Rural women and good jobs, a case study of krongpa village , luận văn thạc sĩ

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS, HO CHI MINH CITY PHAN BICH TRAN RURAL WOMEN AND GOOD JOBS A CASE STUDY OF KRONGPA VILLAGE MASTER OF PUBLIC POLICY THESIS HO CHI MINH CITY, 2011 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS, HO CHI MINH CITY FULBRIGHT ECONOMICS TEACHING PROGRAM PHAN BICH TRAN RURAL WOMEN AND GOOD JOBS A CASE STUDY OF KRONGPA VILLAGE Public Policy Major Code: 603114 MASTER OF PUBLIC POLICY THESIS SUPERVISOR Dr JONATHAN R PINCUS HO CHI MINH CITY, 2011 i CERTIFICATION I certify that the substance of the thesis has not already been submitted for any degree and is not being currently submitted for any other degrees I certify that to the best of my knowledge any help received in preparing the thesis and all sources used have been ackknowleged in the thesis The study does not necessarily reflect the views of the Ho Chi Minh Economics University or Fulbright Economics Teaching Program Author Phan Bich Tran ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to express my deep gratitude to my parents and my husband who always encourages me in my life and my studying I would like to express my sincere appreciation to my supervisor, Dr Jonathan R Pincus, who has helped me in performing the thesis With rich knowledge, experience and enthusiasm, he has effectively contributed to my thesis I would like to thank all my teachers in Fulbright Economics Teaching Program, who have retransmitted a lot of their knowledge and experience to me I would like to thank all officials in KrongPa People’s Committee, who have supported a lot of worthy information and knowledge about people and cultures in KrongPa village during research process Last but not least, I express my thanks to all of my friends who share a lot of knowledge and encourage me in performing the study Phan Bich Tran Ho Chi Minh City – May, 2011 iii ABSTRACT The study focuses on testing existing theories about falls in poverty, escapes from poverty escaping and employment in a group of women in KrongPa village The thesis finds that the three main factors affec falling into poverty are health care expenses, debt and loss of land due to building the Ba Ha hydroelectric power Income diversification and farm size are the two main factors helping women escape from poverty Meanwhile, the reason why some women get better jobs than others is because they have high educational attainment, they attended government agricultural programs, their parents have enough resources to support their education and migration to big cities and they have larger farm sizes Therefore effective policy recommendations to increase the rate of women earning stable incomes are focusing on increasing access to education as well as improving their farm skills iv TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………… 1.1 Problem Statement……………………………………………………………… 1.2 The scope and the purpose of the study………………………………………… 1.3 Research questions of the study………………………………………………… 1.4 The structure of the study……………………………………………………… CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW…………………………………………… 2.1 Concepts………………………………………………………………………… 2.2 Theoretical background………………………………………………………… 2.2.1 Theory of Poverty and Poverty Reduction…………………………………6 2.2.2 Theory of Poverty in Ethnic Minorities…………………………………… 2.2.3 Theory among women…………………………………………………… 2.2.4 Employment……………………………………………………………… CHAPTER 3: DATA AND METHODOLOGY……………………………………… 3.1 Methodology…………………………………………………………………… 3.2 Data……………………………………………………………………………… 10 CHAPTER 4: KRONGPA CASE STUDY AND RESULTS………………………… 12 4.1 KrongPa case study……………………………………………………………… 12 4.2 Results…………………………………………………………………………… 17 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION………………………………………………………… 33 5.1 Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………… 33 5.2 Policy recommendations……………………………………………………… 34 5.3 Limitations of the study ………………………………………………………… 36 v ABBREVIATIONS MOLISA: Ministry of Labor – Invalids and Social Affairs VHLSS: Vietnam Households Living Standard Survey VBSP: Vietnam Bank for Social Policy vi TABLES Table 4.1.1: Poverty rate compared with others, 2008-2011…………………………… 12 Table 4.1.2: Number of households, poor households in Son Hoa in years………… 12 Table 4.1.3: Poverty over years in KrongPa village…………………………………… 13 Table 4.1.4: Poverty rate in KrongPa village in 2011…………………………………… 13 Table 4.1.5: Micro Credit in KrongPa village…………………………………………….14 Table 4.2.1: Cost of daily meal per household in KrongPa village……………………….17 Table 4.2.2: How often each household has meat in their daily meal…………………….17 Table 4.2.3: Number of winter coats of each child……………………………………… 18 Table 4.2.4: Credit in KrongPa village………………………………………………… 19 Table 4.2.5: Favorite payment methods of credit in KrongPa village…………………… 19 Table 4.2.6: Education levels of women’s children in KrongPa village……………… 20 Table 4.2.7: The reasons why aged school children dropped out of school………………20 Table 4.2.8: Number of rooms of in KrongPa villagers’ house………………………… 21 Table 4.2.9: Households goods in each KrongPa villager’s house……………………… 22 Table 4.2.10: Reasons of falling into poverty of KrongPa villagers………………………24 Table 4.2.11: Diversifications of income source of women who escaped poverty in KrongPa village…………………………………………………………………… 25 Table 4.2.12: Farm sizes of women who escaped poverty in KrongPa village………… 25 Table 4.2.13: Incomes of women who escaped poverty in KrongPa village…………… 25 Table 4.2.14: Women’s main jobs in KrongPa village………………………………… 26 Table 4.2.15: Women’s second jobs in KrongPa village………………………………… 27 Table 4.2.16: Compare women’s main jobs and education……………………………… 27 Table 4.2.17: Comparison of farm yields among women who attended agricultural program and those who did not…………………………………………………………………… 28 Table 4.2.18 – Compare women’s main jobs and skills………………………………… 28 Table 4.2.19 – Comparison of women’s main jobs and farm sizes……………………… 30 vii FIGURES Figure 1.1.1: Income among kinds of employment……………………………………… Figure 1.1.2: Labor between urban and rural areas……………………………………… Figure 1.1.3: Female labor in rural areas………………………………………………… Figure 4.2.1: Trends in household poverty in KrongPa………………………………… 16 CHAPTER INTRODUCTION 1.1 Problem Statement While researchers and policy makers are finding out solutions to help people overcome their poverty, the poor themselves cannot wait for the benefits of economic growth They actively seek ways to survive without help from the government They not even know that they are the subjects of the government’s concern It is difficult to find out the causes and trends of poverty from the poverty data But the story behind these causes and reasons are different in countries all over the world In order to understand the causes of poverty we must move beyond static analysis of headcount rates to investigate poverty dynamics, in other words, the reason households fall into poverty or climb out of poverty According to Antolin et al (1999), job loss is one of the reasons that people become poor Good jobs bring a stable income which is enough for daily living and expenses such as school and medical fees Jobs are important to study because they bring income which is the only criterion to determine the poverty line in every part of the world The official poverty line in Vietnam has been changed from VND 200,000 to VND 400,000 per month in rural areas due to inflation in recent years (Decision No 09/2011/QĐ-TTg date 31/01/2011) This change must make the poverty rate in rural areas increase dramatically where income from farm employment is much lower than in nonfarm employment In Vietnam, the bottom twenty percent of the population by comsumption works in agriculture while the richest twenty percent is in non-farm employment (Figure 1.1.1) It is obvious that most of the rural population participates is in farm employment (Figure 1.1.2) including wage and self employment Despite the uncertainty of income, the importance of farm employment to the economy is certain The government tries so hard to create as much off-farm employment as possible in rural areas to diversify income Empirical studies show that about fifty percent of rural women quickly join in off-farm jobs to diversify their income while their husbands keep in farm work That helps their family cope with changes in agriculture product prices and the seasonality of agricultural employment and income (Figure 1.1.3) 11 Foster, James E., and Székely, Miguel (2008), “Is Economic Growth Good for the Poor? Tracking Low Incomes Using General Means”, International Economic Review, Vol 49, No 4, pp.1143-1172, accessed on November 29th, 2010, at address http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1287398 12 Kanbur, Ravi (2009), “What determines poverty reduction?”, Website of Ravi Kanbur, accessed on February 21st, 2011, at address http://kanbur.dyson.cornell.edu/papers.htm 13 Krishna, Anirudh (2004), “Escaping Poverty and Becoming Poor: Who Gains, Who Loses, and Why”, World Development, Vol 32, No 1, pp 121 – 136, accessed on November 29th, 2010, at address siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPGI/ Poor /Krishna_Rajasthan_poverty.pdf 14 Krishna, Anirudh and Abusaleh Shariff (2010), “The Irrelevance of National Strategies? Rural Poverty Dynamics in States and Regions of India, 1993 – 2005”, World Development, Vol 39, No.4, April 2010, pp 533-549 15 National Committee for Ethnic Minority Affair, “Introduce Programme 135 phase II”, Programme 135 website, accessed on May 15th, 2011, at address http://chuongtrinh135.vn/Default.aspx?tabid=140 16 Perkins, Dwight H., Steven Radelet and David L Lindauer (2006), “Chapter 6: Inequality and Poverty”, Economics of Development, Sixth edition, pp 189-236, Norton & Company, Inc., New York 17 Pincus, Jonathan R (2009), “Is Economic Growth good for the Poor?”, The Fulbright Economics Teaching Programs, 2009- 2011 18 Pincus, Jonathan R and Senden J (2008), “Quantifying Poverty in Vietnam: Who counts?”, Journal of Vietnamese Studies, Vol 3, Issue 1, Winter 2008, pp 108 – 150 19 Sanchez, Valeria (2005), The Determinants of Rural Non-Farm Employment and Incomes in Bolivia, Thesis of Michigan State University, Department of Agriculture Economics, accessed on November 9th, 2010, at address www.aec.msu.edu/theses/fulltext/sanchez_ms.pdf 20 Scoones, Ian (1998), “Sustainable Rural Livelihoods: A Framework for Analysis”, IDS Working Paper No 72, Institute of Development Studies, accessed on June 20th, at address http://www.ntd.co.uk/idsbookshop/details.asp?id=419 21 Vietnam Bank of Social Policy, “Lending to the Poor”, VBSP website, accessed on th Nov 11 , 2010, at address http://www.vbsp.org.vn/evbsp/view_content.php?mamm=19 22 Wikipedia, “E De people”, Wikipedia website, accessed on April 23rd, 2011, at address http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E_De_people 23 World Bank (2004), Vietnam Development Report 2004: Poverty, Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Unit, East Asia and Pacific Region, Report No 27130-VN, pp 21-37 APPENDIX Appendix – Map of KrongPa location Appendix – Kinds of food in a daily meal per household in a week (percent of respondents) Times/week Times/week Total 47.92% Meat Kinh 8.70% Rhade 91.30% 6.25% 10.42% 8.33% 4.17% 100.00% 60.00% 50.00% 100.00% 0.00% 40.00% 50.00% 0.00% 22.92% 100% 100.00% 0.00% Total 91.67% 8.33% 100% Total 77.08% 4.17% 16.67% 2.08% Egg Kinh 35.14% 100.00% 87.50% 100.00% Rhade 64.86% 0.00% 12.50% 0.00% 100% Milk Kinh 43.18% 100% Rhade 56.82% 0.00% Total 12.50% Vegetable Kinh Rhade 0.00% 100.00% 2.08% 2.08% 0.00% 0.00% 100% 100% 83.33% 100% 57.50% 42.50% Total 85.42% Fruit Kinh 39.02% Rhade 60.98% 2.08% 100.00% 0.00% 2.08% 100.00% 0.00% 10.42% 100% 100.00% 0.00% Chili salt, cassava leaf Total Kinh Rhade 43.75% 100.00% 0.00% 56.25% 100% 0.00% 100% Appendix – Where each household gets fish in their daily meal (respondents, %) Total 93.75% 6.25% 100.00% From market From river Kinh 51.11% 0.00% 47.92% Rhade 48.89% 100.00% 52.08% Appendix – Number of winter coats each woman has (respondents, %) No of winter coat Total Total 31.25% 33.33% 27.08% 6.25% 2.08% 100.00% Kinh 6.67% 43.75% 84.62% 100.00% 100.00% 93.33% Rhade 93.33% 56.25% 15.38% 0.00% 0.00% 6.67% Appendix – Where each woman gets her winter coats (respondents, %) From Market Charity No coats Total Total 56.25% 12.50% 31.25% 100.00% Kinh 77.78% 16.67% 6.67% 0.00% Rhade 22.22% 83.33% 93.33% 0.00% Appendix – Where villagers get winter coats for their children (respondents, %) From Market Charity Children buy themselves No coats Total Total 45.83% 12.50% 10.42% 31.25% 100.00% Kinh 50.00% 33.33% 100.00% 33.33% 47.92% Rhade 50.00% 66.67% 0.00% 66.67% 52.08% Appendix Đối tượng phục vụ Ngân hàng Chính sách xã hội (NHCSXH) Đối tượng cho vay Lãi suất Hộ nghèo: - Cho vay hộ nghèo - Cho vay hộ nghèo 62 huyện nghèo theo Nghị 30a Chính phủ ngày 27/12/2008 7,8%/năm 0%/năm Học sinh, sinh viên: Cho vay học sinh, sinh viên có hồn cảnh khó khăn năm Các đối tượng cần vay vốn để giải việc làm: Cho vay sở sản xuất kinh doanh thương binh, người tàn tật Cho vay thương binh, người tàn tật Cho vay đối tượng khác 3,9%/năm 6%/năm 7,8%/năm Học sinh, sinh viên: - Cho vay học sinh, sinh viên có hồn cảnh khó khăn 6%/năm Các đối tượng cần vay vốn để giải việc làm: - Cho vay sở sản xuất kinh doanh thương binh, người tàn tật - Cho vay thương binh, người tàn tật 3,9%/năm 6%/năm - Cho vay đối tượng khác 7,8%/năm Các đối tượng sách lao động có thời hạn nước ngồi: - Cho vay người lao động thuộc hộ nghèo người dân tộc thiểu số thuộc 62 huyện nghèo theo Nghị 30a Chính phủ ngày 27/12/2008 3,9%/năm - Cho vay đối tượng lại thuộc 62 huyện nghèo theo Nghị 30a Chính phủ ngày 27/12/2008 7,8%/năm - Cho vay xuất lao động 7,8%/năm Các đối tượng khác theo Quyết định Chính phủ: - Cho vay mua nhà trả chậm đồng sông Cửu Long 3%/năm - Cho vay nước vệ sinh môi trường nông thôn 10,8%/năm - Cho vay hộ gia đình sản xuất kinh doanh vùng khó khăn 10,8%/năm - Cho vay hộ dân tộc thiểu số đặc biệt khó khăn - Cho vay hộ dân tộc thiểu số di dân định canh, định cư 0%/năm (7,8%/năm 0%/năm) - Cho vay sở sản xuất kinh doanh, dịch vụ sử dụng lao động sau cai nghiện ma túy 7,8%/năm - Cho vay phát triển lâm nghiệp 7,8%/năm - Cho vay doanh nghiệp nhỏ vừa 10,8%/năm - Cho vay hỗ trợ hộ nghèo làm nhà 3%/năm - Cho vay lao động việc làm suy giảm kinh tế (7,8%/năm 6%/năm) Appendix – Materials of house floors in KrongPa villagers’ houses (respondents, %) Number of rooms Encaustic cement tiles Cement Soil Wood rented room Total Percentage of respondents 29.17% 22.92% 6.25% 37.50% 4.17% 100.00% Appendix – Materials of house walls in KrongPa villagers’ houses (respondents, %) Wall material Paint Lime Brick Wood Cottage Rented room Total Percentage of respondents 10.42% 27.08% 8.33% 47.92% 2.08% 4.17% 100.00% Appendix 10 – Materials of house roofs in KrongPa villagers’ houses (respondents, %) Roof material Steel Brick Rented room Total Percentage of respondents 85.42% 10.42% 4.17% 100.00% Appendix 11 – Electricity in KrongPa villagers’ houses (respondents, %) No Electricity Electricity Total Total 8.33% 91.67% 100.00% Government Net 0.00% 93.18% Neighbor net 0.00% 6.82% Appendix 12 – Where KrongPa villagers get water (respondent, %) Water source Well Stream Government Total Percentage of respondents 79.17% 14.58% 6.25% 100.00% UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS OF HOCHIMINH CITY THE FULBRIGHT ECONOMICS TEACHING PROGRAM Questionnaire Investigation about employment of rural women Krong Pa village – Son Hoa District – Phu Yen Province Student: Phan Bích Trân Class: MPP2 Order I 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 Question PERSONAL INFORMATION Year of birth Place of birth Address: 1=Own house 2=Rent house What is your status? 1=married 2=single What is your relationship with the household? 1: Wife 2: Siblings 3: Child 4: Nephew 5: other If you are from other village (compare with place of birth), when did you move to here? Why did you move to here? (open question) Where did you live before moving here? What was your job before moving here? (1st job, 2nd job, 3rd job) 2.2 FAMILY INFORMATION How many people in your family? How many children you have? 2.3 Ages of your children? 2.4 Education level of your children? II 2.1 2.5 2.6 Your children still in school? 1=Yes 2=No Why are your children not in school? Answers 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 2.16 III 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Any children working? 1=Yes What are their jobs? 2=No Live with any other person? Family? Relationship? Do they work? What is their job? Ask to get contact to the children if they work off the village? What is your husband’s job? (OQ) Did you have any children who have died? What year and how old? Why? Is anyone in household disabled? Who? Does anyone in household receive a pension? Who? What is the distance from your house to market? What is the distance from your house to school? EDUCATION Have you ever go to school? 1=Never 2=Being in school 3=Stop What is your highest degree? 1: Primary school Graduation 2: Secondary school Graduation 3: High school Graduation 4: Intermediate Graduation 7: College Graduation 8: University Graduation 9: Others (details) Why did you drop school? (if respondent has not finished the high school) 1=The school is far 2=Not enough money 3=Have to work for living 4=To pay debt 5=Feel not suitable to school 6=The family not encourage 7=Get married soon 8=Having baby soon 6=Others…… Did your family encourage your study 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 before? 1=Yes 2=No Who not encourage you to school in your family? 1=Parents (dad/mom/both) 2=Husband 3=siblings If you have a chance to get back to school? Will you take that? 1=Yes 2=No Why you want to get back to school? (OQ) Have you ever taken any course to improve your skill? 1=Yes 2=No What skill? 1=Farming 2=Handicraft 3=Sewing 4=Livestock 5=Making up, nails 6=Accountant, banking,… 7= Foreign language 8=Others If you have a course to improve skill? Will you? 1=Yes 2=No Which course ? 1=Farming 2=Handicraft 3=Sewing 4=Livestock 5=Making up, nails 6=Accountant, banking,… 7= Foreign language 8=Others Why you want to get a skill training course? (OQ) What time can you study? 1=Daytime 2=Nigh time 3=Anytime 10 3.14 3.15 3.15 IV 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 V 5.1 5.2 Does your family encourage your study now? 1=Yes 2=No Who encourages your study now? Why not before but now? (just for respondent answer in Q.3.4 and in Q.3.13) HEALTH When was your last sick? 00=Less than months 01=1 – months ago 11=11 – 12 months ago 12=12 months age 99= never How was your sick? (OQ) How much is your medical expenses per month? (the amount of money) Do your sick influence on your work? 1=Yes 2=No How you deal with your sick? 1=take the bill in medical shop 2=see the village doctor 3=go to the local health house 4=go to hospital 5=others Who did pay for your medical bill? 1=Family 2=Yourself 3=Government (health insurance) 5=others Do you have health insurance? 1= Yes 2=No What kind of your health insurance? 1=For the poor 2=For the nearly poor 3=For the policy subjects 4=compulsory health insurance 5=voluntary health insurance JOBS Do you work on family farm? What crops you farm? What is your main job? Primary job 11 5.6 Secondary job Tertiary job Hours per week each job/Hours per day/Days per month? How long you take that job? (OQ) Specific for each job How can you get information about that job? 1=friends 2=Neighbor 3=Family 4=Local Government 5=TV ads 6=others Was it necessary to pay someone to get that job? 5.7 What requirements does the job need? 5.8 5.13 5.14 How many people work at this place? What is your income per day for each job? How you get your daily meal? 1=By yourself 2=by the employer 3=by family 4=by meal shop 5=others Why you get that job instead of farming? (for respondent job is not farming) How many times you change your jobs? What job helped you earn most? When did you earn most? 5.15 Why did you lose that job? 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.9 5.10 5.11 5.12 5.16 5.17 5.18 5.19 5.20 5.21 Who watches your children when you are at work? Do you have to pay them? For those who left the village? Why did you left your village? (OQ) How long did you left your village? Where you live now? (OQ) Who you live with now? (OQ) How did you support your job now at the beginning? 1=From saving 2=From family 12 5.29 3=From credit 4=others Did you pay all your debt now? 1=Yes 2=No Did you have enough money to pay debt regularly? 1=Yes 2=No How much have you borrowed? Where have you borrowed? How can you get this present job? 1=friends 2=Neighbors 3=Family 4=Government 5=TV ads 6=University/college 7=Jobs ads 8=Old colleagues 9=others How is your job environment? (OQ: details) 1=Very Good 2=Good 3=Bad 4=Very Bad Who did support for your leaving village in your family? 1=Parents 2=Siblings 3=Husband 4=others Did you send money to help family? 1=Yes 2=No How much you often send? 5.30 How often you often send? 5.22 5.23 5.24 5.25 5.26 5.27 5.28 VI 6.1 6.2 6.3 FOOD During the past week, how many times have you eaten? 1=Tofu 2=Meat (pork/beef) 3=Eggs 4=Chickens 5=Fish 6=Milk/Yoghurt 7=Fruit 8=Beer/wine How can you get that food? Which from market? Which from your own farm? How much is your daily meal? 13 6.5 How often you have meat/seafood in your meal? How can you get that meat/seafood? 6.6 Do your children have milk in their meal? 6.4 6.7 6.8 6.9 6.10 VII 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 VIII How often your children have their milk? Where you get milk from? 1=From market 2=From your own farm Do you often drink wine? Is that a habit? How much you spend on wine per month? EDUCATION OF CHILDREN What is the highest degree of your oldest child? Why? 1: Primary school Graduation 2: Secondary school Graduation 3: High school Graduation 4: Intermediate Graduation 5: College Graduation 6: University Graduation 7: Others (details) What is the highest degree of your youngest child? Why? 1: Primary school Graduation 2: Secondary school Graduation 3: High school Graduation 4: Intermediate Graduation 5: College Graduation 6: University Graduation 7: Others (details) Did your children drop school? 1=Yes 2=No Why did your children drop school? 1=not enough money 2=they not like school 3=they have to work for family living 4=the school is so far 5=others CLOTHES TO WEAR OUTSIDE THE HOUSE 14 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 IX 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 9.8 9.9 9.10 9.11 Do your children have enough warm clothes for the winter? How about you? How can your children get the winter coat? 1=You bought 2=From the others as a gift 3=From charity How many winter coats does your each child have? How can you your children get the uniform? 1=You bought 2=From the others as a gift 3=From charity How many uniforms does your each child have? Do your children have new clothes in the Tet holiday? 1=Yes 2=No How many suits each child has? CREDIT Do you have enough money to spend on yourself and family? 1=Yes 2=No Why not? Do you get credit from Bank/government/others? 1=Yes 2=No Amount? Rate? Due date? Where? Why not you go to the bank? Do you know anyone the bank has help with farm-work or funding a shop? 1=Yes 2=No If yes, who? If yes, how can they get that? Is your farm/shop-work wholly funded by you or with other persons 1=By yourself 2=with other persons Do you have enough money to pay debt regularly? (pay per day/week/month) Do you have enough information 15 X 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.8 XI 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6 11.7 XII 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 12.7 regarding poverty alleviation? (just for respondent answer no in Q.9.1) 1=Strongly agree 2=Agree 3=Disagree CONDITIONS OF HOUSE How many rooms are there in your house? How many people are there in your house? Who are they? What is your floor material? What is your wall material? What is your Roof material? Do you have electricity? How? How often you have electricity? Do you have piped water? Why? Why not? Where is water from? DURABLE GOODS? Do you have TV? Do you have telephone (fixed line?) Do you have Mobile phone? Do you have Fan? Do you have bicycle/motorbike? How many? Do you have air conditioner? Do you have refrigerator? FARMS Does your family have farm land? 1=Yes 2=No What is your farm land size? How can you get that farm land? 1=From legacy 2=Self-Buy 3=Rent 4=Other Do you self-farm or farm for rent? What you have in your farm? What animals you raise? (pig, chicken, duck, buffalo, fish pond, others) How many animals you have? 16 XIII 13.1 13.2 13.3 GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS Have you received any help from the government? What program are you in? 1=Health care for the poor 2=Micro credit 3=Housing 4=Agriculture program 5=Others Are you in any program subject? How was that program? (OQ) Details 13.4 13.5 Did your family situation change after that? ... village Sơn Nguyên village Son Phước village Sơn Long village Sơn Định village Sơn Xuân village Sơn Hội village Cà Lúi village Phước Tân village Ea Charang village Suối Trai village KrôngPa village. .. escape poverty A lack of information in quantitative studies and the absence of information on migrants are obstacles to understanding poverty and poverty escapes in rural areas in Vietnam The study. .. show that women are poorer than men, women are believed to have many disadvantages compared to men Those disadvantages are in property rights, in primary and secondary educations, in wages and in