The common two-word verbs denoting material and mental processes in English and their Vietnamese equivalents

1 VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST- GRADUATE STUDIES BÙI THỊ DIỆU QUYÊN THE COMMON TWO-WORD VERBS DENOTING MATERIAL AND MENTAL PROCESSES IN ENGLISH AND THEIR VIETNAMESE EQUIVALENTS (CÁC ĐỘNG TỪ HAI THÀNH TỐ PHỔ BIẾN QUI CHIẾU TIẾN TRÌNH VẬT CHẤT VÀ TINH THẦN TRONG TIẾNG ANH VÀ NGHĨA TIẾNG VIỆT TƯƠNG ĐƯƠNG) M.A Minor Programme Thesis Field: English Linguistics Code: 60 22 15 HA NOI – 2010 VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST- GRADUATE STUDIES BÙI THỊ DIỆU QUYÊN THE COMMON TWO-WORD VERBS DENOTING MATERIAL AND MENTAL PROCESSES IN ENGLISH AND THEIR VIETNAMESE EQUIVALENTS (CÁC ĐỘNG TỪ HAI THÀNH TỐ PHỔ BIẾN QUI CHIẾU TIẾN TRÌNH VẬT CHẤT VÀ TINH THẦN TRONG TIẾNG ANH VÀ NGHĨA TIẾNG VIỆT TƯƠNG ĐƯƠNG) M.A Minor Programme Thesis Field: English Lingguistics Code: 60 22 15 Supervisor: Nguyễn Thị Bích Ngọc, M.A HA NOI – 2010 TABLES OF CONTENTS PART A: INTRODUCTION 1 Rationale of the study Aims of the study 10 Scope of the study 10 Method of the study 11 Design of the study 11 PART B: DEVELOPMENT 12 CHAPTER 1: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 12 1.1 Two word verbs 12 1.1.1 Definition of PVs and PreVs 12 1.1.2 Syntactic and semantic characteristics of PVs and PreVs 16 2.1.2.2 Syntactic and semantic characteristics of PreVs 18 1.2 Process types 20 1.2.1 Overview of process types 20 1.2.2 Material processes 22 1.2.3 Mental processes 24 1.2.4 Material vs mental processes 25 CHAPTER 2: METHODOLOGY 26 2.1 Data collection instrument 26 2.2 Corpus choice 26 2.3 Data Analyses 27 2.4 The selection and extraction of two-word verbs 29 CHAPTER 3: ENGLISH TWO-WORD VERBS DENOTING MATERIAL AND MENTAL PROCESSES AND VIETNAMSESE EQUIVALENTS 31 COME 32 GIVE 35 3 GO 36 MAKE 38 HEAR 39 SEE 39 THINK 40 PART C: CONCLUSION 41 Conclusions 41 Suggestions for teaching and learning two-word verbs 42 Suggests for further studies 42 REFERENCES 43 APPENDIX I APPENDIX II APPENDIX III APPENDIX IV APPENDIX V APPENDIX VI APPENDIX VII Abbreviations B.E British English A.E American English PV Phrasal verb PreV Prepositional verb S Obligatory separable phrasal verbs inS Inseparable phrasal verbs Trans Transitive Intrans Intransitive NP Noun phrase V Verb LSWE Longman Spoken and Written English LOCNESS Louvain Corpus of Native English Essays BNC British National Corpus List of tables Table 1: PVs and PreVs dissimilarities 11 Table 2: Number of two-word verbs and meanings in three sources of dictionary 17 Table 3: Table 3: Frequent two-word verbs in studies of Gardner & Davies (2007), Liu (2003), Waibel (2002), and Biber (1999) 18 PART A: INTRODUCTION "There is another kind of composition more frequent in our language than perhaps in any other, from which arises to foreigners the greatest difficulty." Samuel Johnson Preface, Dictionary of the English Language, 1755 Rationale of the study The two-word verbs, including phrasal verbs (PVs) and prepositional verbs (PreVs), are an interesting linguistic phenomenon in the English language Many English teachers have realized the importance of this multiword knowledge in helping their learners use English more fluently and naturally Paradoxically, these structures are never easy for non-native learners to acquire, mostly because the semantic, grammatical and stylistic peculiarities that they possess The meanings of a two-word verb are not always likely guessed from its individuals Many non-native speakers of English must, therefore, memorize them to be able to understand and use them in the right context However, thousands of two-word verbs and many more times of their meanings make the massive learning unfruitful Consequently, pages are spent to find out which PVs to teach and in what sequences For example, Dilin Liu (2003) suggests 302 items to be most frequently used idioms, with 104 of them are PVs Gardner and Davies (2007) propose a smaller number - 100 frequent PVs, which the authors claim to be a manageable number to deal with The problem is two-word verbs are very polysemous, and corresponding with 100 frequent PVs proposed by Gardner and Davies, (2007), it is not 100 but up to 559 potential meanings (5.6 meanings per PV on average) learners have to deal with From this view, the number 100 is getting less manageable What ifIf we focus on senses that are used more often than the others? So, the load of learning English two-word verbs would be reduced This is also what this current study is aiming at Biber et al (1999) suggest that we classify multiword verbs according to their 10 core meaning called semantic domains: activity verbs, communication verbs, mental verbs, causative verbs, verbs of simple occurrence, verbs of existence or relationship, and aspectual verbs Halliday (1985,; 2004) approaches the matter with different term but the same nature Instead of ‗semantic domains; Halliday has term ‗processes‘ (See section 1.2.1 for types of processes); and what Biber (1999) names ‗activity verb‘ is labeled ‗material process‘ This study uses Halliday‘s terms for their clarity and systematic nature; and attends to material and mental processes since they are considered most common by both Halliday (1985,; 2004) and Biber (1999) Aims of the study The primary aims of this paper are: to study English two-word verbs, specifically distinguish two kinds of twoword verbs: PVs and PreVs; to study English processes, focusing on material and mental processes; to investigate some common English two-word verbs denoting material and mental processes and find their Vietnamese equivalents; to suggest some recommendations for teaching and learning two-word verbs Scope of the study As far as structural aspects of two-word verbs are concerned, the current study includes both PV (transitive and intransitive) and PreVs ‗Phrasal-prepositional verbs‘ would be beyond the scope of this paper Two-word verbs are rich in both number and meanings For example, in Oxford Phrasal verbs Dictionary, 6000 common British and American PVs are recorded; the verb ‗go‘ solely has 31 two-word verbs with 209 different meanings So, we are not ambitious to cover all of them Although some verbs have no single correct classification or have multiple meanings belonging to different semantic domains, Biber (1999) affirms that activity verbs and mental verbs are of most common Among the 12 most common lexical verbs that all occur over 1000 times per million words in the LSWE Corpus (Biber et al., 1999: 373), six are activity verbs (get, go, mzake, come, take, give), five are mental verbs 11 (know, think, see, want, mean) Also by means of corpus, Biber proposes lists of the most common lexical verbs in each semantic domain, including all verbs that occur over 300 times per million words in at least one register (cf Biber et al , 1999: 367-369) In domain of activity material verbs, we see the notable common of “make, go, give, come, put”, and “take‖; while ―see, think, know, want, feel, like‖ are distinguished representatives of mental verbs Therefore, having claimed to be the study of the common two-word verbs denoting material and mental processes in English though, in the frame of a small paper, we only focus on four outstanding representatives of material verbs: COME, GIVE, GO, MAKE (all are in the top 10 most prolific PVs of British National Corpus), and three of mental ones: HEAR, SEE, THINK Moreover, only two-word verbs with idiomatic and semiidiomatic meanings used in material and mental processes are concentrated on Method of the study The study aims to find out, in the limitation of seven lexical verbs, ―how many‖ and ‖how often‖ two-word verbs belong to material and mental processes are there are, comparing with the other four processes Thus, quantitative research methods, which give much focus on the collection and analysis of numerical data and statistics, appear to be appropriate Design of the study This study is designed in three parts: Introduction, Development, and Conclusion The Introduction gives an overview of the study The Development consists of three chapters: Chapter 1- - Theoretical Background, provides the fundamental concepts used in the paper; Chapter - Methodology, describes thoroughly the methodology acquired in the study; Chapter presents lists of two-word combinationcombinations of 8seven common verbs belonging to material and mental processes with their particles/ prepositions and their Vietnamese equivalents Finally, the Conclusion offers the review of the study with its implication and application concerning teaching and learning English two-word verbs in general 12 PART B: DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 1: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND This chapter represents the issues of two-word verbs and Processes of Material and Mental in details Section 1.1 examines some aspects of PVs and PreVs such as their definitions and their semantic and syntactic aspects Particles- - the vital component of PVs, are also defined and classified Section 1.2 looks into the matter of process types with the focus is on Material and Mental processes, their definition and characteristics 1.1 Two word verbs Quirk et al (1972) clarify that multi-word verbs consist of PVs, PreVs, and phrasalprepositional verbs Biber et al (1999: 403) add other multi-word verb constructions like V + noun phrase (+ preposition); V + prepositional phrase or V + V to complete the classification of four major kinds of multi-word combinations that comprise ―relatively idiomatic units and function like single verbs‖ In this study, we focus on multi-word verbs which comprise two elements Though Taka (1960, cited Waibel 2007) and Meyer (1975, cited Waibel 2007) use term “two-word verb‖ to mean PV, and Celce-Murcia et al (1999) note that PVs are sometimes called twoword verbs, both PVs and PreVs are taken into consideration when we refer to two-word verbs 1.1.1 Definition of PVs and PreVs 1.1.1.1 PVs There is a disputation as to how PVs are defined Following here are some ways of defining PVs: Dixon, R.M.W (1991: 274)) says: ―Phrasal verb is a combination of verb plus preposition that has a meaning not inferable from the individual meanings of verb and preposition(s)‖1 It is noted that the author mentions to prepositions, but particles There is possibility that the so-call PreVs by most of linguists is defined by Dixon as PVs, or he uses the name PVs to refer to both 13 Biber et al., et al (1999: 403)) assert: ―PVs are multi-word units consisting of a verb followed by an adverbial particle‖ which all have spatial or locative meanings and ―commonly used with extended meanings‖ Halliday (1985: 207; 2004: 351) seesees PVs as ―lexical verbs which consist of more than just the verb word itself‖, which can be verb + adverb, verb + preposition, and verb + adverb + preposition David (2002) seems to meet Halliday when this author insists the existence of two definitions of PVs, the broad sense and the narrow sense The broad sense includes both PreVs and PVs, spatial or figurative, transitive or intransitive while the narrow sense excludes PreVs This study prefers looking at PV from its narrow sense Before turning to PreVs, it is necessary to clarify that the term ‗phrasal verb‟ is not favored by all linguistics Said as Waibel (2007: 15), ―the very name for this type of verb is controversial‖ For example, Fraser (1947) calls it ―verb-particle combination‖, Zandvoort (1962) talks about it as ―verb-adverb combination‖, Live (1965) ―discontinuous verb‖, Lipka (1992) labels them ―verb-particle construction‖, Francis (1958) ―separable verb‖, etc However, Mc Arthur (1989: 38, cited Waibel, 2007: 15) notes that ―the term ‗phrasal verb‘ appears (…) to be the winning term‖, and Rot (1988: 183, cited David, 2002: 112) remarks that the term PV is the most appropriate for verb-particle combinations because ―it expresses the linguistic essence of this lexical-grammar collocation, and it has its terminological parallels in the location ‗phrasal prepositions‟ ‖ And the term familiar with both teachers and students is also used in this study 1.1.1.2 PreVs About PreVs, the matter of term and definition is less controversial than that of PVs Scholars seem to be satisfied with the term ‗PreV‘, which refers to the kind of verb that ―consists of a verb followed by a preposition‖ (Biber et al., 1999: 403) and that ―forms a semantic and syntactic unit‖ (G Leech, 1992: 264) The problem, if it has, is whether or not to see PreV as a subtype of PV or an independent kind of verb from PV This study would like to look at PreV as an independent item that existexists parallel with PV 47 Come in Come off Come on thuỷ triều lên The tide was coming in fast đích (cuộc đua) My horse came in third tham gia vào (dự án kinh doanh…) Are you ready to come in now or you need more time to think about it? thu nhập, kiếm We‟ve just got enough money coming in each month to pay the bill (luật) ban hành có hiệu lực New legislation coming in next month will tackle low pay làm He‟s ill to come in today đắc cử, lên nắm quyền When the Tories came in, unemployment stood at over a million ngã Fred was riding his bike when he came off bung ra, bật (vết bẩn) I pulled at the drawer, and the handle comes off rời sân (để vào thay) Beckham had to come off after five minutes of the second half diễn ra, xảy Another competition is coming off in the summer thành công The plan came off satisfactorily tiến bộ, phát triển Your French is really coming on Come into bắt đầu xuất hiện, đời - The cherry trees are coming into blossom - The band only came into being in 1995 thừa kế She came into a lot of money after her father died Come off - ngừng dùng thuốc It‟s time she try to come off sleeping pills Come to tổng số (tiền) The bill for nảy ra, nhớ - The idea 48 Come out đến sau Julie‟s arriving today and David‟s coming on tomorrow with the luggage (thiết bị điện) bật Does the heating come on automatically? (mưa, tuyết) bắt đầu rơi The snow came on pretty heavily, so we decided to go home chiếu, phát My favourite programme comes on at eight o‟clock on Tuesday vào sân (thay người), sân khấu - Ronaldo came on in place of Wilkins - When are Westlife coming on? xuất truyền hình, đài báo Then the president comes on and tells everyone to spend more money rơi ra, long ra, bong Her tooth came out when she bit into the apple nụ, trổ hoa The first of the spring flowers had already come out (mặt trời, mặt trăng, sao) The sun come out and bathed the whole garden in its summer light đình cơng There‟s no chance of the police force coming out (ảnh) rửa None of my holiday photos came out phát hành, mắt bạn đọc Emily‟s book came out last month groceries at the supermarket came to fifty dollars để lại cho The farm will come to you when I die thành công We‟d great plans for expanding the business, but they didn‟t come to anything - tỏ thái độ, mặt (chống đối/ ủng hộ) The party leader came out for an acceptable candidate Come under chịu điều hành, quản lý The prisons now come under central government control chịu tác động, áp lực, trích The government has come under attack over the new bill came to me when we were on holiday - Her name will come to me in a minute 49 Come over Come through Come up xếp vị trí (trong kỳ thi) Jonathan came out bottom in social studies and top in maths kết thúc, có kết How did the story come out? tạo ấn tượng Everything depends on how you come over at the meeting vượt (biển), băng (đồng) Her great-grandparents came over from Ireland in the nineteenth century đến chơi, đến thăm Her son comes over to see her occasionally - (tài liệu, tín hiệu ) chuyển đến The call to the police came through at 5:40 tiếp cận, tiến gần tới A woman came up and started complaining about the noise đột ngột xảy ra, xảy I‟m going to have to cancel our concert for something‟s come up thắng, trúng giải If my number comes up in the lottery, it‟s champagne for everybody His case comes up next week vào đại học My brother is coming up next year (chồi cây) nhú khỏi mặt đất The first snowdrops are just coming up - (cảm giác) xuất hiện, choán lấy A wave of anger came over him - sống sót, vượt qua Most of the students come through the exam with flying colour - hiểu rõ, thấy rõ Her disbelief comes through in the questions she asks - buồn nôn He could feel his breakfast coming u Come upon tình cờ gặp, bắt gặp We turned a corner and came upon an old church bắt chịu trách nhiệm He came upon me for damages - nảy ra, xuất A feeling of great excitement suddenly comes upon me 50 APPENDIX PV GIVE Material Process Intrans give in give off (inS) give out cạn kiệt I couldn‟t finish the ten mile race because my energy gave out ngừng hoạt động (máy móc/ người) Trans đầu hàng Completely surrounded by our soldiers, the enemy finally gave in nhượng We mustn‟t give in to terrorist demands nộp She gave in her homework a week later nộp đơn việc (give in your notice) He‟s waiting until the end of the week to give in his notice toả ra, phát (nhiệt độ, mùi hương) Burning leaves give off thick smoke tạo ấn tượng (qua vẻ ngoài/ thái độ) She gave off an air of confidence phân phát The teacher gave out the exam papers phát, đưa tin - Details of the accidents were given out on the nine o‟clock new - The government will give the unemployment figures out tomorrow gây ra, phát (tiếng ồn, ánh sáng, nhiệt) PreV Mental Process Intrans GIVE Trans give away give of Material Process Trans cho, tặng He decided to give most of his money away trao giải We‟ve asked Mrs Andrews of the PTA to give away the prizes để lộ, để (thơng tin, bí mật) sơ xuất It seems he had given away all sorts of valuable trade secrets tố cáo, phản bội Nobody knows I‟ve done this, so please don‟t give me away đưa dâu (trong lễ cưới) nhà chồng The bride was given away by her uncle because her father died and couldn‟t give her away - cống hiến (thời gian, sức lực, tiền bạc) She‟s always to willing to give of her time to help the homeless Mental Process Trans 51 - One of the plane‟s engines gave out - His heart gave out just before his eightieth birthday That lamp doesn‟t give out a lot of light nhường Children rarely give up their seats to older people on buses now chấm dứt mối quan hệ (bạn bè, tình yêu) I‟m not going to give up all my friends just because I‟m getting married cho nuôi She gave the baby up for adoption hy sinh thời gian cho việc khác Doing this course will mean giving up a lot of my spare times đầu thú (give yourself up to sb) Police are urging the man to give himself up before any further damage is caused trao, nộp Do I have to give up my old passport when I apply for a new one? Give up - Cai, bỏ, từ bỏ (sở thích, thói quen, hy vọng) It‟s about time you gave up smoking APPENDIX GO go ahead PV Material Process Intrans diễn theo kế hoạch định The party went ahead as planned bắt tay vào làm ngay, không chần chừ The teacher told the students not Trans Mental Process Intrans Trans GO go about PreV Material Process Trans đi đó, khắp nơi I would to go about the country when I had time lan truyền (tin đồn) MentalProcess Trans 52 to write on the paper yet, but John went ahead and wrote his name diễn ra, tiến triển Everything was going along just fine until she turned up! làm mà khơng có chuẩn bị trước, tuỳ ứng biến The teacher seemed to be making up the plan as he went along đến, đến thăm I went around last night but nobody was in lây lan, lan truyền (bệnh tật, tin tức) There‟s a bad strain of influenza going around right now go after go away - vắng She goes away on business a lot go against go by - thời gian trôi qua As goes by, my memory seems to get worse go along go around/ round go at ngang qua Did you see a boy go by on a bicycle? Go by There‟s a rumour going around that Sam and Kate are having an affair giải quyết, xử lý, tiếp cận You‟re not going about it the right way làm/ sống thường lệ Most people went about their daily life as usual - đeo đuổi, cố đạt Our company is going after the software market in western Europe công The two boys were going at each other like the mad dogs làm Harry was young and ambitious and went at things with a daunting eagerness bắt đầu How are you going to go at the job of fixing the roof? phản đối, chống lại You can‟t go against your family ngược lại, trái với This goes against everything I‟ve been brought up to believe - làm theo, tuân theo I shall go entirely by what my solicitor says - đánh giá dựa vào, tin vào It‟s never very wise to go by appearances 53 ghé vào, ghé qua I‟ll go by and see him on my way home go down (tàu) chìm, (người) chết đuối Only two crew members were rescued; the rest are believed to have gone down with the ship (chất lượng) đi, giảm He‟s certainly gone down in my estimation (= I don‟t have the good opinion of him that I used to) (vết sưng) xẹp xuống How long will it take for the swelling to go down? xuống hạng (thể thao) We need to win the next two games to avoid going down (lốp xe) bị xì My tire‟s gone down again xảy (A.E) I was nowhere right here when the robbery went down ngưng hoạt động The airline‟s entire booking system had gone down (đèn sân khấu) mờ dần tắt Finally, the light went down and the performance started tù (B.E) He‟s gone down for 20 years 10 thua (thể thao) go for chọn I think I‟ll go for the steak What are you having? cố đạt There were 200 people going for just three jobs công The newspapers really went for him over his defence of terrorism đến lấy (đồ), đến đón (ai) She‟s gone for some milk - thích, bị thu hút So what type of men you go for? 54 go forth go forward go in go off Arsenal went down 2-1 to Everton 11 hoan nghênh/ hưởng ứng The band went down a storm (= people like them very much) 12 thất bại, uy tín If the business goes down, we go down with it - (tin, gọi) gửi đi, (luật) ban hành The message that went forth was that they were going to get married tiến triển, bước đầu thành công The project is going forward nicely đề cử Her name has gone forward for the job thắng tiếp vào vòng Which teams will go forward for the second round? - (mặt trời, mặt trăng) nấp sau mây The sun went in and it grew colder (súng, bom) nổ, phát nổ The gun went off by accident (đồng hồ) kêu She got up as soon as the alarm clock went off (thiết bị điện) tắt, ngừng hoạt động - Tham gia vào tổ chức (quân đội, cảnh sát) He was 17 when he went in the army - hiểu đươc, nhớ I keep studying, but these dates won‟t go in go before - Ra , bị xét xử So he went before the court and pleaded „Not Guilty‟ go into theo nghề Eric went into the army right after school xem xét, kiểm tra kỹ We need to go into the question of cost đâm vào The car went into a tree tham gia vào (kì thi, trận đấu…) I can‟t go into the exam unprepared Go off - khơng thích nữa, hứng thú với I think she‟s going off me 55 go on go out Suddenly all the lights went off (chất lượng) giảm sút This milk has gone off diễn (thành công/ định) The show went off very well ngủ Has the baby gone off (to sleep) yet? xảy Many people gathered near the accident to see what was going on (thời gian) trôi In spite of everything, life must go on sân khấu, sân Owen went on until the final act (thiết bị điện) bật I heard the TV go on in the next room (điện, lửa) tắt The campers didn't have to put out the fire because it went out by itself thuỷ triều rút When does the tide go out? gửi đi, phát hành, phát sóng - The invitation hasn‟t gone out yet - The show will go out live from the studio chi tiêu We need to have more money coming in than going out chơi She wasn‟t allowed to go out at night (+with sb) hẹn hò Sam used to go out with Kate - tiếp tục (câu chuyện, hành động) The speaker goes on talking even though most of the audience had left Go on bắt đầu làm to go on the dole (= to start to receive government unemployment benefit) dùng để All his money goes on drink go to bắt đầu My brain went to work on (= start to think about) what I should next trao cho The first prize went to Peter bỏ công sức, tiền bạc… để làm đạt điều He went to great pains to persuade us - làm đánh giá, định The police don‟t have much evidence to go on 56 xuất ngoại We went out to see him when he was living in Australia bị loại (trong thi) She went out in the first round of the tournament go over -(to sb/st) ghé thăm I‟m going over to my daughter for lunch Go over go through - (luật, hợp đồng) thông qua, chấp thuận The bill went through without any objections Go through go together - hẹn hò They haven‟t been going together long go toward(s) go kinh doanh thất bại, ngừng hoạt go vượt Don‟t go over the speed limit kiểm tra cẩn thận I‟ll go over the figures again to make sure they‟re right học kỹ She went over her lines (= in a play) until she knew them perfectly lau qua He went over the surfaces with a duster sơn, vẽ đè lên lớp lớp vẽ cũ She went over the original drawing in pen trải qua (khó khăn, gian khổ) We can‟t really imagine what they‟re going through kiểm tra, nghiên cứu kỹ Collins went through every legal book she could find dùng hết They went through all the toilet paper in the house ôn lại (lời thoại, lời hát) Let‟s go through your lines one more time - dùng để chi trả phần The money raised will go towards the construction of a new stadium - sống thiếu thốn, sống mà không cần - (ý tưởng, cảm giác) xuất (st go through sb’s mind/ head) I knew what was going through her head at that time 57 under Go up động kinh doanh A large number of small companies have gone under dần ý thức thuốc mê I could feel myself going under phát hoả, bốc cháy The whole building went up in just a few minutes (tiếng ồn) đồng vang lên A cheer went up from the crowd lên hạng (thể thao) Another defeat would ruin their dream of going up dựng lên A new office is going up in the downtown area (thông báo) dán nơi công cộng Posters of the show are going up all over the town without I never want the children have to go without She went without sleep for three days go with hẹn hò Eda went with Richard for about six months, but now she is going out with a new boyfriend chọn I think we should go with yellow for the walls - ủng hộ I‟m prepared to go with her decision APPENDIX PV MAKE Material Process Intrans Make after Make off PreV - chuồn, tẩu thoát The thief make off in a yellow transit van Trans - đuổi bắt Hencke made after him Mental Process Intrans MAKE Trans Material Process Trans Make towards - tiến phía I made towards the door, but he called me back Mental Process Trans 58 Make out Make over Make up - thành công Charlie didn't make out very well on his final examinations xoay xở I don‟t know how they‟ll make out in the big city khiến có quan điểm sai ai, He made out that he‟d won the lottery viết ra, điền vào tài liệu She made out a cheque and handed it to me thay đổi, cải tạo toàn They decided to make over the whole house when they moved in di chúc lại cho Before he died, he made his estate over to his wife - làm lành (sau trang điểm giận nhau) I can make my face up in half the Why don‟t normal time you forget dọn giường your Don‟t go to the bother of making the camp differences bed up; I‟m just as happy on the sofa and make up? chuẩn bị, xếp Don‟t worry about the kids‟ lunches I‟ve made them up already bao gồm, cấu thành nên The House of Representatives and the Senate make up the Congress of the United States hoàn chỉnh, bổ sung phần thiếu I‟m paying 500$, and Dave is making up the difference (= paying the rest) may vá She brought some fabric to make up a jacket nhìn , nghe rõ Can you make out his handwriting? hiểu rõ (tính ai) - He couldn‟t make out what‟s going on - I can‟t make her out bịa ra, nghĩ The little boy made up a bad excuse for wearing his dirty shoes in the house, so his mother punished him đến định (make up one's mind) Sally is considering several colleges to attend, but she hasn't made up her mind yet Make with - mang đến, tạo So he sits me down and starts making with the soft words and the loving eyes Make for tiến phía He picked up his umbrellar and made for the door giúp tạo ra, giúp cải thiện Mutual respect makes for a happy working relationship - tận dụng hội để thành công They‟re going to try to make a go of their marriage again (= make it successful) Make of - hiểu, nghĩ, nhận xét I don‟t know what to make of our new teacher 59 tăng ca If work is slow during the day, she can always make it up in the evening APPENDIX PreV HEAR Hear from Material Process Trans - nhận tin tức (thông qua thư, điện thoại) Do you ever hear from any of your school friends? Mental Process Trans biết (về tồn ai, gì) I‟ve heard of the Alexander technique, but I don‟t know anything about it biết tin (nhận tin) I was sorry to hear of your accident Hear of APPENDIX PV SEE Material Process Intrans See around Trans - thường thấy quanh khu ở/ làm việc I‟ve never actually met her, but I‟ve seen her around Intrans dẫn xem The ambassador waited on the steps to see the visiting dignitaries in đưa nhà an toàn After seeing her in (= into her home), he SEE Trans See about - lường trước tương lai At the moment, we can‟t see beyond paying the car insurance, let alone Christmas See beyond/ past (inS) See in (S) Mental Process See of PreV Material Process Trans - lo giải quyết, xếp I‟ll go and see about lunch - thường thấy, thường gặp I didn‟t see all that much of her while she was growing up Mental Process Trans 60 rode off without a word đón (một kiện diễn ra) I went round to Bob‟s flat and we saw the New Year in together nhìn thấu tâm tư (see into sb’s mind/soul) I wish I could see into his mind and find out what he thinks of me đoán trước tương lai If we had known what was going to happen, we might have done things differently, but you can‟t see into the future See into See off See out See through tiễn (tại sân bay, ga xe lửa) We all went to the airport to see Terry off đuổi, tống cổ The dogs soon saw off the burglars hạ gục đối thủ The England team saw off a tired-looking Poland 3-1 tiễn cửa My secretary will see you out Don‟t bother, I‟ll see myself out theo đến cùng, kéo dài đến hết He promises to see out the rest of his contract giúp vượt qua thời điểm khó khăn His courage saw him through theo đuổi đến She‟s determined to see the job through - nhìn thấu (ý định đó) We saw through him straight away See to - lo (phần việc, trách nhiệm) Would someone please organize some coffee and sandwiches for our visitors? – Don‟t worry, I‟ll see to it 61 APPENDIX PV THINK Material Process Intrans Trans think ahead think out (inS) Think over Think through Think up - lên kế hoạch chi tiết He had to think out what to next PreV Mental Process Intrans - (to st) suy tính trước Even when their children are very young, parents are thinking ahead to exams and jobs THINK Trans think about - Suy ngẫm (để tìm câu trả lời, giải pháp…) I thought out what I was going to say before I phoned - suy nghĩ kỹ trước định Let‟s think the proposal over before we see him again - xem xét tỉ mỉ There‟s was no time to think through all of these issues - bịa ra, nghĩ Can‟t you think up a better excuse than that? think of Material Process Trans Mental Process Trans nghĩ đến, quan tâm đến All he ever thinks about is money cân nhắc (think twice about st/ doing st) I‟ll think twice about calling him if I were you nghĩ ra, nhớ I can‟t think of his name at the moment nghĩ cho Alan always thinks of others before himself 3.cân nhắc, suy xét We‟re thinking of selling the house đánh giá What you think of her performance? thích, khơng thích (think a lot of st/ don’t think much of st) I didn‟t think much of his speech