General, Organic & Biological Chemistry, 5e (Timberlake) Chapter 21 Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis 21.1 Multiple-Choice Questions 1) A consists of a nitrogen-containing a base and a sugar A) nucleoside B) base pair C) nucleotide D) complementary base E) pyrimidine Answer: A Objective: 21.1 Global Outcomes: GO2 2) A consists of a nitrogen-containing base, a sugar, and a phosphate group A) nucleoside B) base pair C) nucleotide D) complementary base E) purine Answer: C Objective: 21.1 Global Outcomes: GO2 3) Which of the following can NOT be found in a nucleotide of RNA? A) purine B) pyrimidine C) phosphate D) ribose E) deoxyribose Answer: E Objective: 21.1 Global Outcomes: GO2 4) Which of the following is found in RNA but not in DNA? A) thymine B) uracil C) guanine D) cytosine E) deoxyribose Answer: B Objective: 21.1 Global Outcomes: GO2 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc 5) Which of the following will not be found in DNA? A) adenine B) thymine C) guanine D) cytosine E) ribose Answer: E Objective: 21.1 Global Outcomes: GO2 6) Which of the following can be found in DNA? A) ribose B) GMP C) uracil D) deoxyadenosine E) FMN Answer: D Objective: 21.1 Global Outcomes: GO2 7) Guanine is one example of a nitrogen base that is a A) cofactor B) 5-carbon sugar C) phosphodiester D) pyrimidine E) purine Answer: E Objective: 21.1 Global Outcomes: GO2 8) The nucleotides in the backbone of DNA are held together by bonds A) hydrogen B) peptide C) phosphodiester D) glycosidic E) ionic Answer: C Objective: 21.2 Global Outcomes: GO2 9) The bonds that link the base pairs in the DNA double helix are A) ionic bonds B) peptide bonds C) hydrogen bonds D) hydrophobic bonds E) ester bonds Answer: C Objective: 21.2 Global Outcomes: GO2 10) Which of the following hold two strands of DNA in an a helix? A) ester linkages B) disulfide linkages C) peptide bonds D) hydrogen bonds E) glycosidic linkages Answer: D Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc Objective: 21.2 Global Outcomes: GO2 11) The base sequence of the strand of DNA complementary to the segment 5' T-G-G-C-A-A-C 3' is A) 3' T-G-G-C-A-A-C 5' B) 3' A-C-C-G-T-T-G 5' C) 3' A-C-C-G-U-U-G 5' D) 3' U-C-C-G-T-T-G 5' E) 3' A-C-G-C-T-U-G 5' Answer: B Objective: 21.3 Global Outcomes: GO2 12) When DNA duplicates itself, the correct placement of the nucleotides is accomplished by A) complementary base pairing B) polymerase C) enzyme matching D) base matching E) transcription Answer: A Objective: 21.3 Global Outcomes: GO2 13) When DNA replicates, a guanine forms a base pair with A) uracil B) adenine C) guanine D) thymine E) cytosine Answer: E Objective: 21.3 Global Outcomes: GO2 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc 14) Which one of the following base pairs is found in DNA? A) adenine-thymine B) adenine-guanine C) cytosine-thymine D) adenine-uracil E) guanine-uracil Answer: A Objective: 21.3 Global Outcomes: GO2 15) Which of the following statements is TRUE? A) Cytosine and Thymine are a complementary base pair that forms hydrogen bonds B) Thymine and Guanine are a complementary base pair that forms hydrogen bonds C) Cytosine and Guanine are a complementary base pair that forms hydrogen bonds D) Thymine and Adenine are a complementary base pair that forms hydrogen bonds E) Thymine and Guanine are a complementary base pair that forms hydrogen bonds Answer: D Objective: 21.3 Global Outcomes: GO2 16) The two strands of the double helix of DNA are held together by A) hydrogen bonds B) covalent bonds C) dipole-dipole interactions D) ionic bonds E) sugar-to-phosphate bonds Answer: A Objective: 21.3 Global Outcomes: GO2 17) Which of the following is NOT a step in DNA replication? A) mRNA sends a message to form a new strand of DNA B) A base on the DNA pairs with its complementary base free in solution C) DNA polymerase forms bonds between a 5'-phosphate of one nucleotide and a 3'hydroxyl of another D) On one strand the DNA is synthesized continuously E) DNA ligase connects short segments of DNA on one strand Answer: A Objective: 21.4 Global Outcomes: GO2 18) The two new DNA molecules formed in replication A) are complementary to the original DNA B) both contain only two new daughter DNA strands C) both contain only the parent DNA strands D) contain one parent and one daughter strand E) are identical, with one containing both parent strands, and the other containing both daughter strands Answer: D Objective: 21.4 Global Outcomes: GO2 19) What is the process in which the DNA double helix unfolds, and each strand serves as a template for the synthesis of a new strand? A) transcription B) complementation C) translation Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc D) replication E) restriction Answer: D Objective: 21.4 Global Outcomes: GO2 20) The backbone of the helix of DNA is held together by A) hydrogen bonds B) covalent bonds C) dipole-dipole interactions D) ionic bonds E) sugar-to-phosphate bonds Answer: E Objective: 21.4 Global Outcomes: GO2 21) Which of the following types of RNA carries the genetic information from DNA in the nucleus to the cytoplasm for protein synthesis? A) mRNA B) histone RNA C) rRNA D) tRNA E) sRNA Answer: A Objective: 21.5 Global Outcomes: GO2 22) In transcription A) the mRNA produced is identical to the parent DNA B) a double helix containing one parent strand and one daughter strand is produced C) uracil pairs with thymine D) both strands of the DNA are copied E) the mRNA produced is complementary to one strand of the DNA Answer: E Objective: 21.5 Global Outcomes: GO2 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc 23) Which of the following is a section of mRNA produced from the DNA template below? 3' A-T-A-G-C-T-A 5' A) 5' A-T-A-G-C-T-A 3' B) 5' A-U-A-G-C-U-A 3' C) 5' U-A-U-C-G-A-U 3' D) 5' U-U-U-G-C-U-U 3' E) 5' T-A-T-C-G-A-T 3' Answer: C Objective: 21.5 Global Outcomes: GO2 24) Which of the following is a section of mRNA produced from the DNA template below? 3' A-A-G-C-G-A-A 5' A) 5' A-T-A-G-C-T-A 3' B) 5' A-U-A-G-C-U-A 3' C) 5' U-A-U-C-G-A-U 3' D) 5' U-U-U-G-C-U-U 3' E) 5' T-A-T-C-G-A-T 3' Answer: D Objective: 21.5 Global Outcomes: GO2 25) Which one of these base pairs is found in RNA? A) guanine-cytosine B) adenine-cytosine C) adenine-thymine D) adenine-guanine E) guanine-thymine Answer: A Objective: 21.5 Global Outcomes: GO2 26) In the synthesis of mRNA, an adenine in the DNA pairs with A) uracil B) adenine C) guanine D) thymine E) cytosine Answer: A Objective: 21.5 Global Outcomes: GO2 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc 27) A DNA template having the base sequence 3' A-G-A-T-G-A 5' would produce a mRNA with a base sequence of A) 5' A-G-A-T-G-A 3' B) 5' U-C-U-A-C-U 3' C) 5' T-C-T-U-C-T 3' D) 5' T-C-T-A-C-A 3' E) 5' A-C-A-U-C-A 3' Answer: B Objective: 21.5 Global Outcomes: GO2 28) When mRNA is synthesized using the information from DNA, the process is called A) transportation B) transposition C) transcription D) translation E) transliteration Answer: C Objective: 21.5 Global Outcomes: GO2 29) The anticodon is A) identical to the codon on DNA B) complementary to the codon on DNA C) identical to the codon on mRNA D) complementary to the codon on mRNA E) complementary to the codon on tRNA Answer: D Objective: 21.5 Global Outcomes: GO2 30) A set of directions in the DNA base sequence for the synthesis of a protein is a(n) A) structural gene B) promotor C) operator D) codon E) regulatory gene Answer: A Objective: 21.5 Global Outcomes: GO2 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc 31) Which of the following types of RNA has a large subunit and a small subunit? A) mRNA B) histone RNA C) rRNA D) tRNA E) sRNA Answer: A Objective: 21.5 Global Outcomes: GO2 32) Some sections of a DNA molecule not code for protein synthesis These segments are called A) codons B) anticodons C) Okazaki fragments D) introns E) exons Answer: D Objective: 21.5 Global Outcomes: GO2 33) Codons are base pair sequences that A) signal the start of DNA synthesis B) signal the end of DNA synthesis C) code for amino acids D) signal the start of RNA synthesis E) code for one or more bases in mRNA Answer: C Objective: 21.6 Global Outcomes: GO2 34) The codon is found on , and the anticodon is found on A) mRNA; tRNA B) tRNA; mRNA C) rRNA; tRNA D) ribosomes; tRNA E) mRNA; rRNA Answer: A Objective: 21.6 Global Outcomes: GO2 35) Translation is the process whereby A) DNA is synthesized from DNA B) DNA is synthesized from mRNA C) protein is synthesized from DNA D) protein is synthesized from mRNA E) mRNA is synthesized from DNA Answer: D Objective: 21.7 Global Outcomes: GO2 36) Which of the following is not a step in protein synthesis? A) activation of tRNA B) initiation C) elongation D) termination E) unwinding of two strands of mRNA Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc Answer: E Objective: 21.7 Global Outcomes: GO2 37) A tRNA is activated when it A) attaches to mRNA B) attaches to its specific amino acid C) attaches to the ribosome D) leaves the ribosome E) releases its specific amino acid Answer: B Objective: 21.7 Global Outcomes: GO2 38) During protein synthesis, the codon for an amino acid is found on A) DNA B) rRNA C) tRNA D) mRNA E) sRNA Answer: D Objective: 21.7 Global Outcomes: GO2 39) The anticodon of U-A-G is A) A-T-C B) U-A-G C) A-A-C D) A-U-C E) G-A-U Answer: D Objective: 21.7 Global Outcomes: GO2 40) Mutations are the result of A) alterations in the phosphate of the DNA backbone B) exposure to water in utero C) physical trauma in the mother's childhood D) alterations in the sugar component of the DNA backbone E) alterations in the DNA base sequence Answer: E Objective: 21.8 Global Outcomes: GO7 41) The result of a defective enzyme caused by a mutation in the DNA nucleotide sequence is A) a genetic disease B) AIDS C) HIV D) recombinant DNA E) translocation Answer: A Objective: 21.8 Global Outcomes: GO7 42) When a mutation occurs by elimination of one base in a DNA sequence, this mutation is called a A) deletion mutation Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc B) retrovirus insertion C) substitution mutation D) translocation mutation E) viral mutation Answer: A Objective: 21.8 Global Outcomes: GO7 43) In the study of genetics, the abbreviation PCR refers to A) purine chain repression B) pyrimidine complement restriction C) purine coded ribose D) protein combination and replication E) polymerase chain reaction Answer: E Objective: 21.9 Global Outcomes: GO7 44) Recombinant DNA technology requires the use of bacterial A) plasmids B) mitochondria C) endoplasmic reticulum D) ribosomes E) cell walls Answer: A Objective: 21.9 Global Outcomes: GO7 45) One therapeutic product now available due to recombinant DNA technology is A) measles vaccine B) penicillin C) human growth hormone D) sulfamethoxazole E) tamoxifen Answer: C Objective: 21.9 Global Outcomes: GO7 46) DNA fingerprinting uses to produce DNA fragments that can be separated and screened for the presence of genetic diseases A) extracellular DNA B) restriction enzymes C) bacterial plasmids D) anticodons E) codons Answer: B Objective: 21.9 Global Outcomes: GO7 47) The purpose of the human genome project was to A) identify genes responsible for noninheritable diseases B) determine how to clone human DNA C) identify substrates for the polymerase chain reaction D) learn how to clone bacterial DNA E) map the locations of all the genes in human DNA Answer: E Objective: 21.9 10 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc Global Outcomes: GO7 48) Which of the following is used in the preparation of recombinant DNA? A) RNA polymerase B) DNA polymerase C) repressor protein D) restriction enzyme E) enzyme induction Answer: D Objective: 21.9 Global Outcomes: GO7 49) The insertion of new DNA into the plasmid DNA of a bacterium produces A) viral DNA B) DNA fingerprints C) recombinant DNA D) ribosomes E) restriction enzymes Answer: C Objective: 21.9 Global Outcomes: GO7 11 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc 50) The polymerase chain reaction is used in A) preparing recombinant DNA B) transcription C) DNA fingerprinting D) translation E) replication Answer: C Objective: 21.9 Global Outcomes: GO7 51) A restriction enzyme functions to A) prevent the DNA from leaving the nucleus B) limit the number of replications a DNA molecule can achieve C) cut a large DNA double helix into smaller fragments D) stop the elongation step of protein synthesis E) eliminate a virus from a cell Answer: C Objective: 21.9 Global Outcomes: GO7 52) Small living particles, with to 200 genes, that cannot replicate without a host cell are called A) recombinant DNAs B) viruses C) bacteria D) tumors E) plasmids Answer: B Objective: 21.10 Global Outcomes: GO2 53) A virus that contains RNA as its genetic material is a A) genetically engineered virus B) bacteria C) recombinant DNA D) retrovirus E) vaccine Answer: D Objective: 21.10 Global Outcomes: GO2 54) Protease inhibitors, which are effective anti-HIV drugs, A) are nucleoside analogs B) prevent reverse transcription C) prevent synthesis of viral proteins D) prevent mRNA synthesis E) prevent activation of tRNA Answer: C Objective: 21.10 Global Outcomes: GO2 21.2 True/False Questions 1) Adenine is a purine Answer: TRUE Objective: 21.1 Global Outcomes: GO2 12 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc 2) Uracil is a pyrimidine Answer: TRUE Objective: 21.1 Global Outcomes: GO2 3) DNA is a protein Answer: FALSE Objective: 21.1 Global Outcomes: GO2 4) A nucleotide consists of only a base and a sugar Answer: FALSE Objective: 21.1 Global Outcomes: GO2 5) DNA differs from RNA in the sugar it contains Answer: TRUE Objective: 21.1 Global Outcomes: GO2 6) The sequence of bases in a nucleic acid is the primary structure Answer: TRUE Objective: 21.2 Global Outcomes: GO2 7) The backbone of a nucleic acid is the nitrogen bases Answer: FALSE Objective: 21.2 Global Outcomes: GO2 8) In the DNA double helix, a purine can only bond with a pyrimidine Answer: TRUE Objective: 21.3 Global Outcomes: GO2 9) If the DNA double helix in humans contains 20% guanine, then the percent cytosine is 30% Answer: FALSE Objective: 21.3 Global Outcomes: GO2 10) If the DNA double helix in humans contains 20% guanine, then the percent adenine is 30% Answer: TRUE Objective: 21.3 Global Outcomes: GO2 11) If the DNA double helix in humans contains 20% guanine, then the percent cytosine is 20% Answer: TRUE Objective: 21.3 Global Outcomes: GO2 12) Okazaki fragments are short segments formed by DNA polymerase in the daughter DNA strand that runs in the 3' to 5' direction Answer: TRUE Objective: 21.4 Global Outcomes: GO2 13 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc 13) The DNA complement of the sequence 5' G-C-C-A-T 3' is -G-C-C-A-T 5' Answer: FALSE Objective: 21.4 Global Outcomes: GO2 14) The enzyme helicase seperartes the two DNA strands Answer: TRUE Objective: 21.4 Global Outcomes: GO2 15) RNA contains no phosphate Answer: FALSE Objective: 21.5 Global Outcomes: GO2 16) Human DNA contains many nucleotides that are not used in genes Answer: TRUE Objective: 21.5 Global Outcomes: GO2 17) Messenger RNA carries protein synthesis information from the nucleus to the ribosomes Answer: TRUE Objective: 21.5 Global Outcomes: GO2 18) mRNA is the smallest type of RNA Answer: FALSE Objective: 21.5 Global Outcomes: GO2 19) The anticodon sequence is found in mRNA Answer: FALSE Objective: 21.6 Global Outcomes: GO2 20) The mRNA triplet UUU codes for phenylalanine Answer: TRUE Objective: 21.6 Global Outcomes: GO2 21) Down syndrome is an acquired disease, not a genetic disease Answer: FALSE Objective: 21.8 Global Outcomes: GO7 22) Human insulin can be made with the use of recombinant DNA technology Answer: TRUE Objective: 21.9 Global Outcomes: GO7 23) DNA fingerprinting is not yet used to detect genes for cancer susceptibility Answer: FALSE Objective: 21.9 Global Outcomes: GO7 24) A retrovirus uses DNA as its genetic material Answer: FALSE Objective: 21.10 14 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc Global Outcomes: GO7 25) AZT is a drug used in the treatment of colds Answer: FALSE Objective: 21.10 Global Outcomes: GO7 26) A retrovirus contains DNA as its genetic material and that synthesizes a complementary RNA strand inside a cell Answer: FALSE Objective: 21.10 Global Outcomes: GO7 15 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc 21.3 Matching Questions Match the following A) mRNA B) DNA C) tRNA D) rRNA 1) picks up the specific amino acids for protein synthesis Objective: 21.5 Global Outcomes: GO2 2) synthesized by the DNA to carry the genetic message to the ribosomes Objective: 21.5 Global Outcomes: GO2 3) contains within the nucleus of the cell the information for the synthesis of protein Objective: 21.5 Global Outcomes: GO2 4) the nucleic acid that contains the codons for the amino acids of a protein Objective: 21.5 Global Outcomes: GO2 5) the most abundant nucleic acid in the ribosomes Objective: 21.5 Global Outcomes: GO2 6) the nucleic acid that contains a single anticodon for a specific amino acid Objective: 21.5 Global Outcomes: GO2 Answers: 1) C 2) A 3) B 4) A 5) D 6) C 16 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc Match the correct term with the statement A) transcription factor B) operon C) activators D) repressor E) promoter 7) the protein complexes that bind to the promoter region of DNA Objective: 21.5 Global Outcomes: GO2 8) a group of genes whose transcription is controlled by the same regulatory gene Objective: 21.5 Global Outcomes: GO2 9) the portion of the control site that regulates DNA synthesis Objective: 21.5 Global Outcomes: GO2 10) a protein that interacts with the operator gene to prevent mRNA synthesis Objective: 21.5 Global Outcomes: GO2 11) proteins that bind to transcription factors to increase the transcription rate Objective: 21.5 Global Outcomes: GO2 Answers: 7) A 8) B 9) E 10) D 11) C 17 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc ... new daughter DNA strands C) both contain only the parent DNA strands D) contain one parent and one daughter strand E) are identical, with one containing both parent strands, and the other containing... daughter strands Answer: D Objective: 21. 4 Global Outcomes: GO2 19) What is the process in which the DNA double helix unfolds, and each strand serves as a template for the synthesis of a new strand?... one nucleotide and a 3'hydroxyl of another D) On one strand the DNA is synthesized continuously E) DNA ligase connects short segments of DNA on one strand Answer: A Objective: 21. 4 Global Outcomes: