precursor source for Cu and ZnO pH of the reaction was optimized by increasing the pH ranges from to 10 The pH was adjusted using 0.1 N HCl and 0.1 N NaOH After pH adjustment, absorbance (200 to 800 nm) of the resulting solution was measured spectrophotometrically 1835 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(6): 1834-1845 Effect of ratio of sheath extract and precursor salt solution The ratio of sheath extract and precursor salt solution was optimized by increasing the concentration of plant sheath extract (10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 ml) in 100 ml of precursor salt solution (ratio – 1:9, 2:8, 3:7, 4:6 and 5:5) The absorbance (200 to 800 nm) of the resulting solution was measured spectrophotometrically Effect of time The reaction time was optimized for the reaction mixture by incubating at different time intervals such as 0, 2, 4, 6, and 24 hrs The absorbance (200 to 800 nm) of the resulting solution was measured spectrophotometrically Characterization of metallic nanoparticles Synthesis of metallic nanoparticles was confirmed by measuring the absorbance in UV-Vis spectra at a range of 200-800 nm The powdered nanoparticles samples were analysed by XRD, FTIR, TEM, SEM, Zeta potential size and AFM The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns were recorded using a Scintag 2000 PDS diffractometer with Cu K∞ radiation with the 2θ range of 0-70º XRD patterns were calculated using X‘per Rota flex diffraction meter using Cu K radiation and λ =1.5406 A° Crystallite size is calculated using Scherrer equation CS= Kλ /β cos θ Where CS is the crystallite size Constant [K] = 0.94 β is the full width at half maximum [FWHM] Full width at half maximum in radius [β] = FWHM x π/180 λ = 1.5406 x 10-10, Cos θ = Bragg angle (Shobha et al., 2014) FTIR measurements were carried out to identify the possible bio molecules responsible for the reduction of Cu, Zn and capping of the bio-reduced copper and zinc oxide nanoparticles FTIR was used to characterize the nanoparticles using the powdered nanoparticles samples by KBr pellet method The absorbance maxima were scanned by FTIR at the wavelength of 4004000 cm-1 The surface morphology and size of the particles were investigated using scanning electron microscopy with an acceleration voltage of kV In TEM analysis at 120 KV, samples were prepared on a conventional carbon coated copper grids by dropping a very small amount of the sample and drying in an incubator for 30 mins to detect the size and shape of nanoparticles For Zeta potential analysis, nanoparticles were dissolved in water and filtered through 0.22 µm pore sized filter Then the samples were diluted for to times and then used for Zeta-Potential analysis Powdered nanoparticles samples were characterised by AFM for its morphology and size Images were taken using silicon cantilevers with contact mode Antibacterial nanoparticles efficacy of metallic The metallic nanoparticles synthesized using sheath extracts of plant origin were tested for their antibacterial activity by well diffusion method against Streptococcus agalactiae, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella enterica and Esherichia coli 24 hrs fresh cultures were prepared and the standardized (McFarland No.0.5) inoculum was used for the antibacterial assay Each strain was uniformly swabbed on the individual plates Wells of mm were made on agar plates Using micropipettes, mg/mL, mg/mL, mg/mL and mg/mL concentrations of nanoparticles solutions were poured into the wells on all plates After incubation at 37 °C overnight, zones of inhibition were measured 1836 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(6): 1834-1845 Results and Discussion Aqueous Copper and Zinc ions were reduced to Cu and ZnO NPs when added to flower sheath extract of Musa ornate and cob sheath extract of Zea mays The appearance of light blue colour colloidal solution for Cu and dirty white colour precipitation for Zn (Figure 1) in the reaction mixture indicated the formation of the respective nanoparticles The colour reaction arises from the excitation of surface Plasmon vibration in the metal nanoparticles (Shahverdi et al., 2007) Subhankari and Nayak (2013) have stated that the bio molecules present in the aqueous extract of plant origin not only reduced the metal ions but also stabilized the metal nanoparticles by preventing them from being oxidized after synthesis UV-Visible spectrophotometric analysis Bioreduction of Cu and ZnO in aqueous solutions was monitored by periodic sampling of aliquots of the mixture and subsequently measuring the UV–Visible spectra Synthesized nanoparticles were confirmed by UV-Visible spectrophotometer Maximum absorbance peaks of Copper and Zinc oxide nanoparticles were observed at 300 nm and 275-375 nm respectively The lambda maxima of synthesized nanoparticles were quite similar to those reported for Cu (Gopinath et al., 2014) and ZnO (Pattanayak and Nayak, 2013) respectively Effect of precursor salt solution Results of our study on the effect of precursor salt solution, showed that mM and mM concentration of Copper chloride and Zinc sulphate resulted in maximum nano particle formation with the absorbance peak at 300 nm and 275-375 nm respectively (Figure 2a and b) The absorption spectra intensity of nanoparticles increased with increased concentration of precursor salt solutions The results indicated a narrow size distribution of Cu, and ZnO nanoparticles with Musa ornate and Zea mays sheath extracts as reducing agents Effect of pH Reaction mixture pH is considered as an important parameter in nanoparticle synthesis In our study, the solution was adjusted to different pH and the concentration of CuCl2 and ZnSO4 was kept at mM and mM in 1:1 ratio respectively Reduction of Cu and ZnO NPs were observed based on the surface Plasmon resonance peak at 300 nm Maximum absorbance peak of Cu and ZnO nanoparticles was found at pH 9.0 and 8.0 respectively (Figure 3a and b) In both cases, the spectra had single peaks indicating that the synthesized particles are specific In general, alkaline and neutral pH was found to be optimum for the synthesis of metallic nanoparticles Effect of ratio of precursor salt solution to reducing agent The ratio of precursor salt to the reducing agent in the formation of nanoparticles varies from plant to plant and it is reported that varying the amount of Aloe vera leaf extract in the reaction medium containing Chloroaurate ions, influenced the ratio of gold triangular plates to spherical nanoparticles (Chandran et al., 2006) In our study, different ratios of precursor salt solution to reducing agent were optimized and the maximum Cu and ZnO nanoparticle synthesis was achieved in 8:2 and 5:5 ratios respectively This was further confirmed by the formation of highest peak in spectroscopy and colour formation Thus these ratios were considered as optimum and the next parameter was performed based on this ratio and colour change (Figure 4a and b) The study also found that the Carbonyl 1837 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(6): 1834-1845 compounds present in the extract assisted in shaping the particle growth Copper nanoparticles were synthesised using aqueous sorghum bran extracts by Eric et al., 2011 Effect of reaction time For the synthesis of metallic nanoparticles a reaction time of 0, 1, 2, 3, and 24 hrs were tested Prolonged reaction time has been reported to increases the probability of collisions between particles, leading to aggregation The UV-Vis graphs in Figure 5a and b showed that there was no significant difference in the synthesis of both Cu and ZnO nanoparticles irrespective of the reaction time XRD patterns of ZnO nanoparticles synthesized using Zea mays leaf extract were found to be highly crystalline with diffraction angles of 33, 35, 38, 48, 57, 63 and 68 (Figure 6b) which correspond to the characteristic of ZnO nanoparticles The average size of ZnO nanoparticles was found to be 38.62 nm These results were in good agreement with work reported by Sangeetha and Kumaraguru (2013) In their work, ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized using seaweeds The average size of ZnO nanoparticles synthesized was 36 nm X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis The XRD patterns showed that the synthesized Cu nanoparticles were amorphous in nature and the ZnO nanoparticles in crystalline nature (Figure 6a and b) The amorphous nature of the Cu NPs could be confirmed by the fact that the XRD patterns lacked distinct diffraction peaks and revealed broad humps at 2θ=30º to 40º which can be attributed to the organic materials in the matrix as has been observed earlier when Fourier Transform Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis Infra-Red The major absorption peaks in FTIR spectra of Musa ornate flower sheath extract were mainly located at 3254.05, 1635.17, 525.09, 474.54 and 419.00 cm-1 (Figure 7) Presence of spectra peak at 3254.05 cm-1 could be due to the O-H stretching vibration of the phenol groups, which might be responsible for the formation and stabilization of nanoparticles Fig.1 Visual observation of synthesis of metallic nanoparticles (a) Cu NPs and (b) ZnO NPs 1838 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(6): 1834-1845 Fig.2 Effect of precursor salt concentration on metallic nanoparticles synthesis (a) CuCl2 (b) ZnSO4 (b) (a) 0.3 2.0 Absorbance 1.5 1.0 Absorbance 1mM 2mM 3mM 4mM 5mM 1mM 2mM 3mM 4mM 5mM 0.2 0.1 0.5 0.0 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 0.0 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 Wavelength (nm) Wavelength (nm) Fig.3 Effect of pH in the synthesis of metallic nanoparticles (a) Cu NPs and (b) ZnO NPs (b) (a) 2.5 pH pH pH pH pH pH 10 1.5 1.0 0.6 Absorbance Absorbance 2.0 0.5 0.0 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 pH pH pH pH pH pH 10 0.4 0.2 0.0 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 Wavelength (nm) Wavelength (nm) Fig.4 Effect of ratio between reducing agent and precursor salt solution for the synthesis of metallic nanoparticles (a) Cu NPs and (b) ZnO NPs (a) (b) 1:9 ratio 2:8 ratio 3:7 ratio 4:6 ratio 5:5 ratio 0.4 0.2 2.5 1:9 ratio 2:8 ratio 3:7 ratio 4:6 ratio 5:5 ratio 2.0 Absorbance Absorbance 0.6 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 0.0 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 Wavelength (nm) Wavelength (nm) 1839 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(6): 1834-1845 Fig.5 Effect of reaction time in the synthesis of (a) Cu NPs and (b) ZnO NPs (a) (b) hr hr hr hr hr 24 hr 0.4 0.2 0.0 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 Absorbance Absorbance 0.6 hr hr hr hr hr 24 hr 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 Wavelength (nm) Wavelength(nm) Fig.6 XRD analysis of (a) Cu NPs and (b) ZnO NPs 1840 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(6): 1834-1845 Fig.7 FTIR spectra of Musa orate leaf extract Fig.8 FTIR spectra of Cu NPs Fig.9 FTIR spectra of Zea mays leaf extract Fig.10 FTIR spectra of ZnO NPs 1841 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(6): 1834-1845 Fig.11 Scanning electron microscopic image of (a) Cu NPs and (b) ZnO NPs Fig.12 Transmission electron microscopic image of (a) Cu NPs and (b) ZnO NPs Fig.13 Percentage frequency of particle size distribution of (a) Cu NPs and (b) ZnO NPs 1842 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(6): 1834-1845 Fig.14 Atomic Force Microscopic image of (a) Cu NPs and (b) ZnO NPs Fig.15 Antibacterial activity of metallic nanoparticles (a-d) Cu NPs and (e-h) ZnO NPs The major absorption peak in the FTIR spectra of synthesized Cu nanoparticles was mainly located at 3916.89, 3821.47, 3642.33, 2855.96, 1095.95 and 446.53 cm-1 (Figure 8) The shift in peak from 3642.33 to 2855.96 cm-1 corresponds to N-H bending which may be responsible for the reduction The peak at 445.55 cm-1 indicated the vibration of copper nanoparticles Similarly in the FTIR spectra of Zea mays cob sheath extract, the peak at 1636.25 cm-1 corresponded to ester linkages or C-O-H stretch (Figure 9) The peak at 3254.43 cm-1 might have been due to the O-H stretching vibration of phenolic compounds The presence of O-H groups of phenols might have been responsible for the formation and stabilization of the synthesized nanoparticles FTIR measurements were carried out to identify the possible biomolecules responsible for the reduction of Zn ions and capping of the reduced Zinc oxide nanoparticles The band at 2105 cm-1 corresponds to the N-H / CO stretching vibration Peaks at 438.18 cm-1 1843 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(6): 1834-1845 indicates the presence of ZnO nanoparticles (Figure 10) as has been observed earlier (Varghese and George, 2015) and b respectively The particle size of the Cu and ZnO nanoparticles were found to be 137 nm and 69 nm respectively Electron Microscopic analysis Antibacterial activity of green synthesized nanoparticles Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) images of the Cu nanoparticles revealed that the preparation consisted of nanoparticles clusters with the size ranging from 150 to 200 nm (Figure 11a) However, further observations at higher magnifications revealed that these Cu nanoclusters have been assembled by smaller nanoparticles SEM studies of Zn NPs revealed spherical and relatively spongy structures (Figure 11b) Transmission electron microscopic images of Cu and ZnO nanoparticles were spherical in shape with particle size in the nano range (approximately 48 nm) (Figure 12a and b) Cu and ZnO nanoparticles synthesized in our study with Musa ornate flower sheath and Zea mays cob sheath were spherical in shape With ever increasing concerns about the use of antibiotics, alternatives to antibiotics are being looked upon Metallic nanoparticles are being reported to have good antibacterial activity due to their large surface area to volume ratio (Shah et al., 2014) The antibacterial activities of Cu and ZnO NPs against the pathogenic organisms studied are shown in figure 15 It is quite interesting to note that all bacterial species tested in this study showed good sensitivity towards the green synthesized nanoparticles Zone of inhibition was observed to be more in gram negative bacteria when compared to gram positive bacteria which might be due to the differences in bacterial pathogen’s membrane structures (Rastogi and Arunachalam, 2011) Zeta potential particle size analysis Figure 13a and b presents a histogram of the particle size distribution of Cu and ZnO nanoparticles with the mean particle diameter (mean and standard deviation) of 391.6 nm and 239.7 for Cu NPs and 63.2 and 19.5 for ZnO NPs respectively More than 90% of the Cu and ZnO nanoparticles were in the size range from 140-210 nm and 56-63 nm respectively These results indicated that better control of the particle size and its polydispersity Atomic Force Microscopic Analysis Synthesized Cu and ZnO nanoparticles were characterized by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) for their size and morphology The topographical 3D images of irregular Cu and ZnO nanoparticles synthesized using natural extract of plant origin are shown in figure 14a The environment friendly, green synthesis has yielded Cu and ZnO NPs which had a definite antibacterial activity Cu and ZnO NPs were found to have a narrow size distribution with Musa ornate flower sheath and Zea mays cob sheath as reducing agents respectively Alkaline pH was found to be optimum for the synthesis of the metallic NPs and though there were size variations, the NPs were spherical in shape It is concluded that basic data has been generated with green synthesized Cu and ZnO nanoparticles and further work is planned for evolving an effective nanoparticles based antibacterial for field use Acknowledgements The authors thank Government of India and Government of Tamil Nadu for funding this work through the National Agricultural Development Programme (RKVY) The 1844 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(6): 1834-1845 authors also thank the Director of Reserach, TANUVAS, Dean, Faculty of Basic Sciences, TANUVAS, Dean, Madras Veterinary College and the Professor and Head, Department of Animal Biotechnology, Madras Veterinary College, Chennai, India for the facilities provided References Albrecht, M A., C W Evans and Raston, C L 2006 Green chemistry and the health implications of nanoparticles Green Chemistry 8: 417-432 Chandran, S P., M Chaudhary, R Pasricha, A Ahmad and Sastry, M 2006 Synthesis of gold nanotriangles and silver nanoparticles using Aloe vera plant extract Biotechnology Progress 22: 577-583 Eric, C N., H Hui, S Lisa, G Homer, M G Hugo, B C John, E H George and Steven, L S 2011 Biosynthesis of iron and silver nanoparticles at room temperature using aqueous Sorghum bran extracts Langmuir 27(1): 264–271 Forough, M., and Farhad, K 2010 Biological and Green Synthesis of Silver 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World Journal of Nano Science and Technology 2(1): 14-17 Varghese, E., and George, M 2015 Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles International Journal of Advanced Research in Science, Engineering and Technology (1): 307-314 How to cite this article: Saranya, S., A Eswari, E Gayathri, S Eswari and Vijayarani, K 2017 Green Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles using Aqueous Plant Extract and their Antibacterial Activity Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci 6(6): 1834-1845 doi: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.606.214 1845 ... Saranya, S., A Eswari, E Gayathri, S Eswari and Vijayarani, K 2017 Green Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles using Aqueous Plant Extract and their Antibacterial Activity Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci... the green synthesis of metal nanoparticles and their characterization Materials and Methods respectively For the synthesis of copper and zinc oxide nanoparticles, various concentrations of CuCl2... contact mode Antibacterial nanoparticles efficacy of metallic The metallic nanoparticles synthesized using sheath extracts of plant origin were tested for their antibacterial activity by well diffusion