Evaluating greenhouse gas emission reduction from piggery waste, agricultural by products and domestic solid waste treatment at pilot scale in rural area of northern vietnam

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY PHAM VIET BIEN CUONG EVALUATING GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSION REDUCTION FROM PIGGERY WASTE, AGRICULTURAL BY PRODUCTS AND DOMESTIC SOLID WASTE TREATMENT AT PILOT SCALE IN RURAL AREA OF NORTHERN VIETNAM MAJOR: ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING (PILOT) SUPERVISORS: ASSOC PROF DO QUANG TRUNG PROF MASAKI TAKAOKA Ha Noi, 2019 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS In order to implement this thesis, I have received a plenty of supports from everybody First of all, I would like to convey my gratefulness to my teachers at Japan as well as Vietnam Thank you so much, Professor Masaki TAKAOKA who is so dedicated and enthusiastic, is my supervisor He has helped me to orient my master thesis detail and found more new points I would especially like to thank Assoc Prof Do Quang TRUNG as well as team members in his project spending on more one year with me My thanks and appreciation also to managers of Kikugawa biogas power plant; Kikugawa research center and Yagi biology center where I came and conducted data Thank Mr.TOI who is owner of piggery farm in Lam Dien commune and Mr MANH in Hai Dong commune also I have not been forgetting supports from Mrs MISHINA in whole my internship in Japan Mr Takashi SUZUE was head of VJU’s internship delegation at SHIMADZU corporation Professor Seiji HASHIMOTO; Keisuke SATO and other teacher at Ritsumeikan University held several informative field tours in Japan for conducting data Once again, I want to thank appreciate to JICA (Japan International Cooperation Agency) for specially supporting VJU's student and me in these two years Sincerely! PHAM VIET BIEN CUONG MEE Master’s student Vietnam Japan University i TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF TABLES LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS INTRODUCTION CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW 1.1 Greenhouse gas emission issues 1.1.1 G 1.1.2 G 1.1.3 G 1.2 The issues in waste management of Vietnam 1.2.1 P 1.2.2 S CHAPTER 2: METHODOLOGY 2.1 Concept of estimating emission reduction 2.2 Approaches of estimating GHGs emission 2.3 CH4 emission in solid waste management 2.4 Calculation GHGs emission in livestock managem 2.4.1 B 2.4.2 P 2.4.3 E 2.5 Co-digestion pilot model in rural area of northern CHAPTER 3: RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 3.1 GHGs emission from livestock management of V 3.2 GHGs emission reduction from livestock manage 3.3 Estimation GHGs emission reduction from manu Vietnam ii 3.3.1 General information .34 3.3.2 Estimation of Baseline emission 34 3.3.3 Estimation of emission reduction 38 CONCLUSION 40 REFERENCES .41 ANNEXES .44 iii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: Greenhouse effect (US-EPA) Figure 1.2: Global anthropogenic GHG emissions Figure 1.3: Greenhouse gas emissions by sectors Figure 1.4: Agricultural emission total and manure management of the world Figure 1.5: A forecasting global GHGs to 2030 Figure 1.6: Agricultural emissions by sector Figure 1.7: Share of sectors in manure management Figure 1.8: Approaches way in estimating GHGs emission Figure 1.9: GHGs emission sources in AFOLU sector Figure 1.10: Volume of manure in livestock of Vietnam 2010-2014 Figure 1.11: Animal waste discharged by economic region of Vietnam 2014 10 Figure 1.12: The contribution of domestic waste in Vietnam' rural (2007) 11 Figure 1.13: Waste treatment in ASEAN 12 Figure 1.14: Dehydrate system of livestock treatment in visited center in Japan 13 Figure 2.1: Concept of Baseline emission 20 Figure 2.2: Project activities for GHGs emission reduction 24 Figure 2.3: The steps of raw material pre-treatment for co-digestion system 28 Figure 3.1: Contribution of total agricultural emission in total GHG emission of Vietnam 30 Figure 3.2: Contribution of GHG emission of agriculture in Vietnam 30 Figure 3.3: Agricultural emission total between Vietnam and Japan 31 Figure 3.4: Estimating evolutions of Methane (CH4) emission and swine population of Ha Noi from 1995 to 2017 31 Figure 3.5: Emission from traditional biogas of Mr.Toi's farm and Mr Manh’s farm 35 Figure 3.6: Emission reduction potential commune scale 39 iv LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1: Main sources of GHG emission Table 1.2: Top 10 emitters (CO2 equivalent) average 1961 - 2016, Agriculture total (FAO) Table 1.3: Solid waste in livestock of Vietnam Table 1.4: GHG emission in livestock by economic region sectors, 10 Table 1.5: Summary of studies regard to co-digestion 14 Table 2.1: DOC and DOCf of typical solid waste 19 Table 2.2: Steps of estimating CH4 emission 22 Table 2.3: Japanese estimation methodology in agricultural sector 23 Table 2.4: Steps of CH4 estimation in biological treatment 23 Table 2.5: Co-digestion system mode 29 Table 3.1: The results are calculated and analyzed from Kikugawa biogas power plant survey 33 Table 3.2: Initial estimation the livestock excretion and CH4 emission 33 Table 3.3: Calculation CH4 emission following IPCC volume for biological solid waste treatment 34 Table 3.4: Estimation of Lam Dien and Hai Dong emission reduction 35 Table 3.5: Emission of agricultural by-product and domestic waste 37 Table 3.6: Total emission 37 Table 3.7: Emission reduction potential 38 v LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS GHGs MONRE IPCC UNFCCC AFOLU DOC BE ER OM CO2eq Kt COD TS DS SS Gg Temp Greenhouse Gases Vietnam Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use Degradable organic carbon Baseline emission Emission Reduction Organic Matter Carbon dioxide equivalent Kilo tone Chemical Oxygen Demand Total Solid Dissolve Solid Suspended Solid Giga-gram Temperature vi INTRODUCTION According to Vietnam national environmental report (2014), rural environment has been degrading faster than forecasted Especially as northern rural area of Vietnam, water, solid and air pollution are big issues Moreover, GHGs emission was mentioned in another national report of MONRE about environment of Vietnam phase 2011-2015 Agricultural activities will be affected serious [1] [2] The fact that emission from agriculture contributes greater than 40% in total emission of Vietnam and 60% of it comes from agricultural methane emissions activities Controlling methane (CH 4) emission from manure management is necessary but it does not really take care properly Biogas technique which is one traditional treatment, is very popular in Vietnam and simplify to operate for farmers However, it seems overload to treat a large of waste as well as operates in substrate shortage status; we need to spend more area expending biogas tank capacity After harvesting, farmer disposes of a lot of agricultural residues; almost them decay into the environment, a small part is used for other purposes (animal feed, composting, ) In order to solute two these issues, codigestion pilot model gained many positive performances due to mixing both agricultural by product and swine manure In Japan, there are many factories applied co-digestion in treatment manure with food waste, agricultural residues ; if possible, anaerobic co-digestion could solve waste from livestock and agricultural production in Vietnam It could help C:N ratio suitably for anaerobic digestion process and reduction somewhat GHGs emission Estimating GHGs emission in manure management is based on guidelines, tools of IPCC, UNFCC and refers Japanese method while global and national emission are analyzed from many famous organizations (World Bank, FAO, OECD) Research purpose In this thesis, I want to apply several simple approaches in estimating GHGs emissions in case Vietnam and evaluating the efficiency of emission reduction activities On the other hand, it could find out a GHGs emission trend of the world as vii well as Vietnam by exploiting inventories data of the international organizations (FAO, OECD, World Bank) Research object In this thesis, methane (CH4) emission was focused mainly on researching in agricultural emission (manure management) and solid waste management (agricultural by-product and domestic waste) Co-digestion model is applied for reducing emission in pilot scale Research scope Two places were chosen are rural area of northern of Vietnam with special outstanding characteristics:  Experimental model 1: at Hai Dong commune, Nam Dinh province It is coastal area where has been impacted ocean level rise of climate change  Experimental model 2: at Lam Dien commune, Ha Noi’s countryside It has a supply function for cities (e.g Ha Noi city) Due to near the developing cities strongly, the environment in here was affected seriously In addition, the fast growth of piggery farms is not planned All of researches and results in my thesis is performed by 03 chapter below: “Chapter I: Literature review”: Introduce general information about GHGs emission and several problems of Vietnam’s rural in waste management “Chapter II: Methodology”: Making co-digestion pilots and method of estimating emission will be shown in this chapter “Chapter III: Results and discussions”: Summarize and analyze the results of this research regarding CH4 emission estimation and the effective co-digestion model in emission reduction viii CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW 1.1 Greenhouse gas emission issues 1.1.1 Greenhouse effect and Greenhouse gases Greenhouse gases (GHGs) are gaseous component of the atmosphere However, clouds and they absorb and emit radiation at specific wavelengths within the spectrum of thermal infrared radiation emitted by the Earth’s surface This property causes the greenhouse effect Methane (CH 4), carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O), zone (O3) and water vapor (H2O) are the main GHGs in the Earth’s atmosphere (Tab.1.1) [3] According to Montreal Protocol, the chlorine and bromine containing substances and the halocarbons are included Besides CH 4, N2O and CO2, sulphur hexafluoride (SF6), hydrofluorocarbons perfluorocarbons (PFCs) are dealt with in the Kyoto Protocol [3] Table 1.1: Main sources of GHG emission (HFCs) and [4] CH4 emission Methane (CH4) emission is from the transport of coal, natural gas, and oil and produce activities Decomposition of organic wastes in municipal solid waste (MSW), in agriculture, generate it Estimating methane emissions from livestock relate to animal performance and The calculations are based on conversion factors for each field species, Greenhouse effect is known as phenomenon in which GHGs absorb thermal infrared radiation and then emitted again to the Earth’s surface as well as the atmosphere Because of emission all sides, GHGs create a trap heat at surfacetroposphere layer This phenomenon is the greenhouse effect (Fig.1.1) The fact that 47 Annex A.7: Total solid waste generated (2003 and 2008) 48 [11] Annex A.8: Utilize biogas Utilize biogas Mr.Toi's farm Mr.Manh's farm Lam Dien commune Hai Dong commune Annex A.9: Mr.Toi's farm, co-digestion with agricultural residues Input Parameter pH CODs TP NH4+-N TN TS Parameter pH CODs TP NH4+-N TS φ (COD removal efficiency) 49 Annex A.10: Mr.Manh's farm, co-digestion with domestic waste Input Parameter pH CODs TP NH4+-N TN TS Parameter pH CODs TP NH4+-N TS of biogas (L) φ (COD removal efficiency) 170 150 130 110 90 70 Volume 50 30 10 -10 Time of decay (day) Annex A.11: Volume of biogas from experiments 50 Annex A 12: Emission reduction calculations (Hai Dong commune) General info Farm Mr.Manh Mr.Manh-reduce water Mr.ManhCodigestion 10% Mr.ManhCodigestion 15% Hai Dong (Codigestion) Hai Dong (biogas) Annex A 13: Emission reduction calculations (Lam Dien commune) General info Farm Mr Toi Mr.Toi-reduce water Mr.ToiCodigestion 10% Mr.ToiCodigestion 15% Lam Dien (codigestion) Lam Dien (biogas) Annex A.14: COD removal efficiency φ (COD removal efficiency) Mr.Toi's farm Mr.Manh's farm Annex A.15: Emission of co-digestion and traditional biogas at Mr.Manh's farm Mr.Manh's farm IPCC UNFCCC Japan (*) Mr.Manh's farm IPCC UNFCCC Japan (*) Annex A.16: Emission of Co-digestion and traditional biogas at Mr.Toi's farm Mr.Toi's farm IPCC UNFCCC Japan (*) Mr.Toi's farm IPCC UNFCCC Japan (*) 52 Annex A.17: Decision tree for CH4 emissions from Manure Management 53 [17] Part B: Emission factors Annex B.1: Annual average population [17] Annex B.2: Emission factors for CH4 and N20 in biological treatment 54 [18] Annex B.3: Amount of feces and urine excreted and nitrogen content Annex B.4: Nitrogen content amount in feces excreted [24] Annex B.5: Organic matter content in urine and feces [24] 55 [24] Annex B.6: CH4 emission factors for each method of treating manure [24] Annex B.7: Default dry matter content, DOC content and total carbon content [18] 56 Annex B.8: The convert factor to CO2eq (EPA) 57 ... estimating emission of biological treatment Table 2.4: Steps of CH4 estimation in biological treatment Estimation CH4 emission from biological treatment of waste Tier after treatment Step B1 Find number... (feces and urine) as well as reducing methane emission However, estimating the baseline emission of each treatment system should consider the emission of wastewater after treating (Fig.2.4) In Vietnam, ... delta and Red river delta are areas contributing a large of rural domestic waste The domestic waste of Red river delta shared 23% in total domestic waste of Vietnam (Fig.1.12) Agricultural solid waste