A contrastive study of the verb go in english and đi in vietnamese a perspective of embodiment in cognitive linguistics

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FA CULTY OF POST- GRADUATE STUDIES HA THIHONG A CONTRASTIVE STUDY OF THE VERB GO' IN ENGLISH AND DV IN VIETNAMESE: A PERSPECTIVE OF EMBODIMENT IN COGNITIVE LINGUISTICS (Nghien ciiii doi chieu dong tu 'go' tieng Anh v6i dong tu 'di' tieng Viet: Ap dung tinh hien than Ngon ngu hoc Tri nhan) M.A MINOR THESIS FIELD: ENGLISH LINGUISTICS CODE: 60 22 15 SUPERVISOR: Assoc Prof Dr Tran Huu Manh HANOI-2010 J m ABBREVIATION Contrastive Analysis (CA) Cognitive Linguistics (CL) IV TABLE OF CONTENT ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ABSTRACT PART I: INTRODUCTION Rationale Aims of the study Scope of the study Research question Method of the study Design of the study Part II: DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER I: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND L Cognitive linguistics 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Definitions of terms 1.2.1 Cognitive science 1.2.2 Cognitive linguistics 1.2.3 Cognitive semantics 1.2.4 Embodiment 1.2.5 Perspectives 1.3 Cognition and linguistics 1.4 Cognitive linguistics 1.5 Major Principles of CL 1.5.1 Embodiment in CL 1.5.2 Grammar and meaning 1.5.3 Embodiment and lexicalization in CL Perspecli\es 1.6.1 A clarification of the term 'perspective' 1.6 L7 1.6.2 Theoretical framework on perspective 10 Perspective and prototype 10 An overview of verbs and contrastive analysis 2,1 An Overview of Verbs 10 10 2.LL Verbs in English 10 2.1.2 Verbs in Vietnamese 10 2.L3 Types of meanings H 2.L4 Synonyms 13 2.2 An Overview of Contrastive Analysis Chapter II \ 14 2.2 L Definitions 14 2.2.2 Guiding Principles for contrastive study 15 A CONTRASTIVE STUDY OF THE VERB *GO' IN ENGLISH AND 'DV IN VIETNAMESE: A PERSPECTIVE OF EMBODIMENT IN COGNITIVE LINGUISTICS 3,1 A contrastive study of the verb 'go' in English and 'di" in Vietnamese 16 3.1.1 An Investigation of the verb 'go' in English 16 3.1.1.1 Grammatical features 16 3.1.1.1.1 Syntactic features 16 3.1.1.1.2 Morphological Features 17 3.1.1.2 Semantic Features 17 3.LI.2.1 General features 18 3.1.1.2.2 Synonyms of "go" 19 3.1.L3 Embodiment in 'go' 20 3.1.1.4 Lexicalization of'go' 23 3.1.2 An Investigation of the verb 'di' in Vietnamese 25 3.1.2.1 Grammatical features 25 3.1.2.1.1 Syntactic features 25 3.1.2.1.2 Morphological Features -6 3.1.2.2 Semantic Features 27 3.1.2.2.1 General features 27 3.1.2.2.3 Synonyms of'di" 28 3.1.2.3 Embodiment in'di' 29 3.1.2.4 Lexicalization of'di' ^0 3.1,3 Findings ^^ VI 3.1.3.1 In Terms of Grammatical Features 31 3.1.3.1.1 Similarities 31 3.1.3.1.2 Differences 31 3.1.3.2 In terms of Semantic Features 32 3.1.3.2.1 Similarities 32 3.1.3.2.2 Differences 34 3.1.3.3 Lexemes 'go' and 'di' in contrast 35 Part III: CONCLUSION 38 Recapitulation 38 Implications 38 2.1 For language learning and teaching 38 2.2 For translation 39 Some suggestions for further study REFERENCES APPENDIX 39 Part I INTRODUCTION Rationale Language is an effective and irreplaceable tool of expressing mind, thought saying, etc The verb 'go' in English has a variety of meanings and its usages in contexts and there has the same in Vietnamese counterpart However, they sometimes not sh are the equipvalent in meanings Therefore, we can see some similarities and differences in terms of grammatical and semantic features by contrastive analysis between the verb 'go in English and 'di' in Vietnamese Particulartly, we can see how people perceive the action/activity through the two verbs in their OWTI languages The word "perspective' in cognitive linguistics embraces more than one meaning and have subnotion hanging with it this word used in the title way result in misunderstanding The meaning of the word "perspective' in the study the author wishes to express is that of "view point'., "standpoinf More than that, the author wishes lo bring a metaphor of the word "perspective' to the title, hoping lo create a profound and thoughtful meaning of the title of the dissertation Aims of the study The study aims to provide a critical analysis of theoretical approaches of cognition of explaining language phenomena More particularly, a perspective of embodiment in cognitive linguistics will be critically explored lo help looking at this language phenomenon The study aims at presenting another way of anahsis the verb '^a', based on cognitive linguistics in general and in cognitive semantics in particular will be displayed Through the analysis of the verb 'go' in English and 'di' in Vietnamese, the researcher attempts lo present another \iewpoint of linguistic exploration, i.e to interpret ihe use of language from the understanding of our cognition Scope of the study As staled pre\'iousl\' one of the aims of the research is lo present my understanding of cognitive linguistics; theretbre, the focus is on displa\ing major notions of this school of linguistics In particular, the study confines itself lo the notions o{ perspective, embodiment in CL It should be noted that it is not possible to apply one notion of Cognitive CL, such as perspective and metaphor, in analyzing of all kinds of the \crb 'go' in Ivnglish and 'di in Vietnainese In short, the study will focus on perspective of embodiment is applicable in analyzing the verb 'go' in English and 'di' in Vietnamese Research questions The questions that the study will investigate will be as follows Question What are the grammatical and semantic features of the verb 'go' in English and 'di' in Vietnamese and how are they similar and different in terms of these features? Question 2: What are their synonyms? What are some idioms with them? Question 3: How are the verb 'go' and "di^ seen from the perspective of embodiment in CL? Method of the study The study has been carried out based on a combination of different methods as follows - synthesizing - contrasting and analyzing The procedure of the study is: to synthesize meanings of "go' and 't//' from different diclionaries to collect synonyms of each verb to analyze and contrast each verb respectively to make clear the similarities and differences between them Design of the study The study consists of three parts Part I entitled 'INTRODUCTION' outlines the background of the study in which a brief account of rele\ant information such as the rationale, aims, scope, methods and design of the study Part II, with the title 'DEVELOPMENT' is subdivided into two chapters Chapter I presents a thorough review of literature about CL such as different terms embodiment, perspective and major principles of CL, The theoretical framework based on major notions of CL is established, providing foundation for the discussion and analysis of the \erb 'go' and 'J/' from the light of embodiment in CL The second part of the chapter is that of verbs in English and Vietnamese, a theoretical concept necessary and rele\ant to the scope of the study, covering a series of concepts ranging from Contrastive Analysis (CA), guiding principles for CA, including definition, grammatical features, semantic features and classification, and s>non\ms Chapter II discusses the grammatical and semantic features of the two verbs and the Contrastive study of the verb 'go' in English and 'di' in Vietnamese from the perspective of embodiment in CL Part III is CONCLUSION, which provides recapitulation, implications of language teaching and learning, and English - Vietnamese translation and vice versa and some recommendations for further research The study ends with the REFERENCES and APPENDIX PART II: DEVELOPMENT Chapter I THEORETICAL BACKGROUND Cognitive linguistics 1.1 Introduction In this study, cognitive semantics is the main interest which provides gateways for the understanding and analysis of linguistic expressions, especially perspective of embodiment in cognitive linguistics which is the object of study in this research This chapter is committed to cognitive linguistics, thus enabling me lo provide a thorough theoretical framework/background for the study The focus of the chapter is the notions of cognitive linguistics which will be implemented in explaining and discussing the verb 'go' in English and 'J/' in Vietnamese L2 Definitions of terms 1.2.L Cognitive Science It is impossible to be sure of a definition of what cognitive science, since different scholars, e.g Thagard, Trask, or dictionaries, e.g The Oxford dictionary of Computing, The Macmillan Dictionary of Psychology, have slightly different definitions In my understanding, cognitive science is a new branch that studies the human mind A wide range of sub-branches of cognitive science have been put into research, e.g perception, acquisition of knowledge, artificial intelligence, linguistics, etc More importantly, the purpose of cognitive science is to provide an understanding of the phenomena of thinking L2.2 Cognitive Linguistics Cognitive Linguistics (CL) is an approach lo language that is based on our experience of the world and the way we percei\'e and conceptualize it (Ungerer & JSchmid, 1996: x.) CL emphasizes that the study of language is the study of language use (Fauconnier 2000) because language is an integral part of cognition which reflects the interaction of social, cultural, psychological, communicative and functional cognili\e de\elopmeni and mental processing, which can only be understood in the context of a realistic \iew of acquisition 1.2.3 Cognitive semantics Cognitive semantics is a branch of CL It rejects the formal traditions of attributing linguistics to phonology, syntax, pragmatics, etc, and states that meaning is independent from syntax On the other hand, cognitive semantics states that meanings come from our mind; or rather, meanings are in the head (Gardenfors, 1994.) Moreover, meanings are not independent from syntax; but semantics is primary to syntax and partly determines it, and syntax cannot be described independently of semantics (Gardenfors, 1994.) In other words, meanings cannot stand apart from the people who use and create them because all linguistic expressions must come from and be activated by our mind and brains In short, cognitive semantics studies the relationship between language and experience and embodied cognition L2.4 Embodiment Cognitive semantics claims that the meanings of language is embodied, which means that it is the speaker's bodily experience that triggers the linguistic expressions that carry the mcaning(s) to the hearer(s) In other words, we perceive things in ihc world differently; each of us has different perceptions on even one c\cnl or situation As a result, language used by us to describe the world must undergo changes through speaker's or writer's perception, resulting in a fact that language is not the description of the real word (nor any possible world), but rather a description of human perception of reality' (Janda, ibid.) Take for example; looking at a given event, different people have different \iewpoinls on it The difference in realizing that given event results from the difference in their perception, which in turn yields different linguistic expressions These expressions actualh display their perception on the given event, not the description of the real world 1.2.5 Perspectives Perspectives relate to the issue of point of \iew taken by the speaker wjiier in communication Perspectives include several more major notions, such as orientation vantage point, directionality, subjectivity, etc Reality (of the world out there) is perceived differently by different people due to the differences in their perspective \ iewpoint Once the event/situation described is seen from different standpoints, different concepts are created in the perceivers thus resulting in different construal which lead to dilTerent linguistic expressions 34 For example: Old Mrs Davis has gone (Bd Davis da qua dai) The next similarity in meaning between 'go" and "di' is that they both refer to 'being appropriate with, matching or combining well with' For example: The blouse doesn go with her skirt (Ao CO dy khong di /phii hap vai chiic vdy) Disease often goes with poverty (Benh tat thuang di doi/di liin vai doi ngheo) The last similarity is that they refer to the disappearance/to stop existing For example: All hope is gone (Moi hy vong da di tieu rdi /Moi hy vong diu di tong rdi) 3.1.3-2.2 Differences It can be seen that 'go' and 'di^ differ in some ways Let us study this example 'Has your headache gone yetl^lf \^Q translate this sentence word by word into Vietnamese, we will have ^Cdi su dau ddu cita anh da di chuaT In this case, it should be in \'iclnamesc 'Anh da khdi dau ddu chua?' Another utterance 'Chdu di cha di' is rather popular in Vietnamese It can be understood as 'Please choose dishes from the tnenif besides the meaning ^Go to the marketW This phenomenon seems interesting in both English and Vietnamese counterpart Some other differences will be illustrated via the following examples: How quickly time goes! (Sao md thai gian troi nhanh the!) The machine goes hy electricity (May chay bang dicn) The clock has gone three (Ddng ho vita diem gia) The play went well (Va kich thdnh cong tot dep) The bridge tnight go under such a weight (Ndng the cdu cd the gay) Your clothes can go into this small suitcase (Qudn ciia anh khong the de vira chiec vali nhd nay) 35 All her pocket money she goes in books (Co bao nhieu tien tieu vat co ta mua sdch hit) It's going to rain (Trai sap sira mua roi) As can be seen from the differences above, we can conclude that the differences in terms of meaning are extremely huge If users are not aware of these ones, there will be numerous misunderstandings 3.1.3.3 Lexemes 'go' and 'di' in contrast Types of Feature GO DI The verb ' G O ' carries markers of grammatical categories such "'Di' has no changes in tenses as aspect \'oice To indicate tenses tense, aspect, person, number we often use "da, se, dang, sap The verb sua roi, vira mai etc.* combining 'GO' consists of one morpheme as a root According to with "di" Quirk et al (1987), like many other E.g: verbs, it has five forms: - Ho da dl qua mien dat - the base "GO' - Chiing toi sap sua dl Ha Noi I go;We go; They go; You go the "-s' fomi: GOES She goes; He goes; It goes Grammatical - the past fomi "WENT' We went; They went; He w ent the past participle: "GONE' We've gone; She's gone - the -ing form: "GOING" They're going; She's going e.g: and instead of returning to school, I went to work in Goldman ^s workshop - Pff They are all gone ' 36 Derivations By means of derivation, it has "Di' usually has no derivations; derivates as follows: however, there is one exception as 'GO' (GOES- plural): + a person's follows The noun su di' is tum to move or play in game formed from the verb dT in the Whose go is it? sentence: Sir di cua cu de lai su It's your go tiec thuong cua dai gia dinh + Energy and enthusiasm (informal) Be on the go (very active or busy) 'GOER' (noun): regularly goes a person who attends the or specified place or event Theatre goer(s) 'GOING' (adjective): a going concem (a business or activity that is making a profit and is expected to continue to well) "GOFNG' (noun): an act of leaving a place IVe were all sad at her going ' G O ' can be used in such compound adjectives as easy -going (happ\ to accept things without worrying or getting angry), (difficult over/goings examining, or - heavy going boring), going over cleaning (an or act ot repairing something thoroughly), going on/ goings- on (unusual, surprising or morallv undesirable happening or 37 I events: There were some strange goings- on next door last night) 'Go' refers to position e.g: The books goesjyn the top shelf Sach nam tren gia cao nhat 'Go' refers to sound, e.g: How does that song gol Bai hat hat thi nao*!^ 'Go' refers to state e.g: His hair is soins grey The milk went sour Toe chang chuyen mdu hoa ram, Sura bi/trd nen chua Some others differences in terms of meaning Semantic How quickly time goes! Sao md thcri gian troi nhanh thd! The machine goes by electricity May chay bang dien The clock has gone three Dong hd Vira diem gid The play went well I Yr kich thdnh cong tdt dep The bridge might go under such a Xdng the cdu cd the gay weight Your clothes can go into this small Qudn cua anh khong the de suitcase vira chiec vali nho All her pocket money she goes in Co bao nhieu tien tieu vdt cd ta books mua sdch het It \s going to rain Trai sap sua mua roi 38 PART III: CONCLUSION Recapitulation The study has confirmed the fact that language is part of our cognition: the process of using language or producing language is definitely a cognitive process which invokes human's perception and conceptualization The core of the study can be attributed to the presentation of the major notions in cognitive semantics after the introduction of cognitive linguistics is.The major notions in cogntive semantics, ie embodiment, perspective, perspective of embodiment in cognitixe semantic Figure and Ground relationship Path, Co- Event served as the foundation of theoretical framework for the study The author attempted to show the relationship between language and mind and /or conceptualiation the fundalmental relationship that helps explains language usage and language phenomena and here in the study is the \erb 'go' in English and 'di' in Vietnamese The verb 'go' in English and in Vietnamese have been under contrastive analysis in the light of morphological, semantic, syntactic features and the writer also has pro\ idcd some idioms on 'go' and 'di' Examples and evidence have been presented to show the similarities and differences and made a comparison between lexeme "go" and "di" Moreover each usage represents the speaker's different perspccti\es different bodily experience lead to different construals and thus produce different linguistic expressions The study has presented an integrating method in the anahsis of'go" in English and 'di" in Vietnamese.The interpretation would be more profound and thorough when we apply this way of examining, ie.integrating major notions of cogniti\e semantics for the analysis Implications 2.1 For language learning and teaching Cognitive lingistics has steadily become a more gateway for the task of understanding language and of examining the relation of language structure and things outside language If we know how language relates to cognition, we should be easily ha\ e appropriate methods in analyzing language phenomena, teachers and learners are able to design their own methodology in the cause of teaching and learning respecti\ely 2.2 For translation As stated in the previous part, 'go" and 'di" have some similarities and differences in terms of grammatical and semantic features Therefore, when translating the \crb "go 39 into Vietnamese or vice versa, we should see the verbs in contexts and choose the most appropriate sense to avoid misunderstanding Hopefully, this study can help the translators about 'go'and 'di" and their idioms to some extent Some suggestions for further study We have made attempt to contrast 'go' and 'di' basically and briefly We therefore, have reconmiendations for further research which are surely promising, interesting and welcome: 1) A Contrastive study of the verb 'come' in English and "den' in Vietnamese: A perspective of embodiment in Cognitive linguistics 2) A Contrastive study of the verb 'run' in English and 'chay' in Vietnamese: A perspective of embodiment in Cognitive linguistics 3) A Contrastive study of the verb 'go' and ^run': A perspective of embodiment in Cognitive linguistics 4) An Investigation into the verb ^go' and ^di' in idiomatic expressions in English and Vietnamese equivalents 40 REFERENCES A Tieng Anh Arnold Zable (2004) Scraps of Heaven Text Publishing Melbourne Australia Co^stal, D (1995) The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language Second Edition Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Cruse, D.A (1986) Lexical Semantics Cambridge University Press Cambridge & New York Cowie, A.P Mackin, R & I.R Me Caig (1993) Oxford Dictionary of English Idioms Oxford: Oxford University Express ^ Femando, C (1996) Idioms and Idiomaticity Oxford University Press Oxford & New York ^ Fisiak.J (1981) Contrastive Linguistics and the Language Teacher Pergamon Press, Oxford ^ Gardenfors (1994), Cognitive Semantic and image schemas as with embodied forces Lund University Cognitive Science, Swccdcn Hornby, A.S (1995) Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary Oxford University ^ Express Hoang, T Truong (1993) Basic English Lexicology Vietnam National Lnncr^ilN Press, ^ Hanoi ' lames C (1980) Contrastive Analysis Longman London Richards, Jack C & et al (1992) Longman Dictionarj' of Language Teaching & Applied Linguistics, Longman L .landa (2006) Cognitive and embodiment Carolina University 13 Lacviet MD02 (1994-2002) 14 Leech Geoffrey N (1981) Principles of Pragmatics New York Longman 15 Lyons .1 (1977) Scniantics Cambridge: Cambridge l^nivcrsit> Press 16 Lyons .1 (1981) Language and Linguistics Cambridge; Cambridge University Press 17 Langacker RW, 1987 Foundations Prerequisites Stanford Califomia of Cognitive Grammar \o\ Theoretical 41 18 McCarthy, M «fe O'Dell, F (2002) English Idioms in Use Cambridge: Cambridge University Express 19 Nguyen H 2006 Understanding English Semantics - VNU Hanoi Press 20 Nguyen.T Thang (2008) The Passive in English: A perspective from Cognitive Semantics (with Reference to Vietnamese) Ph D thesis 21 Palmer, F R (1981) Semantics (2"'' edition) Cambridge: CUP 22 Quirk et al (1987 University Grammar of English NXB Hai Phong 23 Saeed J.I.(2005) Semantics Blackwell publishing 24 Taylor J R (2002) Cognitive Grammar OUP 25 Talmy (2000) Towards a cognitive semantics Vol '& 2000 The MIT Press 26 Ungerer F & Schmit H.J 1997 An Introduction to Cognitive Linguistics Longman 27 Wright, Jon (1999), Idioms organizer: organized by metaphor, topic and key word Hove England B Tieng Vict 28 Cao Xuan Hao (1998) Tieng Vict: May van de ngil dm nguplidp ngu nghia Nha xuat ban Giiio due (ban in tai Da Nang 1999) 29 Diep Quang Ban & Hoang Van Thung (2002) Ngirpluip ti^ng Viet (Vol 1) NXB Giao due- Ha Noi 32 Diep Quang Ban (2005) Ngi'rphdp tieng Viet NXB Giao due - Ha Noi 33 Dinh Xuan Lac - Nguyln Thai Hoa (1999) Phong cdch hoc tieng Viet Nha xuat ban GiaodiJC - Ha Noi 34 Ha Minh Dire (2005) Tuyin tap llnr T6 Hmt NXB Giao duc.Ha Noi 35 Hoang Phe et al (2009) Tu dien tiing Viet NXB Da Ning 36 Hoang Huy.(2010) Ky vat cua nguai cha Bao Thai Nguyen thu bay ( 2010) so 2946 37 Le Bien (1999) Tu loai ti^ng I 'ict hien dai NXB Giao due- Ha Noi 38 Ly Toan Thdng (2005) Ngon ngi7 hoc tri nhdn: Tu Iv ihuvct da: cuaug den Once tuhi til'ng Viet NXB KJioa hoc xa hoi 42 39 Nguyen Luc & Luomg Van Dang (1993) Thanh ngir tieng Viet NXB Khoa hoc xa hoi HaNpi 40 Nguyen Lan (2000) Tic diin tir va ngir Viet Nam NXB TP HCM 41 T r ^ Van Co 2007 Ngon ngir hoc Tri nhdn Nha xuat ban Khoa hoc Xa hoi - Ha Noi 42 TrSn Hiru Manh 2007 Ngon ngft hoc doi chieu: Cu phdp tieng Anh - tieng Viet Nha XB Dai hoc Quoc gia Ha Noi 43 Vu Ngoc Phan (1998) Ca dao tuc ngir Viet Nam NXB Khoa hoc xa hoi 43 APPENDIX IDIOMS WITH *GO' AND 'DI Idioms with ^go^ Go it alone Meaning Example To try/carry out a task or He decided to go it start a difficult subject alone and started his without help from anyone own business Anything that somebody Almost an>thing goes says or does is accepted or these days Anything goes allowed, however shocking or unusual it may be To be near or She is sixteen, going to approaching the specified Be going on (for) something on seventeen age time or number There were going on To be neariy something for fifty people at the part\' Used to show what We're going to buy a somebody is intending or house Be going to something planning to in when we've the saved enough money future To make a \ery Go all out for something: go all out to something great The Democratic Party effort to obtain something are going all out for victor> in going all out or something to win the election Used to express anger or Trust him to go and mess things up annoyance that somebody Go and something has foolish done something 44 Used to express disapproval Go on (with you) or gentle How old are you? lack of r m belief Go on (with you)- you don't look a day over thirty Used Go to it (have) a lot, plenty, not much, nothing, etc going especially imperative to in the Go to it .lohn You encourage know you someone to something him To have many, not many, You etc advantages intelligent, can are beat young, attractive; you've got a lot going for one for you (infml What/whatever somebody for joe) the My wife wanted the specified person has total kitchen painted green, 10 says, goes authority and must be and difficult What does somebody go from here? action says, about Sales arc down and who is in a lay-ofls are incxitablc: especialh somebody 11 she goes obeyed (used what situation) should what somebody where company does ihc go from take next, esp in order to here? improve the situation they are in? (used by a soldier on guard 12 Who goes there? Halt, who goes there'? to order somebody to say who they are) In one single attempt 13 He blew out all candles on his birthday cake at At one go one go 14 Be all go To be very busy/ to be full It's all go in the office of activity today 45 15 Be on the go To be very active or busy Tve been on the go all week (infml)to make an attempt He had sexeral goes at 16 Have a go at sth/doing sth to sth the high jump before he succeeded in clearing it (informal) 17 Have a go at sb/sth to crificize My parents had a go at sb/sth; to complain about me for getting back so sb/sth late (informal) to be successful She's 18 Make a go of sth in something determined to make a go of her newcareer 47 (1) To come to an 11 Di dem • •T , Tning than di dem agreement beforehand confidentially 12 Di dem ve horn To work very hard Chi ay phai lam lung di dem (usually go early and ve hom ma van khong du return home late at nuoi mieng an night) To live oneself out as a Chi ay di a cho nha dia chii 13 Did servant to imply good luck for 14 Di tuai ve tot tir thua len muai Chuc anh di tuai \'e tot a job or wish somebody good luck Du di ngugc \c xuoi To travel for work at 15 Di ngugc ve xuoi many places Nha gio To mong 10 thang The movement of the Di dau xuong dat 16 (trong cay chuoi) body with the head touching the ground • — ~ - ^ To ma noi sai se di dau xuong dat ngay! — 46 Examples Bon tre bo nha di bui lam dau long cha me Cu vao chieu muon, ong ay di bach bo cho khoe nguai Sau nguai chong qua dai vai nam, ba ay di buac nua vai mot nguai dan ong lang ben Lay chong la nguai di dao Rua chan di ban, di hai Rua chan di dil cha hoai rua chan (27:413) To understand Di guoc bung someone's intention, Em noi nhu the di guoc vao bung anh thinking (1) To go to and fro Dilai (2) To have pasionate (1) Tau thuyen di lai nhu mac cui (2) Han ta di lai vai mot a na affair don^ Nguod ta rugu som tra trua Di nan" ve mua To work hard Em na\ di nang \ e mua da nhieu (27:44) To go in the shortest Di tat don dau way without being Doi mai thiet bi theo huang di tat don dau order Didut To lose time/money ; no longer exist Di dut mot buoi chieu 47 (1) To come to an 11 Di dem Tning thau di dem agreement beforehand confidentially To work very hard 12 Di dem ve hom (usually go early and return home late at r— • Chi ay phai lam lung di dem ve hom ma \an khong dii nuoi mieng an night) 13 Dia To live oneself out as a r ' Chi ay di a cho nha dia chu servant to imply good luck for 14 Di tuai ve tot tu thua len muai Chuc anh di tuai ve tot a job or wish somebody good luck Du di ngugc ve xuoi To travel for work at 15 Nha gio 16 mong 10 Di ngugc ve xuoi many places The movement of the Di dau xuong dat 16 (trong cay chuoi) body with the head touching the ground thang Ta ma noi sai se di dau xuong dat nga>! ... language and mind and /or conceptualiation the fundalmental relationship that helps explains language usage and language phenomena and here in the study is the erb 'go' in English and 'di' in Vietnamese. .. Cognitive linguistics 2) A Contrastive study of the verb 'run' in English and 'chay' in Vietnamese: A perspective of embodiment in Cognitive linguistics 3) A Contrastive study of the verb 'go' and. .. is an effective and irreplaceable tool of expressing mind, thought saying, etc The verb 'go' in English has a variety of meanings and its usages in contexts and there has the same in Vietnamese