Metaphors in Modern English and Vietnamese Poetry: A Study from Cognitive approach. Doctor of Linguistics: 60 22 15 01

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES *****@***** NGUYỄN THỊ QUYẾT METAPHORS IN CONTEMPORARY ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE POETRY: A STUDY FROM COGNITIVE APPROACH ẨN DỤ TRONG THƠ HIỆN ĐẠI TIẾNG ANH VÀ TIẾNG VIỆT: NGHIÊN CỨU THEO ĐƯỜNG HƯỚNG NGÔN NGỮ HỌC TRI NHẬN Major: English Linguistics Code: 62 22 1501 A Thesis Submitted in Total Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Supervisors: Assoc Prof Dr Nguyễn Xuân Thơm, Ph.D Assoc Prof Dr Ngơ Đình Phương, Ph.D HANOI, 2015 i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First, I would like to express my thanks to my supervisors, Assoc Prof Dr Nguyen Xuan Thom, Ph.D and Assoc Prof Dr Ngo Dinh Phuong, Ph.D., for their generous and insightful guidance while I was writing this dissertation They encouraged me to carry out the dissertation on cognitive linguistics and poetry I have been so fortunate to have them as supervisors I would be indebted to the other members of committees for their willingness to share their time and knowledge Dr Ha Cam Tam for her valuable comments and suggestions when I first showed my understanding of the field, and her critical ideas on my writing are so valuable for me Dr Nguyen Quang for his deep understanding on methodology frame, his guidance has helped me much in completing the dissertation Dr Ngo Huu Hoang for his knowledge of cognitive theory has pushed me up into a deeper scrutiny of the field Practical ideas suggested by Dr Le Thanh Ha on the literature review led me to get better understanding of the issue Prof Dr Nguyen Duc Hoat’s comments on scope of the study were also of great help for me in completing the thesis Many thanks should also go to Prof Dr Hoang Van Van, for patiently reading and commenting on this dissertation as an unofficial committee member I would like to show my deep gratitude to Dr Ilicia Sprey, a Fulbright American scholar and Ms Marilyn Nagano Schlief, an English professor from Michigan State University, in helping me clarify the meanings of English poems which were so challenging that without their help, I could not have understood them thoroughly I would also like to express my thanks to the administrators of the Graduate Department who have greatly supported me in doing my research Last, my thanks are also spent for all members of my family and colleagues at Hong Duc University who have so enthusiastically supported me during the time I was writing this dissertation Hanoi, April 2014 ii ABSTRACT Meaning construction is conceptualization which is based on embodiment (Evan & Green 2006; Evan, 2007) The conceptualization creates metaphors which mark the meditation between people and the environment Comparison of metaphors between English and Vietnamese therefore, shows not only a great deal of similarities, but also many differences In this dissertation, we study metaphors in modern English and Vietnamese lyric poems The identification of metaphors was adopted from Metaphor Identification Procedure (MIP) created by the Pragglejaz Group (Pragglejaz Group, 2007; Steen, 2010) which supports the comparison between English and Vietnamese linguistic metaphors and conceptual metaphors uncovered in our data The results contribute to and enforce the findings by previous researchers of the field, they also supplement variation of conceptualization in the two languages Conceptual domains are put under broad themes: the world; natural aspect; animal; time; action, body and character; person, life and death; inner feeling; and relationship Through the analysis and interpretation, the findings show variations in the conceptualization in language and it is realized that different conceptualizations are rooted from different beliefs, living condition, and philosophy of life iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS i ABSTRACT ii TABLE OF CONTENTS .iii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS v LIST OF FIGURES vi PART A: INTRODUCTION 1 Rationale Contribution of the study Objectives of the study Research questions and hypotheses Scope of the study Structure of the study PART B: DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER ONE: LITERATURE REVIEW 1.1 The relation between language, culture and thought 1.2 Poetry and poetic language 1.3 Lyric as a genre of poetry 1.4 Cognitive linguistics 11 1.4.1 An overview of Cognitive Linguistics 11 1.4.2 Cognitive semantics 15 1.5 Metaphor 18 1.5.1 Metaphor: substitution view, comparison view, interaction view and pragmatic approach 18 1.5.2 Metaphor in cognitive linguistics 21 1.6 Concluding Remarks 29 CHAPTER 2: METHODOLOGY 30 2.1 Approach to the study 30 2.2 Principal methods of the study 31 2.3 Identification of metaphors 32 2.4 Data collection and analysis 35 2.4.1 Data collection 35 2.4.2 Data storage instrument 37 2.4.3 Data Analysis 40 2.4.4 Analytical Framework 41 2.5 Concluding Remarks 42 CHAPTER 3: METAPHORS OF NATURE IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE POEMS 43 3.1 Metaphors of the world and related entities 43 3.1.1 The world and event 43 3.1.2 Colour, object, and sound 45 3.2 Metaphors of natural aspects 49 3.2.1 Landscape 50 3.2.2 Natural entities 55 3.2.3 Natural phenomena 61 3.2.4 Plant 65 3.3 Metaphors of animals 68 iv 3.4 Metaphors of time 70 3.5 Concluding remarks 73 CHAPTER 4: METAPHORS OF HUMAN AND RELATED ASPECTS IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE POEMS 75 4.1 Metaphors of body, characteristics, action, saying 75 4.1.1 Body parts 75 4.1.2 Characteristics of a person 79 4.1.3 Action 80 4.1.4 Saying 82 4.2 Metaphors of person, life, and death 85 4.2.1 Person 85 4.2.2 Life 89 4.2.3 Death 95 4.3 Metaphors of inner world: State, feeling and emotion 98 4.3.1 State 98 4.3.2 Feeling 102 4.3.3 Emotion 116 4.4 Metaphors of relationship 121 4.5 Concluding remarks 131 PART C: CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS 132 RECAPULATION 132 COMMON FEATURES IN THE CONCEPTUALIZATION OF ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE 134 2.1 Abstractness is mapped through concreteness 135 2.2 Non-human is mapped as human: embodiment 136 2.3 Human is mapped through non-human domain 136 2.4 Container metaphor and the manifestation of anthropocentricity 136 2.5 Abstract concepts are mapped through other abstract domains 136 DIFFERENCES 137 3.1 Basement of reasoning 137 3.2 Prominent differences in English and Vietnamese metaphors 138 IMPLICATIONS FROM THE RESULTS 139 4.1 For teachers 139 4.2 For translators 140 4.3 Suggestions for further study 142 ARTICLES AND PROJECTS RELATED TO THE DISSERTATION 143 REFERENCES 144 In English 144 In Vietnamese 153 WEBSITES OF ENGLISH POEMS 155 WEBSITE OF VIETNAMESE POEMS 159 INDEX OF CONCEPTUAL METAPHORS IN THE STUDY I DATA SAMPLE OF ENGLISH METAPHORS OF LANDSCAPE IV DATA SAMPLE OF VIETNAMESE METAPHORS OF LANDSCAPE VII SAMPLE OF ENGLISH METAPHORS IN A POEM X SAMPLE OF VIETNAMESE METAPHORS IN A POEM XI v LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS CL: Cognitive Linguistics MIP: Metaphor Identification Procedure OALD: Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary vi LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Illustration of Nvivo tree nodes 37 Figure 3: Illustration of Nvivo quotations 38 Figure 4: Sample of Coding Summary Report of LIFE IS A TRIP 39 Figure 5: Sample of Coding Comparison Report in English and Vietnamese metaphor LIFE IS A TRIP 39 Figure 6: The basic domains of conceptual metaphors 133 Figure 7: Mechanism of conceptualization from the data 134 PART A: INTRODUCTION Rationale Metaphor is a great inspiration for researchers; as such, several studies have been carried out to deal with the matter In the world, the study of metaphors in poetry by Lakoff and Turner (1989) gave a clear and critical consideration of metaphors in English poems They also generalized many conceptual metaphors of death, time, life, people, plants, nights, and days, etc Anastasia (2008) studied metaphors in women college presidents’ inaugural addresses at Coed Institution’s; she studied 20 speeches and put them under 10 broad themes Polley (2012) considered metaphors of happiness in English and Mandarin Chinese of which he uses corpus approach in dealing with the data While Gomez-Moreno (2011) carried out a comparative study of metaphor in specialized language, also, he applied the corpus-approach in dealing with metaphors Picken (2007) studied metaphors in literature and their impact on foreign language learners, of which he focuses on the identification and interpretation, the evaluation of metaphors in literature as well as implications in designing curriculum, selecting materials and building up methodology in teaching language In Vietnamese poems, metaphor is also worked on in several studies such as metaphors in English and Vietnamese proverbs by Tiến (2012), the application of conceptual metaphors in teaching English to Vietnamese students by Vũ etc al (2010), metaphors in Vietnamese folklore by Ngọc (2009) This tradition shows that there is a great interest in metaphors in general, and metaphors in poems in particular, and most of the above mentioned studies are indebted to the view of metaphor from cognitive approach that was initiated by Lakoff and Johnson (1980, 2003) which stated that metaphors were mapped under concepts, and they constructed our thought and actions However, a study focusing on comparing between English and Vietnamese poems in terms of metaphor application has not been so far carried out In this study, we decided to deal with it as an initial research of the issue We borrow the idea that Lakoff and Turner (1989: 15) gave in setting up their study of metaphor in poetry as we choose poems “not to point out what is unusual about it but rather to introduce a range of common, unconscious, automatic metaphors which are parts of our cultural knowledge and which allow us to communicate with each other, whether in ordinary conversation or in poetry.” We set up the study entitled Metaphors in contemporary English and Vietnamese poetry: A study from cognitive approach Therefore, we would like to focus on the concepts of linguistic metaphor, conceptual metaphor, conceptualization, mapping and domain, the key issues in cognitive approach to metaphor study We would make an effort to analyse metaphors in modern English and Vietnamese poems, to explore metaphors in the light of cognitive approach, drawing out similarities and differences in conceptual metaphors between English and Vietnamese and linguistic metaphors manifesting them From English metaphorical expressions, which are also called linguistic metaphors, this study would inductively contribute to the system of conceptual metaphors mentioned previously such as those by Lakoff and Johnson (1980), Kovecses (2010), Tendah (2009) etc enriching and expanding it The source domain and target domain of each conceptual metaphor and their attributes are analysed to make transparent the similarities and differences in the manifestation of conceptual metaphors in English and Vietnamese Contribution of the study Significantly, the study focuses on comparing English and Vietnamese metaphors in poems, both at the conceptual level and linguistic level, from which relating to the cultural values in the two languages, it manifests three points Firstly, it blends different ideas into one in identifying and analyzing metaphors which can be used as a replica for other research of the same interests The theory of linguistic and conceptual metaphor by Lakoff and Johnson (1980), the so called MIP model in identifying metaphors by Pragglejaz group (2007), Steen (2010), the signals marking metaphors by Charteris-Black (2004, 2005) are blended Secondly, it directly presents linguistic metaphors explored in modern English and Vietnamese lyric poems manifesting conceptual metaphors By such, it shows clearly how linguistic metaphors in the two languages represent similar conceptual metaphors, making clear about what aspects of a specific conceptual domain are activated in the two languages As a result, it clarifies the why of certain activation Thirdly, the study builds up a system of conceptual metaphors in English and Vietnamese poems, compares them, showing prominently similar and different linguistic and cultural characteristics in English and Vietnamese It would help people to thoroughly view the hidden values underlying the conceptualization of metaphors in the two languages, from that, it gives recommendations for understanding and dealing with metaphors in English, especially in teaching and translation Objectives of the study Our study pursues the following goals: - To provide the evidence of linguistic metaphors manifesting the same conceptual metaphors in English and Vietnamese poetry to make clear what aspects of the mapping domains are activated in each language - To enrich the study of metaphors, especially those in poetry by introducing conceptual metaphors explored in the study - To give explanations of the the similarities and differences in the conceptualization between English and Vietnamese metaphors in terms of the factors regulating them - To give implications to the teaching and translating of the English language Research questions and hypotheses The study is generated from the following questions: In what dimensions linguistic metaphors reveal the similar and/or different conceptual metaphors in the two languages in English and Vietnamese poems? What explanations can be made for the similarities and/or differences in conceptualization in the two languages? What implications could be drawn out from the findings in terms of teaching and translating English into Vietnamese? The research question is based on the following assumptions: Similar conceptual metaphors in modern English and Vietnamese poems are mapped from similar and/or different linguistic metaphors Living condition and cultural traits influence patterns of thought manifesting in language use Understanding similarities and differences in metaphorical mapping can help to understand the English language better which fosters the use of the English language Scope of the study In the dissertation, the issue we are concerned with is limited based on the following reasoning Firstly, among different genres of poetry, such as (1) publicistic poetry, (2) lyricism, (3) free verse, (4) poem in prose, and (5) narrative verse (Hòa, 2006), we can not cover all, in this dissertation, the source of metaphors in our study is restricted in English and Vietnamese lyric poems (which would be termed both as lyric poems or poems in this study for short) We consider metaphor as a cognitive mechanism revealed in a 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http://www.thivien.net/viewpoem.php?ID=23956 Tiến Nguyễn Vĩnh Tiến (2009) Tuổi Retrieved March 16th, 2011 from http://www.thivien.net/viewpoem.php?ID=28020 Tran Bình Nguyên Trang (2006) Lối Retrieved March 16th, 2011 from g http://www.thivien.net/viewpoem.php?ID=6627 Trực Võ Văn Trực (2006) Tìm ký ức Retrieved March 16th, 2011 from http://www.thivien.net/viewpoem.php?ID=6333 Phư ơng Phư ơng Phư ơng Quố c Quý 163 Hồ Anh Tuấn (2009) Lời hoa hồng trước lúc tái sinh Retrieved March 16th, 2011 from http://www.thivien.net/viewpoem.php?ID=33551 Hoàng Phủ Ngọc Tường (2006) Gửi cho người Retrieved March 16th, 2011 from http://www.thivien.net/viewpoem.php?ID=6454 Diệp Minh Tuyền (2006) Dâng tặng Retrieved March 16th, 2011 from http://www.thivien.net/viewpoem.php?ID=6323 Diệp Minh Tuyền (2008) Mùa chim én bay Retrieved March 16th, 2011 from http://www.thivien.net/viewpoem.php?ID=19861 Diệp Minh Tuyền (2009) Tình nghèo Retrieved March 16th, 2011 from http://www.thivien.net/viewpoem.php?ID=32769 Diệp Minh Tuyền (2006) Tình yêu thầm Retrieved March 16th, 2011 from http://www.thivien.net/viewpoem.php?ID=7584 Diệp Minh Tuyền (2009) Chuyến phà ngang Retrieved March 16th, 2011 from http://www.thivien.net/viewpoem.php?ID=29001 Trương Đình Tuyển (2008) Ngọn lửa Retrieved March 16th, 2011 from http://www.thivien.net/viewpoem.php?ID=18017 Chế Lan Viên (2005) Những nấm mồ Retrieved March 16th, 2011 from http://www.thivien.net/viewpoem.php?ID=1224 Việt Bằng Việt (2007).Từ giã tuổi thơ Retrieved March 16th, 2011 from http://www.thivien.net/viewpoem.php?ID=8565 Việt Bằng Việt (2006) Ném câu thơ vào gió Retrieved March 16th, 2011 from http://www.thivien.net/B%E1%BA%B1ng-Vi%E1%BB%87t/N%C3%A9m-c%C3%A2uth%C6%A1-v%C3%A0o-gi%C3%B3/poem-9H0SLln7-t0Aq9YND6mCcA Việt Bằng Việt (2006) Em Retrieved March 16th, 2011 from http://www.thivien.net/viewpoem.php?ID=7170 Vịn Ngân Vịnh (2008) Chiều tơi biết Retrieved March 16th, 2011 from h http://www.thivien.net/Ng%C3%A2n-V%E1%BB%8Bnh/Chi%E1%BB%81uch%E1%BB%89-m%C3%ACnh-t%C3%B4i-bi%E1%BA%BFt/poemxFMbSCoA94o7VZwTVkKtyw Yên Tạ Hữu Yên (2010) Anh mùa hoa Retrieved March 16th, 2011 from http://www.thivien.net/T%E1%BA%A1-H%E1%BB%AFu-Y%C3%AAn/Anhv%E1%BB%81-c%C3%B9ng-m%C3%B9a-hoa/poem-xiS-OcvUCRfaLiQkdCZWIg Tuấ n Tườ ng Tuy ền Tuy ền Tuy ền Tuy ền Tuy ền Tuy ển Viên -I- INDEX OF CONCEPTUAL METAPHORS IN THE STUDY ACHIEVEMENT IS TREASURE, 112 EMOTION IS A PHYSICAL FORCE, 118 ACTION IS AN OBJECT, 81, 83 EMOTION IS A POSSESSION/TREASURE, 120 ACTION IS ANIMATE, 81 ACTION IS THE TRANSFERENCE OF AN OBJECT TO ANOTHER, 83 EMOTION IS AN OBJECT, 125 EMOTION IS ANIMAL, 120 ACTIVITY IS A VOYAGE, 119 EMOTION IS ANIMATE, 117 AFFECTION IS CLOSENESS, 121 EMOTION IS FIRE, 117, 124 ANGER IS A CAPTIVE ANIMAL, 117 EMOTION IS FIRE/HEAT, 117 ANGER IS FIRE, 115 EMOTION IS HEAT, 107, 119 ANGER IS FIRE/HEAT, 115 EMOTION IS LIGHT, 119 BEING HAPPY IS BEING IN HEAVEN, 108 EMOTION IS LIQUID, 119 BEING HAPPY IS BEING OFF THE GROUND, 108 EMPTIONAL DESIRE IS HUNGER/THIRST, 103 BODY IS A CONTAINER, 76 EVENT IS A FORCE, 44 BODY IS ANIMATE, 75 EVENT IS AN ANIMAL, 44 CHARACTERISTIC IS A POSSESSION, 79 FEAR IS BEING TRAPPED, 116 COLOUR IS LIQUID, 46 FEELING IS AN OBJECT, 116 CORNERSTONE OF TIME IS A COMER, 71 FEELING/THOUGHT IS FOOD, 83 DEATH IS A FINAL DESTINATION., 96 DEATH IS A PERSON, 97 DEATH IS GOING HOME., 96 DEATH IS REST., 97 DEATH IS THE END/STOP, 96 EMOTION IS WEATHER,, 119 FLOWER IS A PERSON, 67 GUILT IS A STRING/BURDEN, 101 GUILT IS DANGER, 101 HAPPINES IS GREEN COLOUR, 106 HAPPINESS IS A CONTAINER, 105 DESIRE IS A FLUID, 103, 123 HAPPINESS IS A FLUID IN A CONTAINER, 77, 105 DESIRE IS AN OBJECT, 104 HAPPINESS IS AN OBJECT, 112 DESIRE IS FIRE, 27, 102 HAPPINESS IS AN OJBECT, 109 DIVINE ANGER IS FIRE, 115 HAPPINESS IS BEING DRUNK, 105 EMOTION IS A CAPTIVE ANIMAL, 117 HAPPINESS IS BEING UP IN HEAVEN, 108 EMOTION IS A FLUID IN A CONTAINER, 103 HAPPINESS IS COOL, 107 EMOTION IS A FORCE, 118 HAPPINESS IS FOOD, 105 EMOTION IS A FORCE DISLOCATING THE SELF, 118 HAPPINESS IS HEAT/FIRE, 109 EMOTION IS A NATURAL FORCE, 118 HAPPINESS IS LIGHT, 76, 105, 108, 113 - II - HAPPINESS IS LIGHT., 76 LIFE IS A HOUSE OR CONTAINER, 38 HAPPINESS IS MUSIC/SOUND, 107 LIFE IS A JOURNEY, 25, 71, 72, 81, 91, 93, 96, 106, 109, 131 HAPPINESS IS SPRING, 106 HAPPINESS IS VITALITY, 106 LIFE IS A PERSON, 89 HAPPINESS IS WARMTH, 107, 108, 109 LIFE IS A PRECIOUS POSSESSION., 94 HAPPY IS UP, 104, 108 LIFE IS A RIVER., 93 HAPPY IS WIDE, 104 LIFE IS A STAGE, 38 HATRED/HUNGER IS AN OBJECT, 116 LIFE IS A TRIP, 38, 39, 89, 95, 97, 131, See, See HUMAN BEHAVIOUR IS ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR, 81, See PERSON IS ANIMAL LIFE IS FOOD/DRINK., 94 LONELINESS IS COLD, 124 HUMAN BEHAVIOUR IS ANIMAL’S BEHAVIOUR, 84 LONG TERM, PURPOSEFUL ACTIVITIES ARE JOURNEYS, 81 HUMAN BODY IS NATURE, 120 LOVE IS A BOND, 126 HUMAN DEATH IS THE DEATH OF A PLANT, 86 LOVE IS A CONTAINER, 129 HUMAN IS A FLOWER., 87 HUMAN IS AN OBJECT., 88 LOVE IS A DISEASE, 123 LOVE IS A FORCE, 122 HUMAN IS NATURE., 87 LOVE IS A JOURNEY, 25, 28, 121, 126, 128, 135, See LOVING IS LIVING HUMAN IS PLANT, 82, 86 LOVE IS A JOURNEY., 121, 126 IDEAS ARE FOOD, 99 LOVE IS A PERSON, 127 IDEAS ARE PLANTS, 50 LOVE IS A ROOM, 129 ILLNESS IS A THORN, 101 LOVE IS A TREASURE, 125 INSECT IS A PERSON, 69 LOVE IS A TREE., 130 LACK OF EMOTION IS COLD, 119 LOVE IS AN OBJECT, 125 LANDSCAPE IS A CONTAINER, 52 LOVE IS ANIMAL/ANIMATE, 121 LANDSCAPE IS A PERSON, 50, 51 LOVE IS CLOSENESS, 121, 127 LANDSCAPE IS A VEHICLE, 54 LOVE IS FIRE, 107, 123 LANDSCAPE IS AN ANIMAL, 54 LOVE IS FLOWER/FRUIT., 130 LANDSCAPE IS AN OBJECT, 53 LOVE IS FOOD/DRINK, 129, 131 LEAF IS A PERSON, 66 LOVE IS ILLNESS, 123 LIFE IS A BATTLE, 38, 89, 95 LOVE IS INSANITY, 123 LIFE IS A BATTLE OR GAME, 38 LOVE IS MADNESS, 123 LIFE IS A BATTLE, LIFE IS A GAME, 38 LOVE IS RIVER/SEA, 128 LIFE IS A CONTAINER, 38, 89, 90, 97 LOVE IS WAR/BATTLE, 124 LIFE IS A DAY, 38, 89, 91, 134 LOVE IS WIND, 129 LIFE IS A DAY, LIFE IS A STAGE, 38 LOVING IS LIVING, 131 LIFE IS A HOUSE, 38 MANNER/STATE IS FOOD, 103 - III - MOON IS A CONTAINER, 55, 56 SEXUAL DESIRE IS FIRE, 102 MOUNTAIN IS A LOVER, 51 SHORE IS A LOVER, 51 NATURAL ENTITY IS A CONTAINER, 55 SIGHT IS SOUND, 49 OBJECT IS A PERSON, 46 SKIN IS A CURTAIN, 78 PARTS OF THE BODY ARE CONTAINERS, 76 SOCIETY IS A BUILDING, 76 PERSON IS A TREE, 101 SOUND IS LIQUID, 48 PERSON IS ANIMAL, 86 STATE IS A CONTAINER, 98, 105 PHYSICAL CLOSENESS IS PERSONAL CLOSENESS, 51 STATE IS A PERSON, 98 PLANT IS A PERSON, 65 QUALITY IS FOOD, 99 RED IS FIRE, 46 RELATIONSHIP IS MUSIC, 48 RESOURCES ARE FOOD, 99 RIVER IS A LOVER, 51 SAD IS DARK, 113 SOUND IS AN OBJECT., 48 STATE IS AN OBJECT, 98 STATE/MANNER IS A CONTAINER, 100 STATES ARE LOCATIONS, 98, 100 SUN IS A CONTAINER, 55 THE DOING OF THE ACTION IS THE TRANSFERENCE OF ONE THING FROM THE SPEAKER TO THE HEARER, 80 SADNESS IS A CAPTIVE ANIMAL, 113, 117 THE WORLD IS A POWER, 43 SADNESS IS A CONTAINER, 113 THOUGHT IS A CONTAINER, 82 SADNESS IS A FLUID, 113 THOUGHT IS CONTAINER, 49 SADNESS IS A FLUID IN A CONTAINER, 26, 113 TIME IS A CHANGER, 71 SADNESS IS A NATURAL FORCE, 114 TIME IS A RIVER/LIQUID, 72 SADNESS IS AN OBJECT, 112 TIME IS AN OBJECT., 72 SADNESS IS ANIMATE, 112 TIME IS FIRE, 73 SADNESS IS BEING LOST, 112 TIME IS SPACE, 72 SADNESS IS COLD, 124 TIME IS THE AGENT OF ACTION, 71 SADNESS IS DARKNESS, 113 SAYING IS WRITING, 84 VIOLENT HUMAN BEHAVIOR IS ANIMAL BEHAVIOR, See PERSON IS ANIMAL SEA IS A LOVER, 51 WOMAN IS FOOD, 99 SEEING IS HEARING, 45 WORD IS A CONTAINER., 82 SEEKING IS HUNTING, 81 WORD IS A PERSON/ANIMATE, 84 SADNESS IS PAIN, 110 SEPARATION IS A DISTANCE, 127 SEPARATION IS DISTANCE, 121 THE WORLD IS AN OBJECT, 43 TIME IS A PATH, 72 WORDS ARE FOOD, 82 WORDS ARE OBJECTS, 83 - IV - DATA SAMPLE OF ENGLISH METAPHORS OF LANDSCAPE Source Expressions Conceptualization Walking On The Estuary Hill By Adrian Green and the hills alive with monstrous shapes are menacing with soundless fear, Mountain is a (fierce) animal The Lost Dances Of Cranes By Juliet Wilson Mid-December By Gerald England Slough - John Betjeman Your fields are empty now the lanes are full of late-fallen leaves Samuel Palmer Prepares To Etch " The Lonely Tower " By Ian Emberson Lament I must return to that valley of vision, At The Grave Of Anastasia Baluk – Cross Stone By Ian Emberson Sound Of Sleat By Jackie Kay A Bay In Anglesey By John Betjeman On A Portrait Of A Deaf Man By John Betjeman Target domain (specific) mountain Source domain (specific) animal/beast Field is a container field container The lanes are containers Living place is container Valley is a container lane Container place container valley container Where are those dazzling hills touched by the sun, a toiling sky and a long white line of hills Closeness is touching hill object Mountain is a uniform object mountain object People caught between two places, Location is trap place Object Snowdon rises in pearl-grey air Place is an object place object But least of all he liked that place Which hangs on Highgate Hill Place is an object Place Object 10 It isn't fit for humans now, Target domain (general) Source domain (general) landscape person location trap -V- The Sun Has Burst The Sky Guilt By John Betjeman Sound Of Sleat By Jackie Kay At The Grave Of Anastasia Baluk – Cross Stone By Ian Emberson On A Portrait Of A Deaf Man By John Betjeman For The Dead In A Garden By Elizabeth Jennings Lament The People By Rg Gregory The People By Rg Gregory Home From Abroad – Laurie Lee – Sound Of Sleat By Jackie Kay At The Grave Of Anastasia Baluk – Cross Stone By Ian Emberson With spring and lawns and shadows falling on lawns And crystal-hung, the clumps of pine Stand deadly still beside the line Across the waters were mirrors to see Faces that looked like me, feverish river somnolent canal Shadow is an independent object Ice is crystal shadow object Shadow ice object/crystal 12 Water is a mirror water object/mirror 13 Canal is a drowsy person Canal person But now his mouth is wide to let The London clay come in the way water goes rushing down a hill long after the rains have stopped Looks wistful and seems waiting an event Earth is animate dust person Water fall is a hurrying person Garden is a person fall person landscape person 16 garden Person location person 17 Hidden, hidden under mist is yonder mountain, the mountains catch his laughter and turn it into streams the mountains catch his laughter and turn it into streams I set my face into a filial smile To greet the pale, domestic kiss of Kent Mountain is a person Mountain is a person mountain mountain Person person 18 19 Transferring is turning mountain person 20 A place is a girl place person 21 When the river ran to meet the sea, River is a lover river person feverish river River is an excited person river person landscape object person 11 14 15 lover 22 23 - VI - Sound Of Sleat By Jackie Kay The Sun Has Burst The Sky A City Remembered A Bay In Anglesey By John Betjeman A Bay In Anglesey By John Betjeman At The Grave Of Anastasia Baluk – Cross Stone By Ian Emberson At The Grave Of Anastasia Baluk – Cross Stone By Ian Emberson When the river ran to meet the sea, Sea is a lover sea person lover 24 And takes no heed of the moon dragging it away And saying coldly 'Constancy is not for you' The whispering shadows and the winking hips, The crack of frosty whips, brief summer’s dust Too lazy, almost, to sink and lift Round low peninsulas pink with thrift The sleepy sound of a tea-time tide Slaps at the rocks the sun has dried, Through valley’s throat run double veins of water Sea is a person sea person Shadow is a person shadow Person Tide is a lazy person tide person 27 Tide is a sleeping person Valley is a throat tide person 28 valley throat 29 Through valley’s throat run double veins of water Stream is a vein stream vein 30 25 tree Person 26 - VII - DATA SAMPLE OF VIETNAMESE METAPHORS OF LANDSCAPE Source Expressions Conceptualization Tây Tiến (Quang Dũng) Tây Tiến (Quang Dũng) Lối (Bình Nguyên Trang Hoa lúa (Hữu Loan Chiều chiều oai linh thác gầm thét Waterfall is a tiger/beast River is a beast Gửi cho người (Hoàng Phủ Ngọc Tường Tuổi (Nguyễn Vĩnh Tiến) Sông Mã gầm lên khúc độc hành Lối đầy ắp câu thơ Quê hương ta núi ngất, sông đầy Bát ngát làng tre, ruộng lúa Gửi em nét sông mềm Q tơi thẹn, hay lo Dịng sơng vắng khách, đị trầm ngâm Những dịng sơng (Bế Trên dịng sông–là gương Kiến Quốc) trong… Ảo ảnh (Trương Đăng anh hỏi núi Dung núi trả lời anh núi biết ngồi, Ảo ảnh (Trương Đăng Anh hỏi dịng sơng hạnh phúc Dung đời sơng trả lời anh sông biết trôi, Bến không chồng (Trần Vầng trăng đỏ ối dịng sơng khát Đình Thọ) tình Bến không chồng (Trần Nửa đêm qua bến không chồng Đình Thọ) Bờ nước cũ (Bùi Ngó non nước sớm chiều tư Giáng) lự Target domain (specific) waterfall Path is a container path Source Target domain domain (specific) (general) animal/beas t animal/beas t Container River is a container river Container River is a cloth river object/cloth River is a (renting) house river object/Hous e River is a mirror river Mountain is a person mountain object/Mirr or Person River is a person river Person River is a preson river person 10 Shore is a woman shore person landscape is a person mountain person river Source domain (general) shore Woman 11 12 - VIII - Bờ sơng gió (Trúc Thơng Chiều tơi biết (Ngân Vịnh) Chớm đơng (Trương Nam Hương Chuyến phà ngang (Diệp Minh Tuyền) Đừng (Việt Phương) Đừng (Việt Phương) Đường xưa lối cũ (Nguyễn Thanh Loan) Đường xưa lối cũ (Nguyễn Thanh Loan) Hồng đâu (Thao Hồng đâu (Thao Lời người, lời hoa (Nguyễn Hữu Q) Những dịng sơng (Bế Kiến Quốc) Những dịng sơng (Bế Kiến Quốc) Những người đàn bà gánh nước sông (Nguyễn Quang Thiều) Núi, biển, em anh (Phan Thị Thanh Nhàn, Việt Nam) Ru hoang (Trần Anh Thái) Đón mơ màng thổi gió lưa thưa Về thương lại bến sơng trơi Về buồn lại thời tóc xanh Mặt sân nhà rỗ giọt gianh Lối xưa cổng đất dành cho Ta tương tư với phố chiều River is a person river Person 13 Ground is person ground person 14 Street is a lover street person 15 Ngày chân cồn ủ rũ Landscape is a person land Person 16 Mặt Hồ Gươm hị hẹn hay tình cờ Cứ xao động mặt hồ xưa Tinh mơ anh lại Khi đường phố nhu mì Thôi anh đừng nhắc Phố ưu tư bồn chồn Em lớn lên mơ ứơc Phố già đợi chờ Ngấn cát buồn Nhớ sóng biển ru Ngấn cát buồn Nhớ sóng biển ru Hoa chữ đất trời Bán hoa lấy nghĩa đáp bồi phù sa Mặt cánh đồng nhờ mặt người soi hộ Lake is a person lake Person 17 Street is a girl street person Street is a person street Person 19 Street is a person street Person 20 Sand is a child sand person sand Child 21 Sea is a mother sea person sea Mother 22 Land is a person/parent land person land Parent 23 Field is a person field Person 24 Những dịng sơng ngàn năm ơm cánh đồng Sông gục mặt vào bờ đất lần Những đàn ông mang cần câu mưa biển khỏi nhà lặng lẽ Ở nơi núi thò chân xuống biển River is a person River Person 25 River is a person river Person 26 Mountain is a person/woman mountain person mountain Woman 27 Đảo se lời tự tình chưa ngỏ Island is a lover/person island person island Lover 28 street Girl 18 - IX - Ru hoang (Trần Anh Thái) Ru hoang (Trần Anh Thái) Ru hoang (Trần Anh Thái) Những dịng sơng (Bế Kiến Quốc) Đường xưa lối cũ (Nguyễn Thanh Loan) Chiều nghiêng nắng (Nguyễn Phan Quế Mai) Ngôi đền hoang ru giấc mơ hoang Pagoda is a person pagoda Person 29 Dấu hoa vương cát trắng ngủ vùi Sand is a person sand Person 30 Đá nhọc nhằn dông bể ngày xa Stone is a person stone person 31 Từ nguồn nào, sông nặng phù sa River is a vehicle river Vehicle 32 Chòng chành phố cũ ướt mưa Con đường lăng tím ngắt Phố chở mùa chùm hoa kèn trắng Cơn mưa chiều thoảng ướt mắt mi Street is a boat street Vehicle 33 Street is a vehicle street Vehicle 34 -X- SAMPLE OF ENGLISH METAPHORS IN A POEM http://www.poemhunter.com/poem/in-memory-of-jane-fraser/ In Memory of Jane Fraser When snow like sheep lay in the fold And wind went begging at each door, And the far hills were blue with cold, And a cloud shroud lay on the moor, She kept the siege And every day We watched her brooding over death Like a strong bird above its prey The room filled with the kettle's breath Damp curtains glued against the pane Sealed time away Her body froze As if to freeze us all, and chain Creation to a stunned repose She died before the world could stir In March the ice unloosed the brook And water ruffled the sun's hair Dead cones upon the alder shook Geoffrey Hill And wind went begging at each door, Wind is a person And a cloud shroud lay on the moor, Cloud is a cloth She kept the siege And every day We watched her brooding over death Continuing is keeping The room filled with the kettle's breath Kettle is a person/Evaporation is breath Damp curtains glued against the pane Sealed time away Her body froze Time is an object/panel As if to freeze us all, and chain Creation to a stunned repose Creation is an animal She died before the world could stir In March the ice unloosed the brook World is a liquid And water ruffled the sun's hair Dead cones upon the alder shook Sun is a woman And water ruffled the sun's hair Dead cones upon the alder shook Water is a person - XI - SAMPLE OF VIETNAMESE METAPHORS IN A POEM http://www.thivien.net/viewpoem.php?ID=9787 Thơ tình ngày khơng em (Trần Nhuận Minh, Việt Nam) Nếu biết chẳng gặp lại Anh chẳng buộc em bao tội lỗi Em đứng lặng mặt úp vào bóng tối Khổ thân em có nói đâu Nếu biết chẳng gặp lại Anh chẳng hẹn em đêm Để khứ thương nhớ Và tương lai chí ngào Nếu biết ta chẳng gặp lại Anh chẳng trách em yêu người khác Điều đơn giản anh biết Thì em xa, em xa Nếu biết chẳng gặp lại Anh chẳng buộc em bao tội lỗi Guilt is load/burdent Em đứng lặng mặt úp vào bóng tối Khổ thân em có nói đâu Darkness is wall Để khứ thương nhớ Và tương lai chí ngào Happiness is sweetness Điều đơn giản anh biết Thì em xa, em xa Separation is distance