This chapter’s objectives are to: Meaning of employee benefits, fundamentals of group insurance, group life insurance plans, group medical expense insurance, traditional indemnity plans, managed care plans, consumer-directed health plans, recent developments in employer-sponsored health plans,....
Lecture No 28 Employee Benefits: Group Life and Health Insurance Copyright © 2011 Copyright Pearson © 2011Prentice Pearson Prentice Hall AllHall rights All rights reserved reserved 161 Objectives • • • • • • • • • • • • Meaning of Employee Benefits Fundamentals of Group Insurance Group Life Insurance Plans Group Medical Expense Insurance Traditional Indemnity Plans Managed Care Plans Consumerdirected Health Plans Recent Developments in EmployerSponsored Health Plans Group Medical Expense Contractual Provisions Group Dental Insurance Group DisabilityIncome Insurance Cafeteria Plans Copyright © 2011 Pearson Prentice Hall All rights reserved 162 Underwriting Unit is a Group • • • Group insurance plans cover more than one person Underwriting is based on group characteristics rather than on evidence of insurability for individuals within the group Membership in a group that has been formed for purposes other than obtaining insurance is often sufficient evidence of insurability for an insurer – For example, if an employee is well enough to go to work, he or she likely will be judged well enough to be insured without passing a medical examination Copyright © 2011 Pearson Prentice Hall All rights reserved 163 Underwriting Unit is a Group • One of the underwriting considerations for group insurance is the purpose for which the group exists – Ifmembershavebeenassembledforthesole purposeofobtaininggroupcoverage ã Theprospectiveinsurerwillbeveryconcernedaboutthe presenceofadverseselection Foremployeegroups,however,thispossibilityisnota problem Copyright â 2011 Pearson Prentice Hall All rights reserved 164 Underwriting Unit is a Group • Other factors that may be important in underwriting employee group insurance include – The group’s size • – Insurers prefer larger groups to smaller ones in order to minimize the likelihood of severe adverse selection Age composition • It is also considered best from an underwriting perspective if there is a flow of persons through the group so that the younger members replace the older members over time – – The average age of persons in the group is fairly constant and loss experience tends to be more stable Expected losses • Insurers are often interested in specific design features of a group insurance program because such features may have an impact on the losses experienced by the group members Copyright © 2011 Pearson Prentice Hall All rights reserved 165 Lower Expenses • Three factors tend to lower some other expenses when insurance is purchased on a group basis – – – Insurers usually pay lower commissions to their group sales force than to those selling individual insurance Because individual selection is not required, group underwriting expenses tend to be lower than would be the case if a similar number of persons were to be insured on an individual basis Employers may handle some administrative tasks for employee groups • Such as recordkeeping and the collection of employeepaid premiums Copyright © 2011 Pearson Prentice Hall All rights reserved 166 Experience Rating • With group insurance, the losses experienced by the group influence the rates charged – • • Known as experience rating The group will have greater or smaller premiums in the year ahead if its losses are larger or smaller, respectively, during the preceding year Provides employers with an incentive to try to lessen group losses through various types of loss control activities Copyright © 2011 Pearson Prentice Hall All rights reserved 167 Group Life Insurance • • Most medium and largesized firms in the United States provide group life insurance benefits for some or all of their employees By 2002 group life insurance accounted for over 40 percent of all life insurance in force in the United States – With most of that group life coverage attributable to employee groups Copyright © 2011 Pearson Prentice Hall All rights reserved 168 Eligibility for Benefits • • The first step is to determine whether the person is eligible to participate in the employer’s plan Eligibility requirements often specify that a person be employed on a fulltime basis – • Although some employers provide death benefits for permanent parttime workers and many employers continue death protection after an employee retires Eligibility may be restricted to those working in particular job classifications – Some employers limit eligibility to those persons who have worked for the firm for some minimum period of time Copyright © 2011 Pearson Prentice Hall All rights reserved 169 Eligibility for Benefits • Employers must adhere to various state laws regarding employment discrimination – • As well as federal laws that discourage employers from favoring very highly paid workers Employees generally have little or no control over their eligibility for death benefits Copyright © 2011 Pearson Prentice Hall All rights reserved 1610 10 Coordination of Benefits • • • Sometimes an employee or a dependent is covered by both the employer’s health expense benefit plan and another benefit program or insurance arrangement The amounts payable by the various plans are covered by their coordination of benefits (COB) provisions Individual states generally specify the COB provisions to be included in plans offered by employees Copyright © 2011 Pearson Prentice Hall All rights reserved 1634 34 Coordination of Benefits • Four basic principles are involved – – – – When a person owns personal insurance, the amount payable from the insurance does not lessen or otherwise affect the amount payable from benefit programs provided by employers The maximum reimbursement from all employersponsored plans is 100 percent of necessary and reasonable medical expenses incurred and covered by least one of the employers’ plans Dependent coverage is provided in excess of coverage as an employee Childrenarecoveredfirstbytheplanoftheparentwhose birthdayisearlierintheyear ã Unlesstheparentsareseparatedordivorced Theplanoftheparentwhohascustodyofthechildpaysfirst Copyright â 2011 Pearson Prentice Hall All rights reserved 1635 35 PreExisting Conditions • • A health problem that exists before health expense coverage becomes effective Before the 1996 passage of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) – – Employees often were provided no coverage under employers’ health plans for a period of time for problems arising out of pre existing conditions Employerscannowimposepreưexistingconditionslimitationsin theirhealthplansformaximumofoneyear ã Employeesmustreceivecreditforthetimethattheywerecovered underpreviousemployersplans,individualhealthinsurance policies,Medicareand/orMedicaidifithasnotbeenmorethan63 dayssincethispreviouscoveragewasineffect Copyright â 2011 Pearson Prentice Hall All rights reserved 1636 36 Termination Rights • What happens to an employee’s health expense benefits when he or she terminates employment with the sponsoring employer? – If the termination is due to retirement • – The employee may be eligible for coverage in a special retiree health plan If the termination is due to disability • Some employers will continue to cover this employee in the group plan Copyright © 2011 Pearson Prentice Hall All rights reserved 1637 37 Termination Rights • When neither of the previous alternatives exist or is relevant – • • Conversion to an individual health plan may be desirable Many states require that an individual health insurance policy be offered in place of a group policy when an employee ceases to be an eligible group member Under HIPAA individuals are assured of the availability of individual coverage But this protection does not have to be as broad as the group insurance and the cost is nearly always more than before Copyright © 2011 Pearson Prentice Hall All rights reserved – 1638 38 Termination Rights • In 1985 Congress passed the Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (COBRA) – – Applies to firms employing 20 or more employees Grants former employees and previously covered dependents the right to continue participation in their group health plans for a specified period • – Can be required to pay the full cost of coverage plus an additional amount to cover expenses • – Even after they’re no longer eligible under the plan’s eligibility rules But the total paid is often less that what would be required if they converted to individual health insurance The maximum length of time for continued participation in the group program is generally 18 months for former employees and 36 months for formally covered dependents Copyright © 2011 Pearson Prentice Hall All rights reserved 1639 39 Disability Income Benefits • • • The loss of health can result not only in substantial medical expenses but also in a reduction or cessation of income due to the inability to work Some disabilities are temporary whereas others are permanent Employee benefit programs vary considerably to the extent to which they address workers’ potential loss of income due to injury or illness – Whenoffered,benefitsareusuallyrestrictedprimarilyto fullưtimeworkersandaredesignedasoneormoreof thefollowingtypes ã Sickleaveplans,shorttermdisabilityincomeplans,andlongư termdisabilityincomeplans Copyright â 2011 Pearson Prentice Hall All rights reserved 1640 40 Social Security Disability Income Benefits • • The amount of the benefit is dependent on the disabled person’s previous earnings history Benefits are increased if the worker has dependents – • To be eligible for disability benefits, workers must have a specified minimum work record – – • With each dependent receiving 1/2 of the benefit payable to the disabled worker, subject to a family maximum Generally, must one must have worked half of the ten years before the time one applies for disability benefits Medical evidence must be provided to prove disability A five month waiting period is required and the impairment must be such that it is expected to continue at least twelve months Copyright © 2011 Pearson Prentice Hall All rights reserved 1641 41 Sick Leave Plans • • • • Often called salary continuation plans Usually designed to pay the full amount of an employee’s salary during periods of temporary disability Usually do not involve either disability income insurance or any other formal mechanism for funding the promised benefits If the period of illness or other health problem is only a few days – – Verification by a physician usually is not required But if the inability to work extends beyond about a week • • Many employers require medical certification of the illness or injury Employees should be aware of the rules regarding the accrual of benefit rights Copyright © 2011 Pearson Prentice Hall All rights reserved 1642 42 Disability Income Plans • Shortterm disability (STD) income plans – • Have maximum benefit periods of about two years Longterm disability (LTD) income plans – Any arrangement that might pay for longer than two years Copyright © 2011 Pearson Prentice Hall All rights reserved 1643 43 Definition of Disability • • Under an STD, the usual definition is the one requiring that the employee be unable to perform the major duties of his or her occupation For LTD plans, the definition usually has two parts – – For the first one or two years the own occupation definition usually applies After that an individual is classified as disabled only if unable to perform the major duties of any occupation for which he or she is qualified through education, training, or experience Copyright © 2011 Pearson Prentice Hall All rights reserved 1644 44 Elimination Periods • • The waiting period before the payment of benefits Employees should note the relative limits of the elimination periods and maximum benefit periods for STD, LTD and sick leave plans – – Gaps and overlaps in payment periods sometimes result Employees who are confronted with potential gaps may want to make individual arrangements to fill those gaps • With either individual disability income insurance or personal savings dollars Copyright © 2011 Pearson Prentice Hall All rights reserved 1645 45 Benefit Levels • • Most sick leave plans are designed to provide full income replacement Disability income plans usually provide only partial income benefits – STD plans usually provide a higher percentage of salary than LTD plans • • In both cases dollar maximums may also apply Benefits payable under most employersponsored STD and LTD plans are reduced to reflect any disability payments the employee receives from – Social Security, workers’ compensation, the employer’s pension or other retirement plan, and the employer’s sick leave plan Copyright © 2011 Pearson Prentice Hall All rights reserved 1646 46 Contributory Versus Noncontributory Plans Because sick leave plans generally have no formal • • • funding arrangements, in most cases they are noncontributory STD plans are often established on a noncontributory basis Most LTD plans are contributory and some are financed entirely by employee contributions – • Employers receive a tax deduction equal to the contributions they make to fund disability income plans The extent to which disability income benefits paid to an employee are taxable as income – – – Depends on how much the employee has contributed during a specified period toward the cost of the employer’s plan For noncontributory plans, all disability income benefits are fully taxable Benefits paid from employeepayall plans are completely exempt from income taxes Copyright © 2011 Pearson Prentice Hall All rights reserved 1647 47 End of Lecture 28 Copyright © 2011 Copyright Pearson © 2011Prentice Pearson Prentice Hall AllHall rights All rights reserved reserved 1648 ... Employers can facilitate their employees’ purchase of permanent? ?insurance? ?protection • Two forms of? ?group? ?coverage for retiring employees are group? ?ordinary? ?insurance? ?and? ?group? ?universal? ?life? ? – Group? ?universal? ?life? ?is growing in usage ... Most medium? ?and? ?largesized firms in the United States provide? ?group? ?life? ?insurance? ?benefits for some or all of their employees By 2002? ?group? ?life? ?insurance? ?accounted for over 40 percent of all? ?life? ?insurance? ?in force in the ... Meaning of? ?Employee? ?Benefits Fundamentals of? ?Group? ?Insurance Group? ?Life? ?Insurance? ?Plans Group? ?Medical Expense? ?Insurance Traditional Indemnity Plans Managed Care Plans Consumerdirected? ?Health? ?Plans