Intensified phosphorus removal from synthetic wastewater by lab scale horizontal sub surface flow constructed wetlands using a mixture of coal slag and calcined ferralsols as substrate

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY LE THI VAN INTENSIFIED PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL FROM SYNTHETIC WASTEWATER BY LAB-SCALE HORIZONTAL SUB-SURFACE FLOW CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS USING A MIXTURE OF COAL SLAG AND CALCINED FERRALSOLS AS SUBSTRATE MASTER'S THESIS VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY LE THI VAN INTENSIFIED PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL FROM SYNTHETIC WASTEWATER BY LAB-SCALE HORIZONTAL SUB-SURFACE FLOW CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS USING A MIXTURE OF COAL SLAG AND CALCINED FERRALSOLS AS SUBSTRATE MAJOR: ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING CODE: 8520320.01 SUPERVISORS: Principal Supervisor: Dr NGUYEN THI AN HANG Co-Supervisor: Assoc Prof Dr SATO KEISUKE Hanoi, 2020 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I would like to express my deep gratitudes to Dr Nguyen Thi An Hang, my Principal Supervisor, who gave me the opportunity to get involved in this interesting research She not only provided me valuable advices on this research but also strengthened my research skills, built up my confidence, and encouraged me to overcome all difficulties It would have been impossible to fulfill this work without her enthusiastic supports I extend my sincere thanks to Assoc Prof Dr Sato Keisuke, my Co-supervisor, who gave me practical advices on the feasibility and applicability of my research It was very kind of him to give me opportunities to learn about Japanese culture and people, which will definitely be useful for my future My gratitude is also gone to Dr Vu Ngoc Duy for his extraordinary supports I was immensely benefited from his continuous assistance in constructed wetlands setting up and experimental data processing My special thanks go to B.Sc Nguyen Thi Xuyen, the project assistant, for her helps with taking care of CWs system during the global COVID-19 pandemic period For me, she is a sincere friend and I have learnt a lot from her I would like to acknowledge VNU Vietnam Japan University (VJU), Ritsumeikan University (RITs), and Hiyoshi Corporation for providing me the best conditions to study and have internship in Vietnam and Japan Especially, I am so grateful to Prof Jun Nakajima and Prof Soda Satoshi for teaching me at VJU and supporting me during my internship in Japan This research was completed in the laboratory of the Master’s Program in Environmental Engineering (MEE), VNU Vietnam Japan University (VNU-VJU) I would like to acknowledge Vietnam National Foundation for Science and Technology Development (NAFOSTED) [grant number 105.99-2018.13, 2018], and Asia Research Center, Vietnam National University, Hanoi (ARC-VNU) and Korea Foundation for Advanced Studies (KFAS) [grant number CA.18.11A, 2018] for financial supports i Lastly, I would like to express my deep gratitudes to my parents for raising me with a love of science and supporting me in all my pursuits My heartfelt thanks go to Son-san for his love, accompanying, and comments on my thesis research Thank you all my friends, who were MEE Batch students, for unforgettable memories th Hanoi, June 14 2020 Le Thi Van ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS i TABLE OF CONTENTS iii LIST OF TABLES vi LIST OF FIGURES vii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS x INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW 1.1 Pig farming in Vietnam 1.1.1 Pig farming development in Vietnam 1.1.2 Environmental concerns of anaerobically treated swine wastewater 1.2 Phosphorus pollution and remedy technologies 1.2.1 Phosphorus significance and environmental concern 1.2.2 Technologies for phosphorus decontamination of anaerobically treated swine wastewater (ATSWW) 10 1.3 Constructed wetlands 11 1.3.1 Definition 11 1.3.2 Classification of constructed wetlands (CWs) 12 1.3.3 Phosphorus removal by different components in CWs 14 1.3.4 Advantages and disadvantages of CWs in P removal from wastewater 21 1.4 Study subjects 22 1.4.1 Filter materials 22 1.4.2 Plants 26 CHAPTER 2: MATERIALS AND METHODS 28 2.1 Materials 28 2.1.1 Substrates 28 iii 2.1.2 Wetland plants 31 2.2 Experimental set-up 33 2.2.1 Ferralsols calcination 33 2.2.2 Adsorption tests 34 2.2.3 Constructed wetlands design and operation 36 2.3 Analytical methods and equipment 38 2.3.1 Substrate characterization 38 2.3.2 Environmental parameters analysis 41 2.4 Calculation and statistical analysis 44 2.4.1 Calculation 44 2.4.2 Statistical analysis 44 CHAPTER 3: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 45 3.1 Ferrasols calcination for P removal enhancement 45 3.1.1 Lab-scale Ferralsols calcination 45 3.1.2 Large-scale Ferralsols calcination 46 3.2 Adsorptive behaviours of calcined Ferrasols 46 3.2.1 Factors influencing P adsorption 46 3.2.2 Adsorption isotherms50 3.2.3 Adsorption kinetics 55 3.3 Characterization of the filter materials 57 3.3.1 Characterization of natural and calcined Ferralsols 3.3.2 Characterization of coal slag 57 64 3.4 Applicability of the investigated filter materials 66 3.5 Treatment performance of sub-surface horizontal flow constructed wetlands 67 3.5.1 P treatment performance 67 3.5.2 Side-effects of filter materials on HSSF-CWs effluents 69 CHAPTER 4: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 73 iv 4.1 Conclusions 73 4.2 Recommendations 73 REFERENCES 75 APPENDICES 89 v LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1 Treatment efficiency of piggery wastewater by anaerobically treatment in Thua Thien Hue Table 1.2 P removal mechanisms of CWs components 14 Table 1.3 Effect of nutrient uptake by plants on removal of nitrogen and phosphorus (%) in different CWs simulated scenarios 19 Table 2.1 Parameters of real post-anarobically swine wastewater in Hanoi 33 Table 3.1 Comparison of P adsorption capacity of investigated filter materials 45 Table 3.2 Coparing CF500 produced in lab-scale and large-scale .46 Table 3.3 Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherm constants 53 Table 3.4 P adsortion capacity of different materials 54 Table 3.5 Kinetic constants 57 Table 3.6 Mineral composition of NF and CF500 samples 60 Table 3.7 Main chemical compositions of NF, CF500 and CS 60 Table 3.8 Types of vibration peak in NF and CF500 62 Table 3.9 The chemical compositions in CF500 and NF 62 Table 3.10 Hydraulic properties of CF500 compared with other materials .64 Table 3.11 The chemical compositions in CS 65 Table 3.12 Physical properties of CS compared with other materials .65 Table 3.13 Selection the mixing ratio of CF500 and CS 66 Table 3.14 The concentration of heavy metals in post-adsorption solutions 71 vi LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1 Distribution of pig production in Vietnam by ecological regions Figure 1.2 Swine wastewater Figure 1.3 P is an important and essential nutrient for plants Figure 1.4 HABs are triggered by nutrient enrichment Figure 1.5 Stabilization lagoon 11 Figure 1.6 Classification of CWs 12 Figure 1.7 The diagram of VSSF-CWs 13 Figure 1.8 HSSF-CWs 14 Figure 1.9 P adsorption mechanism on material surface 16 Figure 1.10 Phytoremediation Using Aquatic Plants 17 Figure 1.11 Rhizosphere in CWs plants 18 Figure 1.12 Phosphorus cycle in constructed wetland 18 Figure 1.13 Source structure of the national electricity system by primary energy 22 Figure 2.1 Pha Lai Thermal Power Joint Stock Company 28 Figure 2.2 Principle diagram of electricity production technology .29 Figure 2.3 Sampling location of Ferralsols in Dak Nong Province 30 Figure 2.4 Stone placed at the bottom of CW units 31 Figure 2.5 Sand added on the top of CWs units 31 Figure 2.6 Aquatica ipomoea planted from seeds on the soil before being transferred into CW units 32 Figure 2.7 Cymbopogon citratus kept alive in the tap water before being transferred into CW units 32 Figure 2.8 Aquatica ipomoea at the time being tranferred into CWs 32 Figure 2.9 Carbolite furnace 33 Figure 2.10 Preparing NF for calcination with the commcerical furnace .34 Figure 2.11 Layers structure of tanks in CWs 37 Figure 2.12 Nutrient solution storage tank 38 vii Figure 2.13 The HSSF-CWs system planted with water spinach and lemongrass 38 Figure 2.14 AMRAY Model 1830 Scanning Electron Microscope .40 Figure 2.15 Empyrean equipment 40 Figure 2.16 X-ray fluorescence spectrometer 41 Figure 2.17 FTIR Spectrometer 41 Figure 2.18 Shaker 42 Figure 2.19 UV/Vis Diode Array Spectrophotometer 42 Figure 2.20 The pH meter 42 Figure 2.21 The SensION + EC5, Hach, China 43 Figure 2.22 Atomic absorption spectrophotometer 43 Figure 3.1 Effect of pH of NF and CF500 on P removal 47 Figure 3.2 Effect of dosage of NF and CF500 on P removal 49 Figure 3.3 Effect of temperature of CF500 on P removal 50 Figure 3.4 The fitting Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models .51 for P adsorption by CF500 51 Figure 3.5 The fitting Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models for P adsorption by NF 51 Figure 3.6 The fitting Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm modelts for P adsorption by CS 52 Figure 3.7 Linear form of adsorption isortherms: a) Langmuir model and b) Freundlich model of CF500 52 Figure 3.8 Linear form of adsorption isortherm following a) Langmuir model and b) Freundlich model of NF 53 Figure 3.9 Linear forms of adsorption isortherms: a) Langmuir model and b) 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Trương T.C., 2010 Nghiên cứu xử lý nước thải chăn nuôi công nghệ sinh học kết hợp lọc bùn dòng ngược Science & Technology Development, Vol 13, No.M12010 Vũ T.K.N., 2012 Nghiên cứu đề xuất mơ hình đất ngập nước nhân tạo cải thiện môi trư ⺁ ng tạo cảnh quan khu vực chùa cầu, thành phố Hội An Khóa luận tốt nghiệp, Đại học Đà Nẵng trư ⺁ ng Đại học sư phạm khoa sinh – môi trư ⺁ ng Internet documents [1] http://nhachannuoi.vn/thong-ke-chan-nuoi-lon-1-4-2019-tai-viet-nam/ [2]https://english.vietnamnet.vn/fms/environment/159037/pig-farms-of-cp-grouppo lluting-buoi-river.html [3]http://iasvn.org/homepage/Nghien-cuu-xu-ly-nuoc-thai-chan-nuoi-lon-sau-biogas -bang-phuong-phap-loc-sinh-hoc-nho-giot-2286.html 88 APPENDICES: THESIS RESEARCH ACTIVITIES a) Raw Ferralsols b) Preparing for large-scale calcination a) Gas used for commerical furnance b) Transporting raw materials Appendix Ferralsols calcination 89 a) Water spinach after days seeding b) Water spinach after days seeding a) Lemon grass at the first period of growing b) Lemon grass after days Appendix Preparing wetland plants 90 a) Filtering the solution after adsorption b) Calculation P concentration b) Determining P concentration in effluent of CWs Appendix Adsorption experiments in the MEE lab 91 VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY Independence - Freedom –Happiness Hanoi, date 20 month year 2020 CONFIRMATION OF THE MASTER’S THESIS REVISION Full name: Le Thi Van Student ID: Date of birth: 24 / 09 / 1995 Place of birth: Nghe An 18110082 Master’s programs in: Environmental Engineering Title of thesis: Intensified phosphorus removal from synthetic wastewater by lab-scale horizontal sub-surface flow constructed wetlands using a mixture of coal slag and calcined ferralsols as substrate Date of defense: Based on the recommendation of the Master’s thesis evaluation committee, the thesis has been revised as follows: Revised the spelling and printing errors of this thesis Added the accuracy for the data in diagram Improved the literature review chapter CONFIRMATION OF SUPERVISOR SIGNATURE OF STUDENT CONFIRMATION OF MASTER’S THESIS EVALUATION COMMITTEE 92 ... efficiency of HSSF-CWs by utilizing a mixture of an industrial by- product (coal slag) and a natural material (Ferralsols) as the filter materials and accumulating plants, namely water spinach (Aquatica...VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY LE THI VAN INTENSIFIED PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL FROM SYNTHETIC WASTEWATER BY LAB- SCALE HORIZONTAL SUB- SURFACE FLOW CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS USING. .. constructed wetlands using a mixture of coal slag and calcined ferralsols as substrate? ?? was carried out with the specific objectives as follows: (i) Improve P sorption capacity of raw ferralsols (NF) by