In this chapter, the learning objectives are: Distinguish between variable and fixed costs, explain the significance of the relevant range, explain the concept of mixed costs, list the five components of cost-volume-profit analysis, indicate what contribution margin is and how it can be expressed.
Chapter 22-1 CHAPTER 22 COST - VOLUME PROFIT Accounting Principles, Eighth Edition Chapter 22-2 Study Objectives Study Objectives Distinguish between variable and fixed costs Explain the significance of the relevant range Explain the concept of mixed costs List the five components of costvolumeprofit analysis Indicate what contribution margin is and how it can be expressed Identify the three ways to determine the breakeven point Chapter 22-3 Study Objectives Study Objectives Chapter 22-4 Give the formulas for determining sales required to earn target net income Define margin of safety, and give the formulas for computing it Describe the essential features of a costvolumeprofit income statement Preview of Chapter Preview of Chapter To manage any business, you must understand: How costs respond to changes in sales volume and The effect of costs and revenues on profit To understand costvolumeprofit (CVP), you must know how costs behave Chapter 22-5 CostVolumeProfit CostVolumeProfit Chapter 22-6 Cost CostBehavior Behavior Analysis Analysis Cost-VolumeCost-VolumeProfit ProfitAnalysis Analysis Variable costs Fixed costs Basic components CVP income statement Relevant range Mixed costs Break-even analysis Target net income Identifying variable and fixed costs Margin of safety Changes in business environment CVP income statement revisited Cost Behavior Analysis Cost Behavior Analysis Cost Behavior Analysis is the study of how specific costs respond to the level of business activity changes in Some costs change; others remain the same Helps management plan operations and decide between alternative courses of action Applies to all types of businesses and entities Chapter 22-7 LO 1: Distinguish between variable and fixed costs Cost Behavior Analysis continued Cost Behavior Analysis continued Starting point is measuring key business activities Activity levels may be expressed in terms of: Sales dollars (in a retail company) Miles driven (in a trucking company) Room occupancy (in a hotel) Dance classes taught (by a dance studio) Many companies use more than one measurement base Chapter 22-8 LO 1: Distinguish between variable and fixed costs Cost Behavior Analysis continued Cost Behavior Analysis continued For an activity level to be useful: Changes in the level or volume of activity correlated with changes in costs should be The activity level selected is called the activity or volume index The activity index: Identifies the activity that causes changes in the behavior of costs Allows costs to be classified according to their response to changes in activity as either: Variable Costs Fixed Costs Mixed Costs Chapter 22-9 LO 1: Distinguish between variable and fixed costs Variable Costs Variable Costs Costs that vary in total directly and proportionately with changes in the activity level Example: If the activity level increases 10 percent, total variable costs increase 10 percent Example: If the activity level decreases by 25 percent, total variable costs decrease by 25 percent Variable costs remain constant per unit at every level of activity Chapter 22-10 LO 1: Distinguish between variable and fixed costs Contribution Margin Technique Contribution Margin Technique When the BEP in units is desired, contribution margin per unit is used in the following formula which shows the computation for Vargo Video: When the BEP in dollars is desired, contribution margin ratio is used in the following formula which shows the computation for Vargo Video: Chapter 22-42 LO 6: Identify the three ways to determine the breakeven point BreakEven Analysis: Graphic Presentation BreakEven Analysis: Graphic Presentation A costvolume profit (CVP) graph shows costs, volume and profits Used to visually find the breakeven point To construct a CVP graph: Plot the total sales line starting at the zero activity level Plot the total fixed cost using a horizontal line Plot the total cost line (starts at the fixedcost line at zero activity Determine the breakeven point from the intersection of the total cost line and the total sales line Chapter 22-43 LO 6: Identify the three ways to determine the breakeven point BreakEven Analysis: Graphic Presentation BreakEven Analysis: Graphic Presentation Chapter 22-44 LO 6: Identify the three ways to determine the breakeven point Let’s Review Let’s Review Gossen Company is planning to sell 200,000 pliers for $4 per unit. The contribution margin ratio is 25%. If Gossen will break even at this level of sales, what are the fixed costs? a $100,000 $100,000 b. $160,000. c. $200,000 d. $300,000. Chapter 22-45 LO 6: Identify the three ways to determine the breakeven point BreakEven Analysis: Target Net Income BreakEven Analysis: Target Net Income Level of sales necessary to achieve a specified income Can be determined from each of the approaches used to determine break even sales/units: from a mathematical equation, by using contribution margin, or from a costvolume profit (CVP) graph Expressed either in sales units or in sales dollars Chapter 22-46 LO 7: Give the formulas for determining sales required to earn target net income BreakEven Analysis: Target Net Income BreakEven Analysis: Target Net Income Mathematical Equation Using the formula for the breakeven point, simply include the Using the formula for the desired net income as a factor. The computation for Vargo Video is as follows: Chapter 22-47 LO 7: Give the formulas for determining sales required to earn target net income BreakEven Analysis: Target Net Income BreakEven Analysis: Target Net Income Contribution Margin Technique To determine the required sales in units for Vargo Video: To determine the required sales in dollars for Vargo Video: Chapter 22-48 LO 7: Give the formulas for determining sales required to earn target net income Let’s Review Let’s Review The mathematical equation for computing required sales to obtain target net income is: Required sales = a Variable costs + Target net income Variable costs + Target net income b. Variable costs + Fixed costs + Target net income. c. Fixed costs + Target net income d. No correct answer is given. Chapter 22-49 LO 7: Give the formulas for determining sales required to earn target net income BreakEven Analysis: Margin of Safety BreakEven Analysis: Margin of Safety Difference between actual or expected sales and sales at the break even point Measures the “cushion” that management has if expected sales fail to materialize May be expressed in dollars or as a ratio To determine the margin of safety in dollars for Vargo Video assuming that actual/expected sales are $750,000: Chapter 22-50 LO 8: Define margin of safety, and give the formulas for computing it BreakEven Analysis: Margin of Safety BreakEven Analysis: Margin of Safety Margin of Safety Ratio Computed by dividing the margin of safety in dollars by the actual or expected sales To determine the margin of safety ratio for Vargo Video assuming that actual/expected sales are $750,000: The higher the dollars or the percentage, the greater the margin of safety Chapter 22-51 LO 8: Define margin of safety, and give the formulas for computing it CVP Income Statement Revisited CVP Income Statement Revisited Chapter 22-52 LO 9: Describe the essential features of a costvolumeprofit income statement Let’s Review Let’s Review Marshall Company had actual sales of $600,000 when breakeven sales were $420,000. What is the margin of safety ratio? a 25% 25% b. 30%. c. 33 1/3% d. 45%. Chapter 22-53 LO 8: Define margin of safety, and give the formulas for computing it Chapter Review Brief Exercise 224 Chapter Review Brief Exercise 224 Deines Company accumulates the following data concerning a mixed cost, using miles as the activity level Miles Total Driven January 8,000 February 7,500 Cost $14,150 $13,600 March April 8,500 8,200 Miles Driven $15,000 $14,490 Total Cost Compute the variable and fixed cost elements using the highlow method Chapter 22-54 Chapter Review Brief Exercise 224 Chapter Review Brief Exercise 224 High Level of Activity: March $15,000 8,500 miles Low Level of Activity: February 13,600 7,500 miles Difference $ 1,400 1,000 miles Step 1: Variable Cost per Unit = $1,400 ÷ 1,000 miles = $1.40 variable cost per mile Step 2: Total Cost: Variable Cost: 8,500 X $1.40 7,500 X $1.40 Total Fixed Costs Chapter 22-55 High $15,000 $13,600 Low 11,900 10,500 $ 3,100 $ 3,100 Copyright Copyright Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 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If 10,000 radios are made, the total cost of the clocks is $100,000 (10,000 X $10) Chapter 22-11 LO 1: Distinguish between variable and fixed costs Variable Costs? ?–? ?Graphs Variable Costs? ?–? ?Graphs Chapter 22-12 LO 1: Distinguish between variable and fixed costs... Variable costs remain constant per unit at every level of activity Chapter 22-10 LO 1: Distinguish between variable and fixed costs Variable Costs? ?–? ?Example Variable Costs? ?–? ?Example Damon Company manufactures radios that