Evaluation of technical and economic effectiveness of Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) solutions in repair/strengthening of steel bridges in Vietnam

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY NGUYEN HUU HOE EVALUATION OF TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC EFFECTIVENESS OF FIBER REINFORCED POLYMER (FRP) SOLUTIONS IN REPAIRING/STRENGTHENING OF STEEL BRIDGES IN VIETNAM MAJOR: INFRASTRUCTURE ENGINEERING CODE: RESEARCH SUPERVISOR: Associate Prof LUONG XUAN BINH Hanoi, 2019 i ACKNOWLEDGEMENT At the very beginning, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Vietnam National University - Vietnam Japan University (VJU) that gave me the chance to learning and studying VJU gives me a modern international and professional environment The studying opportunity which I had at Vietnam Japan University was a great chance for learning and professional development Therefore, I consider myself a very lucky individual as I was provided with an opportunity to be a part of it I am also grateful for having a chance to meet so many wonderful people and professionals who led me through this studying and researching period The studying time at VJU is a really valuable time for me I express my deepest thanks and gratefulness to Assoc Prof Luong Xuan Binh for his careful and precious guidance which were extremely valuable for my study both theoretically and practically I choose this moment to acknowledge his contribution gratefully I would like to express my deepest gratitude and special thanks to Prof Miyajima in Kanazawa University who in spite of being extraordinarily busy with his duties, took time out to hear, guide and keep me on the correct path and allowing me to carry out my research at his lab and extending during the internship It is my radiant sentiment to place on record my best regards, deepest sense of gratitude to Prof Nguyen Dinh Duc, Prof Hironori Kato, Prof Dao Nhu Mai, Dr Phan Le Binh, Dr Nguyen Tien Dung, and all professors, lecturers from the program of Infrastructures Engineering for their useful orientations and their willing advices to help me complete this thesis Sincerely yours, Nguyen Huu Hoe ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF FIGURES iv LIST OF CHARTS .v LIST OF TABLES vi LIST OF NOMENCLATURES AND ABBREVIATIONS vii UNIT OF SI SYSTEM viii ABSTRACT .1 INTRODUCTION The necessary of the study 2 The objective of the study .2 Methodology The object and scope of the study The layout of the thesis Chapter : LITERATURE REVIEW Chapter : OVERVIEW OF TECHNICAL ISSUES OF REPAIRING AND STRENGTHENING STEEL BRIDGE STRUCTURE IN VIETNAM .7 2.1 Typical forms of damages of steel bridge structure in Vietnam .7 2.2 Traditional solutions to repair and reinforce steel bridges 2.2.1 Repair solutions 2.2.2 Some methods of reinforcing the steel span structure 13 2.3 Technical requirements of steel bridge repair and reinforcement 13 2.4 Develop criteria for selecting FRP materials for the repair and reinforcement of steel bridges .14 Chapter : SOME EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCHES USING FRP MATERIALS IN REPAIRING, STRENGTHENING STEEL STRUCTURE AND ANALYSIS OF TECHNICAL EFFICIENCY OF SOLUTIONS 16 3.1 Experiment 1: Experiment on glue resistance of TYFO WS 16 3.1.1 Experimental purpose .16 3.1.2 Experimental setup 16 3.1.3 Processing experimental data 23 3.1.4 Comment and conclusion on experimental results 27 3.2 Experiment 2: Bending test of steel samples reinforced with FRP materials 28 3.2.1 Experimental purpose .28 3.2.2 Experimental setup 28 iii 3.2.3 Processing experimental data 33 3.2.4 Comment and conclusion on experimental results 41 3.3 Conclusion of technical efficiency 42 Chapter : EVALUATE THE ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF THE SOLUTIONS USING FRP MATERIALS ON REPAIRING STEEL BRIDGE STRUCTURE IN VIETNAM, CASE STUDY LONG BIEN BRIDGE 44 4.1 Causes and deterioration of Long Bien Bridge .44 4.1.1 Overview of history, operation of Long Bien Bridge 44 4.1.2 Damaged condition of the Long Bien bridge 46 4.1.3 Damaged classification: 48 4.2 Protection and reinforcement measures have been used .49 4.2.1 Use U-shaped steel plate to cover the collar beam .49 4.2.2 Use steel plates to compensate for corrosion, puncture with welding or rivets for bonding Then use special paint to paint on .51 4.2.3 Replace collar beam by new one 52 4.3 Develop solutions for repairing and strengthening Long Bien Bridge 53 4.3.1 The advantages of repair and reinforcement with FRP materials .53 4.3.2 Select FRP materials following the criteria and technical requirements: .53 4.3.3 Calculation and design of reinforcement solutions for Long Bien bridge collar beams using FRP-Tyfo materials .54 4.4 Estimate the unit price for methods of repairing and reinforcement collar beams of Long Bien bridge 63 4.4.1 Bases for calculation of repair and reinforcement prices .63 4.4.2 Volume of repair and reinforcement methods 66 4.4.3 Unit price for methods of repairing and reinforcement collar beams of Long Bien bridge 69 4.5 Analysis, evaluation of economic efficiency 77 CONCLUSION 79 REFERENCES 80 iv LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 2.1 Repair the crack in steel structures Figure 2.2 Corrosion in steel structures 10 Figure 2.3 Flatting steel structures 12 Figure 3.1 Model of pulling test on compressed tractor multimeter HFM 16 Figure 3.2 Simulation image of Tyfo WS foundation adhesion structure .19 Figure 3.3 Creating test samples for pulling test 20 Figure 3.4 Sample after maintenance .21 Figure 3.5 Sample of test before pulling 21 Figure 3.6 Pull the sample on the machine 22 Figure 3.7 Experimental samples were split when pulled 22 Figure 3.8 Model of bending reinforced thick steel beams 30 Figure 3.9 Model of bending reinforced thin steel beams with two layers 30 Figure 3.10 Model of bending reinforced thin steel beams with three layers 30 Figure 3.11 Thick beams and thin beams after maintenance 31 Figure 3.12 Bending steel beams on compressors with 32 Figure 3.13 Model of bending steel beams 33 Figure 4.1 Picture of Long Bien Bridge 44 Figure 4.2 Rail way of Long Bien Bridge 45 Figure 4.3 Horizontal/collar beam of Long Bien Bridge 46 Figure 4.4 Damaged image of the upper flange .46 Figure 4.5 Describe damage on the upper flange .47 Figure 4.6 The damage of web of beam of Long Bien Bridge .47 Figure 4.7 Description of web’s damage 47 Figure 4.8 Description of lower flange’s damage 48 Figure 4.9 U-shape steel structure 50 Figure 4.10 Method of steel plate and protective coating 51 Figure 4.11 Construction method to replace collar beams .52 Figure 4.12 Original I section and force components 55 Figure 4.13 Cross section severely damaged by 20% and forces 58 Figure 4.14 Cross section damaged by 10% and forces 60 Figure 4.15 Cross section damaged by 5% and forces .62 Figure 4.16 The figure shows the size of the collar beam 66 Figure 4.17 The area reinforced by gluing stell plates method 67 Figure 4.18 The area reinforced by FRP material method .69 v LIST OF CHARTS Page Chart 3.1 Experiment to determine the pulling force -Sample 23 Chart 3.2 Experiment to determine the pulling force -Sample 23 Chart 3.3 Experiment to determine the pulling force -Sample 24 Chart 3.4 Experiment to determine the pulling force -Sample 25 Chart 3.5 Experiment to determine the pulling force -Sample 26 Chart 3.6 Experiment to determine the pulling force -Sample 26 Chart 3.7 Load and deformation relationship of bending test 34 Chart 3.8 Force and deflection relationship of thin beams .37 vi LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1 Criteria of FRP material 15 Table 3.1 Record the test results of pulling test samples without sand blasting .25 Table 3.2 Record the test results of pulling test 27 Table 3.3 Experimental data of thick steel beam bending test 33 Table 3.4 Maximum stress sheet of steel and FRP sheets 35 Table 3.5 Compare the load value of beams at the same deflection 35 Table 3.6 Table of data for calculation of thin beams reinforced with FRP sheet 37 Table 3.7 Calculate the maximum stress on thin steel beams 38 Table 3.8 The maximum stress table on thin beams is reinforced with layers 39 Table 3.9 The maximum stress table on thin beams is reinforced with layers 41 Table 4.1 Parameters of Tyfo SCH - 41 57 Table 4.2 Parameters of Epoxy Tyfo S .57 Table 4.3 Calculation for number of FRP layer (Group I-20%) .59 Table 4.4 Calculation for number of FRP layer (Group II-10%) .61 Table 4.5 Calculation for number of FRP layer (Group III-5%) 62 Table 4.6 Price of materials, labours, equipments 64 Table 4.7 Calculate the weigh of horizontal/collar beam 66 Table 4.8 Volume of steel plate use for a reinforced collar beam 68 Table 4.9 Volume of FRP materials use for a reinforced collar beam .69 Table 4.10 Unit price for production and manufacturing collar beams 70 Table 4.11 Unit price for dismantling, removing horizontal/collar beam 71 Table 4.12 Unit price for install horizontal/collar beam 71 Table 4.13 Unit price of paint steel by normal paint 72 Table 4.14 Unit price for replace horizontal/collar beam and painting 72 Table 4.15 Unit price for attach/glue steel plates 73 Table 4.16 Unit price for reinforced collar beam by gluing steel plate method .73 Table 4.17 Unit price for cleaning steel surface before attachment 74 Table 4.18 Unit price for sticking glass fiber on the steel 75 Table 4.19 Unit price for sticking carbon fiber 75 Table 4.20 Unit price for painting surface of FRP layer with Tyfo U Coating 76 Table 4.21 Unit Price for reinforcement using FRP (for one collar beam) 76 Table 4.22 The cost of methods within 50 years 77 vii LIST OF NOMENCLATURES AND ABBREVIATIONS A cross-sectional area b width of rectangle d diameter section E Young module of elasticity FRP fiber reinforcement Polymer J moment of inertia h height L length M bending moment P load effect S static moment Y coordinates of the point of stress versus the neutral axis ε deformation σ stress σch the yield stress of steel σgh the yield stress of FRP n number of FRP layer viii UNIT OF SI SYSTEM Intensity of force mega pascal MPa Length millimeter mm Area squared millimeter mm2 Density gram to cubed centimeter g/cm3 Force newton N Moment of mass cubed millimeter mm3 Moment of inertia millimeter to the power of four mm4 Temperature Celsius o Stress newton to millimeter square N/mm C ABSTRACT Through the experience results, the thesis has useful comments on the quality of the processing of steel structure surface to the adhesion effect between epoxy glue and reinforced structure This is an important basis to build instructions on construction technology steps to apply FRP materials on steel structures Experimental research has also evaluated the effect of reinforcing the bearing capacity of FRP materials for steel structures Through a survey of the deterioration and degradation of Long Bien Bridge, the thesis has proposed a solution to apply FRP materials to repair, reinforce collar beams within the range of train operation of Long Bien bridge Find out some advantages and disadvantages of using the FRP material method and other traditional methods have been used The thesis has proposed a set of criteria to select FRP materials suitable for repairing and strengthening requirements of steel structures in Long Bien Bridge project in particular and steel bridges in Vietnam in general Research proposed a method of calculation to determine the number of layers of FRP material to reinforce bending capacity for the collar beam’s section of Long Bien Bridge (corresponding to the level of damages 20%, 10%, and 5%) Based on norms, documents, announcements of Vietnam, research has estimated the unit price for three methods of reinforcement, repair for a horizontal/collar beam (replacing collar beams, gluing steel plates and using FRP material) Thereby, comparing the effectiveness of the method of using FRP with the other methods Through the calculation of unit prices and comparative analysis, research point out the economic efficiency of the solution using FRP materials, especially if considering the more effective aspects, and other advantages of FRP such as: not have to stop operation, protecting human health and protect the environment ... Figure 3.8 Model of bending reinforced thick steel beams 30 Figure 3.9 Model of bending reinforced thin steel beams with two layers 30 Figure 3.10 Model of bending reinforced thin steel beams with... development of technical standards and design guidelines ACI440R in 2000 for using FRP materials In the past ten years, glass fiber reinforced polymer materials and soft carbon fiber reinforcement... structures and analysis of technical efficiency of solutions Chapter 4: Evaluate economic efficiency of the solutions using FRP materials in repairing, strengthening steel bridge structures in Vietnam,