Innovative approach in developing a disaster preparedness plan for primary schools in da nang city in the context of climate change

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY NGUYEN THI HONG DUONG INNOVATIVE APPROACH IN DEVELOPING A DISASTER PREPAREDNESS PLAN FOR PRIMARY SCHOOLS IN DA NANG CITY IN THE CONTEXT OF CLIMATE CHANGE MASTER’S THESIS Hanoi, 2020 ii VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY NGUYEN THI HONG DUONG INNOVATIVE APPROACH IN DEVELOPING A DISASTER PREPAREDNESS PLAN FOR PRIMARY SCHOOLS IN DA NANG CITY IN THE CONTEXT OF CLIMATE CHANGE MAJOR: CLIMATE CHANGE AND DEVELOPMENT CODE: 8900201.02QTD RESEARCH SUPERVISOR: Dr TONG THI MY THI Hanoi, 2020 iii Pledge I guarantee that this thesis is my own research result and has not been published The use of results of other research and other documents must comply with the regulations Citations and references for documents, books, research papers and web pages must be on the list of references of the thesis Author of the thesis Duong Nguyen Thi Hong i Table of contents Pledge i Table of contents ii List of tables iv List of figures v The list of acronyms vi Acknowledgement vii CHAPTER INTRODUCTION 1.1 The necessity of the research 1.2 Research objectives and research objects 1.3 The research questions and hypotheses 1.3.1 The questions of research 1.3.2 The hypotheses of research 1.4 Research location 1.5 Literature review 1.5.1 Theoretical basis 1.5.2 Practical basis 15 1.6 Framework of the Master‟s thesis 18 CHAPTER RESEARCH METHODS 20 2.1 Document analysis method 20 2.2 Sociological Research Methods 22 2.2.1 Questionnaire survey 22 2.2.2 Key interview 25 2.2.3 Focus group discussions 26 2.2.4 Observation 26 2.3 Methods of data analysis 27 2.4 Method of maps and charts 27 CHAPTER DISASTERS RESILIENCE LEVEL OF PRIMARY SCHOOL IN DA NANG CITY 29 3.1 Result of disaster resilience level of primary schools in Da Nang city 29 3.2 Disparities in disaster resilience between schools have the highest and lowest scores 39 3.3 Disaster resilience among coastal, low plains, and mountainous area 47 3.4 The change of disaster resilience of primary schools from 2012 to 2019 56 CHAPTER BUILDING A DISASTER PREPAREDNESS PLAN FOR SCHOOL 64 4.1 Innovative approach to develop a disaster preparedness plan for the school .64 4.2 Case studies in developing a disaster preparedness plan for schools 66 4.2.1 Develop a disaster preparedness plan for the school in coastal area - Doan Thi Diem primary school 67 ii 4.2.2 Develop a disaster preparedness plan for the low plains school - Ngo Quyen primary school 75 4.2.3 Develop a disaster preparedness plan for the mountainous school – Lam Quang Thu primary school 83 CONCLUSION 91 References 96 List of publishcations by the author 99 Appendix 100 Appendix 1: Matrix of Learning Outcomes for the Master's thesis 100 Appendix 2: General information of 97 primary schools in Da Nang city .102 Appendix 3: Survey on disaster resilience of primary schools 107 Appendix 4: The list of Dimension, parameter, and variables used to assess the school's disaster resilience 133 Appendix 5: Score of parameters of primary schools in Da Nang city 137 Appendix 6: The list of solutions for pilot primary schools 141 Appendix 7: Parameter score of areas 149 Appendix 8: Key interview 151 Appendix 9: Photos in the research process 152 iii List of tables Table 1.1 The number of primary schools divided into areas Table 2.1 Explanation the school's level of disaster resilience 24 Table 2.2 Information about focus group discussions 26 Table 3.1 Lessons learnt from TK34 46 Table 3.2 Disaster resilience of schools divided by region 47 Table 3.3 The average score of the parameters in the " Physical conditions" of the three areas 48 Table 3.4 The average score of the parameters in the "Human resources" of the three areas 50 Table 3.5 The average of the parameters in the "Institution" of the three areas 51 Table 3.6 The average score of the parameters in the "External relationship" of three areas 53 Table 3.7 The average of the parameters in the "Natural conditions" of the three areas 54 Table 3.8 The list of parameter has high corelation to disaster resilience level 56 Table 3.9 The change in dimensions's score between 2012 - 2019 56 Table 3.10 The change in parameters score between 2012 - 2019 57 Table 3.11 Changes of temperature (oC), annual rainfall (%), and Sea level rise (cm) in Da st Nang at the end of the 21 century compared to the baseline period 63 Table 4.1 List of selected schools for piloting disaster preparedness planning 66 Table 4.2 Implementation time (year) for solutions in Doan Thi Diem primary school 69 Table 4.3 Evaluate the feasibility, effectiveness, priority and funding for solutions 74 Table 4.4 Implementation time (year) for solutions in Lam Quang Thu primary school 76 Table 4.5 Evaluate the feasibility, effectiveness, priority and funding for solutions 82 Table 4.6 Implementation time (year) for solutions in Lam Quang Thu primary school 85 Table 4.7 Evaluate the feasibility, effectiveness, priority and funding for solutions 90 iv List of figures Figure 1.1 The research framework 18 Figure 2.1 The Methodological framework 21 Figure 2.2 Location map of 97 primary schools in Da Nang city 22 Figure 2.3 Conduct survey with the director of Ngo Gia Tu primary school 24 Figure 2.4 Conduct survey with the vice-director of Phan Phu Tien primary school .24 Figure 2.5 Process of implementing key interview method 25 Figure 2.6 Interview Ngu Hanh Son's DoET staff 26 Figure 2.7 Interview Director of Dinh Bo Linh primary school 26 Figure 2.8 Interview a student of Doan Thi Diem primary school 26 Figure 2.9 Data analysis process 27 Figure 3.1 Disaster resilience level of 96 primary schools, Da Nang city 30 Figure 3.2 The average score of the parameters 31 Figure 3.3 The level of periodic testing with teaching equipment 32 Figure 3.4 The average of the parameters 40 Figure 3.5 Comparison of natural disaster resilience between three regions 46 Figure 3.6 Dimensions and indicators score of 2012 (grey line) and 2019 (red line) 58 Figure 3.7 Improvement of variables of "School building" 59 Figure 3.8 Percentage of equipment that is replaced or repaired immediately after a natural disaster occurs (2019) 60 Figure 4.1 Steps to build disaster preparedness plan 64 Figure 4.2 The role of teachers in implementing disaster preparedness plan 72 Figure 4.3 The role of students in implementing disaster preparedness plan 72 Figure 4.4 The role of parents in implementing disaster preparedness plan 72 Figure 4.5 The role of community in implementing disaster preparedness plan .72 Figure 4.6 The role of authority in implementing disaster preparedness plan 73 Figure 4.7 The role of DoET in implementing disaster preparedness plan 73 Figure 4.8 The role of NGO in implementing disaster preparedness plan 73 Figure 4.9 The role of teachers in implementing disaster preparedness plan 79 Figure 4.10 The role of students in implementing disaster preparedness plan 79 Figure 4.11 The role of parents in implementing disaster preparedness plan 80 Figure 4.12 The role of community in implementing disaster preparedness plan .80 Figure 4.13 The role of authority in implementing disaster preparedness plan 80 Figure 4.14 The role of DoET in implementing disaster preparedness plan 80 Figure 4.15 The role of NGO in implementing disaster preparedness plan 80 Figure 4.16 The role of teachers in implementing disaster preparedness plan 88 Figure 4.17 The role of students in implementing disaster preparedness plan 88 Figure 4.18 The role of parents in implementing disaster preparedness plan 88 Figure 4.19 The role of community in implementing disaster preparedness plan .88 Figure 4.20 The role of authority in implementing disaster preparedness plan 88 Figure 4.21 The role of DoET in implementing disaster preparedness plan 88 Figure 4.22 The role of NGO in implementing disaster preparedness plan 89 v The list of acronyms AADMER ASEAN Agreement on Disaster Management and Application Emergency Response CC Climate Change CCFSC Central Committee for Flood and Storm Control CRED The Center for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters DoET Department of Education and Training DRR Disaster Risk Reduction DRRE Disaster Risk Reduction Education IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change NGO Non-Governmental Organization MCCD Master program of Climate Change and Development MoET Ministry of Education and Training MONRE Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment SDRA School's Disaster Resilience Assessment SFDRR Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015 2030 UN United Nations UNISDR United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction vi Acknowledgement The research presented in this Master thesis was carried out at the Master program of Climate Change and Development (MCCD), Vietnam Japan University During my studies at MCCD, I accumulated a lot of knowledge and skills, which not only helped me to be able to successfully complete this research but also helped a lot with my work In the course of my studies, I have gained the necessary knowledge and basic, interdisciplinary methodologies to assess and address issues related to climate change mitigation, adaptation to Sustainable development at global, national, and local levels From there, I can apply that knowledge to my research topic, offer new ideas on climate change response, approach disaster preparedness planning from a CC adaptation perspective, and propose solutions for it During the research process, I worked with and cooperated with schools, the Department of Education and Training of Da Nang City Work skills, communication skills, time management, independent work, and the seriousness of the work I learned from MCCD helped me to complete this research well Firstly, I would like to thank my supervisor, Dr Thi Tong for her invaluable guidance, encouragement, and support throughout the Master thesis process Dr Thi gave me extremely perceptive, helpful, and appropriate expert guidance, particularly in reading and responding to the drafts of my work quicker than I had anticipated Secondly, I would like to thank all the people who were involved in the research process All the directors of 97 primary schools and DoET's staff in Da Nang city, who helped in conducting surveys, interviews, and setting up the fieldwork Thirdly, the teachers in the MCCD, Vietnam Japan University Teachers not only equip students with valuable specialized knowledge in the field of climate change research but also create favorable conditions and provide dedicated guidance to students during the dissertation process Last but not least, I would like to thank my family and friends in the MCCD for helping me complete this thesis vii CL42 CL43 CL44 ST45 ST46 ST47 ST48 ST49 ST50 3.53 2.27 4.27 3.93 3.13 3.93 3.47 1.67 3.67 3.53 2.13 2.20 3.33 1.87 3.67 2.40 1.33 2.93 3.93 4.73 3.80 3.33 3.60 3.73 3.47 3.53 3.13 3.93 4.33 2.93 4.33 3.93 3.47 2.87 4.47 3.73 2.13 2.87 3.13 3.67 2.87 2.67 2.33 2.47 3.40 3.93 2.33 4.00 2.93 3.13 2.53 3.53 4.00 1.93 138 ST51 ST52 ST53 ST54 ST55 ST56 ST57 NH58 NH59 NH60 NH61 NH62 NH63 NH64 NH65 LC66 LC67 LC68 LC69 LC70 LC71 LC72 LC73 LC74 LC75 LC76 3.40 3.33 4.00 3.27 3.13 2.67 3.27 3.73 2.73 2.67 2.27 2.00 2.80 2.27 3.60 2.80 3.60 2.93 3.87 2.73 2.73 3.20 2.73 3.00 4.00 3.33 2.80 2.47 2.67 3.87 3.73 3.87 3.13 3.53 3.53 2.60 2.80 2.87 2.47 2.27 3.47 2.27 3.93 2.60 3.73 1.93 3.20 2.67 3.93 2.53 3.47 2.40 2.87 3.20 139 LC77 LC78 HV79 HV80 HV81 HV82 HV83 HV84 HV85 HV86 HV87 HV88 HV89 HV90 HV91 HV92 HV93 HV94 HV95 HV96 HV97 4.07 4.20 140 3.53 3.47 Appendix 6: The list of solutions for pilot primary schools Table The criteria to evaluate the solution No Criteria Feasibility Effectiveness Implementation time Priority Funding sources The role of the participant Table List of solutions for Doan Thi Diem primary school Dimension Parame 1.1 Sch Physical conditions (P) Human buildin 1.2 Faci and equip 2.2 Stud 141 resources (H) Institutional issues (I) The External relationships (E) Natural conditions (N) Table List of solu Dimension Parameter Physical 1.1 School conditions (P) buildings 145 1.2 Facilities and equipment 1.3 Sanitation conditions 2.1 Teachers and Human staff 2.2 Students resources (H) 2.3 Parents 3.1 Planning 3.2 Management Institutional issues (I) 3.3 Budget 4.1 Collaboration The External relationships (E) 146 4.2 Relationship between school and community 4.3 Mobilizing fund 5.1 Severity of Natural conditions (N) natural hazards Table L Dimension Parameter 1.1 School buildin Physical 1.2 Facilities and conditions (P) equipment 1.3 Sanitation conditions 2.1 Teachers and s Human resources (H) 2.3 Parents Institutional 3.1 Planning 147 issues (I) 3.2 Management 3.3 Budget 4.1 Collaboration The External relationships (E) 4.3 Mobilizing fun 5.1 Severity of na hazards Natural conditions (N) 5.2 Frequency of natural hazards 148 Appendix 7: Parameter score of areas Table Paramaters have high score in each area 1.1.1 1.1.2 1.1.3 1.1.4 1.1.5 1.2.1 1.2.2 1.2.3 1.2.4 1.2.5 1.3.1 1.3.2 1.3.3 1.3.4 1.3.5 2.1.1 2.1.2 2.1.3 2.1.4 2.1.5 2.2.1 2.2.2 2.2.3 2.2.4 2.2.5 2.3.1 2.3.2 2.3.3 149 2.3.4 2.3.5 ✓ ✓ 3.1.1 3.1.2 3.1.3 3.1.4 3.1.5 3.2.1 3.2.2 3.2.3 3.2.4 3.2.5 3.3.1 3.3.2 3.3.3 3.3.4 3.3.5 150 ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Appendix 8: Key interview Table Information of the key interviews No 1st interview (before sending questionnaire) round 2nd interview (after sending questionnaire) 3rd interview (after collecting questionnaire) round 151 Appendix 9: Photos in the research process Figure Interviewing with the representative of Son Tra DoET Figure Student in grade of Lam Quang Thu primary schools, Hoa Vang district, Da Nang city 152 Figure Student in grade of Nguyen Van Troi primary schools, Lien Chieu District, Da Nang City Figure Student in grade 5/1 of Lam Quang Thu primary schools, Hoa Vang District, Da Nang City 153 ... purpose of comparing disaster resilience among areas, primary schools in Da Nang City are divided into three areas: coastal, low plain, and mountainous areas based on the location of the schools and... VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY NGUYEN THI HONG DUONG INNOVATIVE APPROACH IN DEVELOPING A DISASTER PREPAREDNESS PLAN FOR PRIMARY SCHOOLS IN DA NANG CITY IN THE CONTEXT. .. way of preparing disaster preparedness plans for primary schools in Da Nang is based on a top-down approach Therefore, this study proceeds to formulate a plan from the bottom-up approach The innovation