Technology of Dispersed Systems and Materials

Naum B Uriev Technology of Dispersed Systems and Materials Naum B Uriev Technology of Dispersed Systems and Materials Physicochemical Dynamics of Structure Formation and Rheology English translation by Flow-iD GmbH Author Prof Naum B Uriev Leningradskij Pr., d.35, kv.54 125284 Moscow Russia Flow-iD logo designed by Freepik English translation: Flow-iD GmbH All books published by Wiley-VCH are carefully produced Nevertheless, authors, editors, and publisher not warrant the information contained in these books, including this book, to be free of errors Readers are advised to keep in mind that statements, data, illustrations, procedural details or other items may inadvertently be inaccurate Library of Congress Card No.: applied for British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at © 2017 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co KGaA, Boschstr 12, 69469 Weinheim, Germany All rights reserved (including those of translation into other languages) No part of this book may be reproduced in any form – by photoprinting, microfilm, or any other means – nor transmitted or translated into a machine language without written permission from the publishers Registered names, trademarks, etc used in this book, even when not specifically marked as such, are not to be considered unprotected by law Print ISBN: 978-3-527-34211-2 ePDF ISBN: 978-3-527-80616-4 ePub ISBN: 978-3-527-80618-8 Mobi ISBN: 978-3-527-80617-1 oBook ISBN: 978-3-527-80619-5 Cover Design Adam-Design, Weinheim, Germany Typesetting SPi Global, Chennai, India Printing and Binding Printed on acid-free paper V Contents Preface IX Foreword by A.Yu Tsivadze XI Foreword by V.M Prikhod’ko XIII Challenges of Technology of Dispersed Composite Materials References 2.1 2.2 2.2.1 2.2.2 2.2.3 Structure Formation in Dispersed Systems and Materials 11 Types of Contacts between Particles in Dispersed Systems and Materials 11 Criteria of Formation of Dispersed Structures 14 Characteristic Critical Particle Size 14 Concentration Factor and Strength of Coagulation Structures 18 Time Factor of Strength of Contacts and Dispersed Structures 22 References 28 Dynamics of Dispersed Systems in Processes of Formation of Composite Materials 31 3.1 3.2 3.2.1 Dynamic State of Dispersed Systems 31 Dynamics of Contact Interactions in Dispersed Systems 36 Nonequilibrium as the Most Important Feature of Dynamics of Contact Interactions 36 Dynamics of Contact Interactions in Two-Phase Dispersions Containing a Solid Phase and Liquid Dispersion Phase (S–L Systems) 37 Consideration of the Electrostatic Component of Disjoining Pressure and Slipping of the Dispersion Medium 37 Consideration of Particle Shape Factor 39 Role of Elastic Properties of Particles and Structural–Mechanical Barrier Formed by Adsorption Surfactant Layer 41 Elements of Dynamics of Contact Interactions in Highly Dispersed Powders 43 3.2.2 3.2.2.1 3.2.2.2 3.2.2.3 3.2.3 VI Contents 3.2.4 Dynamics of Contact Interactions in Three-Phase Systems 45 References 48 Rheology, Vibrorheology, and Superfluidity of Structured Dispersed Systems 51 4.1 4.1.1 Rheology and Vibrorheology of Two-Phase Dispersed Systems 51 Fundamentals of Rheology and Vibrorheology of Two-Phase S–L Systems: Pastes and Suspensions 52 Main Methods and Devices for Measurement of Rheological Properties of S–L Systems 53 Dynamic Loading Modes 59 Full Rheological Flow Curve of Dispersed Systems 60 Rheology and Vibrorheology of Structured Mineral Suspensions 63 Surfactants in Dynamic Processes 71 Vibrorheology and Structure Formation in Bitumen–Mineral Compositions 77 Dynamics of Two-Phase Dispersed L–L Systems: Emulsions 84 Flow and Spreading of Two-Phase S–L Systems over Solid Surfaces 89 Vibrorheology and Plasticity of Powdered Materials 97 References 103 4.1.2 4.1.3 4.1.4 4.1.5 4.1.6 4.1.7 4.1.8 4.1.9 4.2 Structure Formation, Rheology, and Vibrorheology of Three-Phase S–L–G Systems 109 5.1 Kinetics Structure Formation Process in Three-Phase Dispersed Systems under Vibration in the Course of Mixing 109 Structure Formation and Rheology of Three-Phase S–L–G Systems in Compaction Processes 130 References 136 5.2 Application of Methods of Physicochemical Dynamics in the Technology of Dispersed Systems and Materials 139 6.1 6.2 6.2.1 6.2.1.1 General Principles 139 Technologies of Dispersed Systems 141 Pipeline Hydrotransport of High-Concentration Suspensions 141 Wasteless Technology of Ore Mining with Filling Excavation Cavities by a Hardening Mixture of Highly Dispersed Dead Rock, Cement, Water, and Surfactant Additives 141 Technology of Production and Hydrotransport of High-Concentration Coal-Water Slurries 141 Technology of Production of Multicomponent Highly Dispersed Aggregation- and Sedimentation-Resistant Dispersions 145 Prevention of Consolidation of Hygroscopic Powdered Materials 147 Dispersed Composition Materials 149 6.2.1.2 6.2.1.3 6.2.1.4 6.3 Contents 6.3.1 6.3.2 6.3.3 6.3.4 Dispersed Hydration Hardening Materials 149 Abrasive Materials as an Example of High-Filled Highly Dispersed Composites 153 New Type of Composition Material for Road Construction: Asphalt Concrete with Nanodispersed and Polymer Components 155 Effect of Exposure to Vibration of Crystallization Structure, Filled Polymer Composition, and Fibrous Materials 157 References 159 Conclusion 163 Endorsement 165 Appendix 167 Index 175 VII 165 Endorsement P.A Rehbinder, Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences The most significant result of N.B Uriev’s work is conclusive evidence of the possibility and necessity of limiting the damage to spatial structures and breaking of molecular adhesion forces – as the main condition of optimization of control over the structuring processes Especially important results of his work include detection of the cross impact of vibration and the surface-active medium increasing as the degree of structural damage grows B.V Deryagin, Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences The effects obtained by N.B Uriev in his work are very significant: thus, acceleration of many heterogeneous processes is 100- and -1000-fold, a number of new high-performance processes have been developed in technology of dispersed systems and materials It is especially important to point out that the principles of physicochemical control of properties of dispersed systems substantiated by the author allowed passing to a rather promising, though technologically “forbidden” earlier, field of systems with a very high concentration of dispersed phases with liquid and gas dispersion media Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences A.I Rusanov Fundamental works of N.B Uriev created a new field of science: physicochemical dynamics of dispersed systems He discovered the phenomenon of superfluidity of dispersed systems (a decrease in viscosity by 8–10 orders of magnitude under dynamic conditions), promising a revolution in a number of technologies A special feature of works of N.B Uriev is a very close connection between his fundamental works and their efficient practical application in many fields of engineering and chemical technology, food and construction industry, in nonferrous hydrometallurgy, machine-tool and tool-making industry, pipeline transport of suspension, and other fields John Keith Beddow, President of the International Association of Technology of Disperse Particles I must confess that I think his [Professor Uriev’s] work is really quite fantastic I found him exciting reading He is a man of principle and it comes out in Technology of Dispersed Systems and Materials: Physicochemical Dynamics of Structure Formation and Rheology, First Edition Naum B Uriev © 2017 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co KGaA Published 2017 by Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co KGaA 166 Endorsement his work – he really understands that the nature of particulate materials is related to the structures that they form It is unusual to find a scholar who truly understands this He applies fundamental scientific methods to his subject and then in a tour de force he moves right along into the technology It is because he has basic comprehension of the central role of structure that he is so successful in his efforts A.R.C Westwood, Member of the US National Academy of Engineering I remember well our conversation during my visit to Moscow and the excellent impression received of your [Professor Uriev’s] work on dispersed systems [ … ] It is my impression that many scientific books fail to indicate clearly to the engineering community the practical potential of the findings being reported Their technological significance is not spelled out in clear and unequivocal terms Consequently, much fine work goes unutilized simply because the engineer did not know enough, or have time enough to dig deep into the science to find the “golden nuggets” that could be transferred to practice [ … ] I make this comment especially because, in my opinion, the pioneering work of our guiding spirit Peter Alexandrovich Rehbinder has not found the worldwide application in deserves So it falls to us to our best to improve this situation in any way we can With warmest regards to yourself and your colleagues 167 Appendix Figures A.1–A.8 I Direct atomic contact Powders II Coagulation contact Pastes or suspensions III Phase contact Solidified materials Figure A.1 Scheme of contact types between particles in dispersed systems Technology of Dispersed Systems and Materials: Physicochemical Dynamics of Structure Formation and Rheology, First Edition Naum B Uriev © 2017 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co KGaA Published 2017 by Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co KGaA 168 Appendix G < force of interaction, fc G > force of interaction, fc The particles are sticking together The particles are sticking together d ≤ dc d ≥ dc G Figure A.2 Scheme of interaction among the dispersed particles with sizes d ≤ dc and d ≥ dc (d – diameter of particle) Appendix P,η φc2 φc1 (a) Strength = Pm = α ·fc·n 2/3 = α ·fc· (b) φ≈ φ forse of interaction and concentration (diameter of particles)2 f (ϕ) d2 V(solid) V(solid) + V(liquid) + V(gas) Figure A.3 (a) Relationship between strength/viscosity of dispersed systems and concentration of dispersed phase (b) Relationship between strength of structure and force of interaction in contacts among particles, the number of contacts, and also concentration of dispersed particles in the system’s volume (V – volume) 169 170 Appendix log η η0 Pm >> Traditional concept ηm Pm ≈0 dε / dt Figure A.4 Relationship between logarithm of effective viscosity (log 𝜂) and rate of shear deformation (d𝜀/dt): 𝜂 – highest Newtonian viscosity of undistorted structure; 𝜂 m – lowest Newtonian viscosity of absolutely destroyed structure Appendix φ = 10% < φc2 P, η φ = 22% ≈ φc2 φ = 28.5% > φc2 γ=0 γ = 35 γ = 35 a = mm f = 50 Hz φc2 φc1 (a) log η φ Pm >> η0 Actual pattern ηm Pm ≈0 dε / dt (b) Figure A.5 (a) Coagulation structure destruction under shear: – initial structure; – structure under shear with appearance of discontinuities; – structure under shear in combination with orthogonal oscillation; 𝜑c is dispersed-phase concentration 𝜑 below the critical value; 𝜑c2 is the concentration equal to the critical value or exceeding it, 𝜑 > 𝜑c (b) Scheme of flow and destruction of the dispersed system under conditions of shear deformation with formation of structured layers 171 Appendix Energy barrier Repulsive interaction Potential effect of vibration and shear deformation near coagulation far coagulation b a Attractive interaction 172 h1 c h2 near potential well far potential well Figure A.6 Relationship between interaction energy of dispersed particles and interparticle distance in accordance with DLVO theory (Derjaguin, Landau, Verwey, Overbeek): h – interparticle distance Appendix Repulsive interaction structural – mechanical barrier Potential effect of surfactants 2l ≥ h2 l Attractive interaction a b h2 near potential well far potential well (a) Shear Shear Shear Vibration Surfactants (b) Figure A.7 (a) Scheme of interaction between dispersed particles in the presence of surfactants (b) Flow of dispersed systems under the conditions of shear and orthogonal oscillation in the presence of surfactants 173 174 Appendix Solid Strong Dispersed Materials = Maximum fluidity 2l ≥ h2 a b Reducing E И fc by more than orders ! Figure A.8 Effect of optimal combination of dynamic actions and introduction of surfactants in processes for making dispersed composite materials: E – binding energy; f c – force of interaction; h2 – interparticle distance in the position of far coagulation 175 Index a c abrasive materials, 12, 134, 155 adsorption layer, 42, 69, 74, 125, 143, 146 adhesion forces, 15, 25, 26, 45, 115, 124 aggregative dynamic stability, 42, 48, 71 aggregative stability, 11, 34, 42, 72, 74, 142, 143 aging of bitumen, 77, 83, 156 ampholytic surfactants, 74 amphoteric surfactants, 74 anionic surfactants, 73 anisometric particles, 37, 40 anisometry of particle shape, 145 apolar medium, 72, 85 apparent pseudoplasticity, 93 asphalt concrete, 13, 14, 23, 27, 155 atomic contacts, 12, 13, 15, 31, 43, 125, 148 calcium carbonate, 97 calcium hydroxide, 83, 156, 157 capillary radius, 56 capillary viscometer, 98, 99 cation–active surfactants, 73, 83 cement concretes – cement/water ratio, 2–4 – excessive water content, – segregation, – water segregation, cement–water suspension – discontinuity aperture, 65, 66 – dispersion degrees, 63, 64 – full rheological flow curves, 64, 70 – mineralogical composition, 63 – vibration and surfactant effects, 69–71 – water–cement ratio, 64, 65 characteristic relaxation time, 67 coagulation contacts, 12–16, 24, 25, 69, 110, 125, 135, 157 coagulation structure, 16, 96 coalescence, 11, 45–47, 65, 72, 86, 123, 148, 149 coalescence of aggregates, 125, 126 coaxial cylinders, 53–55, 98, 101 colloid cement glue (CCG), 149 colloid dispersed systems, 11, 34 colloid dispersed systems, 11 colloid polymer–cement mixtures (CPCM), 152 colloid precipitation, 145 compacted layer, 134 complete disaggregation, 111 computer simulation, 68, 94, 134 concentration factor, 18 cone immersion, 84, 85 b bentonite clay suspension, 62, 146 – effective viscosity, 147 – shear stress, 146 bitumen, 13, 23, 34, 77–81, 156 bitumen–mineral composition, 78, 82, 83 bitumen–shungite composites, 83, 157 – cone immersion, 84, 85 – flow curves, 82, 83 – rheograms, 78 – rheological properties, 83, 84 – shear stress vs shungite content, 84, 86 – structural–rheological properties, 77 – vibration exposures, 81 bitumen–concrete mixtures, breaking of contacts, 37, 43, 47 Brownian motion, 17, 18, 33, 110 bulky two-phase (S–G) systems, see highly dispersed powders (HDP) Technology of Dispersed Systems and Materials: Physicochemical Dynamics of Structure Formation and Rheology, First Edition Naum B Uriev © 2017 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co KGaA Published 2017 by Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co KGaA 176 Index contact interactions, 6, 7, 37 – HDP, 43, 102 – nonequilibrium dynamic state, 36 – three–phase dispersed systems, 45 – two–phase dispersed systems – – elasticity modulus, 42 – – particle shape factor, 40 – – slipping effect, 37 – – structural–mechanic barrier, contact types between particles, 11, 12 continuous shear rate, 81 continuous vibromixer, 113 critical particle size, 14, 17 critical velocity, 39 full rheological flow curves, 60 – cement–water suspension, 64, 70 – plastic–elastic systems, 67, 68 – SDS, 61 g globular porous structure model, 18 h Hamaker’s constant, 91 HCWS, see high–concentration coal–water suspensions (HCWS) HDP, see highly dispersed powders (HDP) high–concentration coal–water suspensions (HCWS), 141 d high-concentration emultions, 86 decomposition of emulsion, 86 high-concentration pastes, 109 defects of the structure, 27, 65 high–filled highly dispersed composites, deformation rate, 5, 26, 38, 53, 60, 78 153, 157 degraded structure, 52, 61, 62, 65, 67, 68, 90, – maximum fluidity, 6, 133 high-frequency vibration, 68 degree of structure destruction, 164 highly dispersed powders (HDP) density distribution, 95, 154 – capillary viscometer, 99 dielectric permeability, 143 – contact interactions, 43, 101 direct atomic contacts, 12–15, 24, 31, 125, – dynamic state, 97, 98 148 – effective viscosity, 97, 99, 100, 102 dispersion viscosity, 53, 90 – rotary viscometer, 98, 101 dynamic conditions, 6, 7, 18, 22, 25, 26, 32, – shear stress variation under mixing, 111, 36, 38, 39, 41–45, 51, 52, 74, 88, 122, 129 115, 116 – vibrorheology, 97 e – volume flow, 98, 100 effect of vibration and surfactants, 68 highly filled three–phase dispersion systems, elasticity modulus, 12, 23, 41, 42, 46, 75, 129, 134, 135 133 hydration hardening materials, 149 elasto–plasto–viscous state, 115, 118, 122, hydrocarbon radical, 42, 44, 73 126, 127 hydrodynamic lubrication, 97 electrohydrodynamic processing, 146, 147 hydrophilic surfaces, 16, 39, 72 electrostatic stabilization factor, 143 hydrophobic surfaces 16, 40 emulsions, 72, 84, 85 hygroscopic powders, preventing – application, 84 consolidation of, 148 – decomposition, 86 – direct, 85 i – drop model, 87 interaction energy, 15, 41, 48, 170 – kinds, 86 interparticle contacts, see contact types – stability, 88 between particlesinverse emulsions – surfactants, 87, 89 interparticle interaction, 16, 33, 35, 71, 90 energy consumption, 112, 127, 139, 147 inverse emulsions, 85 iron particles, 114 f irreversibly destroyed contacts, 13, 23, 24, far particle coagulation, 16, 17 163 fluidization, 100, 118 isotropic dynamic state, 32, 34 fractal dimension, 21, 90 frequency response technique, 59 k full limiting disaggregation, 32, 103 kinetic energy, 35, 45 Index l layered flow, 66, 67 liquefaction, 118 liquid flowing layers, 92, 93 liquid intermediate layer, 65 low-concentration emulsions, 85 lyophilic surface, 16, 38 m macrodrop, 86–88 maximum compaction degree, 132, 134 mechanical exposure, 13, 35, 36, 47, 86, 102, 111, 125, 146–148 mechanical–chemical destruction, 42 microinhomogeneities, 65 mineral particles, 65, 79 mineral suspensions, 63 mixing chamber, 113, 114, 122 mixing efficiency, 114, 118 mixing uniformity, 115 model emulsions, 86 multicomponent highly dispersed aggregation, 145 multicomponent powdered systems, 97 multifrequency nonlinear oscillation, 135 principle of synergism, 139 pseudoliquefied HDP, 97, 100 pseudoplasticity, 103 pseudoviscosity, 103 q regulated isotropic state, 36 Rehbinder effect, 12, 42, 72, 75, 76, 147 relaxation rate, 22, 126 reversible–strength contacts, 13, 14, 24, 110 rheological flow curves, 53, 60–64, 67, 91, 99 rheological properties, 53, 83, 97 rotation vibro-viscometer, 98, 101, 130 rupture energy, 46 rupture zone, 65, 67 ruptures of continuity, 67, 68, 102, 103, 128, 133 s sedimentation processes, 34, 95, 145 sedimentation resistant dispersions, 145 segregation, 2, 3, 114, 127 separation, 69, 71, 120, 121, 123 shear stress coefficient, 54 shungite composite, 83, 84 solid phase effect, 80 solid phase–liquid phase systems (S–L n systems), 17 nanodispersed systems, 34 – elasticity modulus, 42 near particle coagulation, 15, 17 – particle shape factor, 40 nonequilibrium dynamics, 22, 36 – slipping effect, 37 nonionogenic surfactants, 73 – structural–mechanic barrier, 42 number of contacts, 18, 20, 31, 167 solid phase–liquid–gas medium systems, see three–phase S–L–G dispersed systems o 109 optimum dynamics state, 69 solidified dispersed composites, 22, 23 ore mining, wasteless technology of, 141 specific molding pressure, 135 orthogonally (to flow direction) directed static conditions, 3, 6, 31, 36, 66, 87, 88, 97, oscillation, 69, 83, 112 101, 102 strength of contacts, time factor of, 22 p stress relaxation, 23, 46, 126 particle interaction, 15, 17, 39 strong dispersed structures, 32 particle shape factor, 39 structural bonds, 79, 124, 126, 127 particle size (average emulsion), 14, 17, 33, structural–mechanic barrier (SMB), 42, 143 34, 71, 86, 143 structural–mechanical properties, 11, 43, 46, pastelike dispersions, 12, 13, 15, 17 48, 79, 102, 115, 130, 131, 133, 139, 144, 152, phase contacts, 12, 13, 24, 148, 154 156 physico–chemical mechanics, 5, structured dispersed systems (SDS) pipeline hydrotransport, 141 plasticity, 3, 5, 6, 31, 63, 69, 77, 90, 92, 93, 95, – flow mechanism of, 90 – full rheological flow curves, 61, 91 96, 103 – optimum dynamic state, 32 plastifying effect, 42, 74 – spreading over solid surface, 93, 94, 96 polar continuous dispersion medium, 85 structured mineral suspensions, see powder efflux, 97 cement–water suspension powders, 12, 13, 25 177 178 Index structure formation in consecutive stages, 129 structure hardening, 147 superfluidity, 69, 103, 139, 149, 163 surface wetting, 16 surfactant Layer, 41, 42, 44, 48, 142, 143 surfactants, 71, 102 suspensions, 12, 15, 17, 25, 26 – pipeline hydrotransport, 141 – structural–rheological properties, regulation of, 144 – structured mineral, see cement–water suspension – – – – – – – – – – – – particle shape factor, 40 – slipping effect, 37 – structural–mechanic barrier, 42 dynamic loading modes, 59 dynamic states, 51, 52 flow and spreading, 89 full rheological flow curve, 60 plane–plane type measuring systems, 56 rheological characteristics, 53 rotation viscometers, 53–55 suspensions, see cement–water suspension u ultrasonic Doppler method, 144 t thermoplastic organic binders, 65 thermorheological effect, thixotropic S–L dispersions, 63 three–phase S–L–G dispersed systems – compaction – – rheological curves, 131, 132 – – static vs vibration compaction, 133 – – transition mechanism, 130 – – vibroviscometer, 130, 131 – – volume variation, 132, 133 – contact interactions, 45 – mixing – – component distribution, uniformity of, 110 – – continuous vibromixer, 112 – – effective viscosity, 111 – – nonuniformity variation kinetics, 114 turbulent mode, 145 two-phase dispersed L–L systems, see emulsions two-phase S–L dispersed systems – bitumen–mineral systems, see bitumen–shungite composites – capillary viscometers, 56, 57 – cone–plane type measuring systems, 55 – contact interactions – – elasticity modulus, 42 v vibration amplitude, 44, 67, 80, 81, 98, 102, 118 vibration compaction modes, 134 vibration fluidization, 43, 44, 102, 118, 121, 124 vibration intensity, 67–69, 81, 96, 122, 128, 150 vibration mixing, 45, 118, 119, 127, 129, 149, 150, 153 vibration rate, 46, 129 vibration viscosity, 67, 79, 80 vibrofluidization, 97, 98 vibroliquefaction, 97–99 vibromixer, 112–114 vibrorheology, 51, 63–71, 77–84 vibroviscometer, 54, 55, 57, 59, 69, 98, 130 w water/cement ratio, 2, 4, 64 water-soluble surfactants, 85 weakly aggregated dispersions, 63, 90 y Young’s elasticity modulus, 92, 134 Young’s law, 16 WILEY END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT Go to www.wiley.com/go/eula to access Wiley’s ebook EULA ...Naum B Uriev Technology of Dispersed Systems and Materials Naum B Uriev Technology of Dispersed Systems and Materials Physicochemical Dynamics of Structure Formation and Rheology English... solution of problems of technology of dispersed systems and materials on the basis of physical chemistry of dispersed systems and physicochemical dynamics The further chapters also pay a great deal of. .. physicochemical dynamics of dispersed systems and materials What is the role and significance of reaching the maximum fluidity of highly concentrated and highly dispersed systems in technology of dispersed composites?