Determinants of households expenditure on english language education, the case of ho chi minh city

UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS HO CHI MINH CITY INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL STUDIES THE HAGUE VIETNAM THE NETHERLANDS VIETNAM – THE NETHERLANDS PROGRAMME FOR M.A IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS DETERMINANTS OF HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE ON ENGLISH-LANGUAGE EDUCATION: THE CASE OF HOCHIMINH CITY MASTER OF ARTS IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS By LUU THI KIEU OANH Academic Supervisor Dr PHAM KHANH NAM HO CHI MINH CITY, 2013 CERTIFICATION “I certify that the substance of this thesis has not already been submitted for any degree and has not been currently submitted for any other degree I certify that to the best of my knowledge and help received in preparing this thesis and all used sources have acknowledged in this dissertation” LUU THI KIEU OANH Date: … Dec 2013 i ACKNOWLEGMENTS Firstly, I would like to thank so much to Vietnam – The Netherlands programme for Master of Art in Development Economics where I have been studying useful knowledge I would like to express my deep gratitude to my academic supervisor, Dr Pham Khanh Nam for his great supports, advices and encouragements during my thesis completion I thank so much for all lecturers because of their valuable supports as well as all my family, my friends because of their helps and encouragements during my study One again, I am grateful to all of you Thank you very much! LUU THI KIEU OANH ii ABSTRACT This study attempts to investigate household’s expenditure on English education for primary school children using the surveyed data from 267 randomly collected households in Ho Chi Minh City As a result, the current payment for English education of household in Ho Chi Minh City plays an important role in total expenditure for education It takes up 61.4% of basic education in average Compared with household’s total income and total expenditure, it makes up 4.7% and 6.7% of total income and total expenditure, respectively The study also found that total income, total expenditure, current payment for extra education, education level of wife and household own a house has a positive relationship with English education expenditure Keywords: English education, expenditure, income iii TABLE OF CONTENTS CERTIFICATION .i ACKNOWLEGMENTS ii ABSTRACT iii LIST OF FIGURES vi LIST OF TABLES vii ABBREVIATIONS viii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Problem Statements 1.2 Research Objectives 1.3 Research Questions 1.4 Research methodology 1.5 The structure of the study CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Theoretical literature Theory of Education expenditure: Education production function Theory of household production function Theory of income elasticity of educational expenditure: 2.2 Empirical literature 2.3 Conceptual framework 13 CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 15 3.1 Sampling strategy and data collection .15 3.2 Variables’ measurement and explanation 15 3.3 Model specification 23 CHAPTER 4: EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS RESULTS .28 4.1 General information of the Household’s characteristic in HCM City .28 4.2 General information of English education in Vietnam 29 4.3 Importance of English expenditure in household’s decision 31 4.4 Empirical analysis results 32 iv 4.4.1 4.4.2 Descriptive statistics 32 Regression results 40 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS AND LIMITATIONS 46 5.1 Conclusions and recommendations 46 5.1.1 Conclusion 46 5.1.2 Recommendations .46 5.2 Limitations 47 REFERENCES 49 APPENDIX 52 v LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1 Analytical framework for the impact explanatory variable on English education expenditure 14 Figure 4.1 The education level of the parents in Ho Chi Minh City – Author’s survey 2013 29 Figure 4.2 The education level of the parents in Ho Chi Minh City – VHLSS 2010 29 Figure 4.3 The distribution of current English education expenditure in basic education, total income and total expenditure 32 Figure 4.4 Histogram graphic of the current payment for English education in Ho Chi Minh City 33 Figure 4.5 Histogram graphic of the dummy variable of current payment for English education in Ho Chi Minh City 34 Figure 4.6 Household’s total income distribution in Ho Chi Minh City 35 vi LIST OF TABLES Table 3.1 Variable description and expected sign for Model 26 Table 4.1 The development of number of foreign language center through the years 31 Table 4.2 Summary statistic of variables 37 Table 4.3 The relationship of total income and current payment for English education 39 Table 4.4 The relationship of household’s total expenditure and current payment for English education 39 Table 4.5 The results of the models 40 vii ABBREVIATIONS Ageh Age of husband Agew Age of wife Cpe Current payment for English education Cpec Current payment for extra class Eduh Education level of husband Eduw Education level of wife Engh English level of husband Engw English level of wife Genderhh Gender of household’s head MOET Ministry of Education and Training Nrofchildren Number of children Ownh Household own a house Soeh Sector of employment of husband Soew Sector of employment of wife Totalexp Household’s total expenditure Wifeworking Wife is working VHLSS Vietnam Household Living Standard Survey viii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Problem Statements Foreign language currently is a prominent issue in worldwide education and society With the rapid development of information and communication technologies, through computer systems and networks, people between nations are closer and closer together understand each other through intermediate language that commonly is the English Most of the knowledge such as books, academic papers, documentation in economy, science and technology, culture and society are mainly written in English and widely circulated on the global network Bolton (2006) likened the English expansion as the most rapid spread language all over the world In addition, the communication between different languages people through this common language which can understand and move toward the agreed long-term good cooperation In reality, English is rated as the most used and common speaking language in the world with more than 1,226 million users in 2003 and spread on 75 countries on the world according to Crystal (2003) Graddol (2008) figures that there are more and more people learning English as a second language and it will nearly get big amount of two billions next ten years There was also a replacement of English as a school subject instead of Russian from the participation of some Eastern European countries (Modiano, 2006) Since educating English was identified as an important factor indispensable, it should be considered by government investment, according to Nergis, (2011)In some developing countries such as Turkey, they recognize that “the only way to bring Turkish up to the level of the communicational requirements of the modern world is through the interaction of knowledge of English with the derivational convenience provided by the Turkish language reform.” In Vietnam, Thinh (2006) observed that in the past ten years before the joining WTO, the spread of English has facing with an unpredicted speed in Vietnam The statistics shows that among the foreign language learner, the English learner takes up more than 90% of that volume While other languages such as Chinese, Japanese, French, Table 10 – The description of cpe and tab cpe Current payment for English Freq 41 111 52 35 25 below 300,000 300,000 - 500,000 500,000- 1,000,00 1,000,000- 2,000,00 over 2,000,00 Total Freq 42 Current payment for below 300,000 300,000- 500,000 500,000 -1,000,000 over1,000,000 Total 56.72 76.12 89.18 98.51 100.00 Percent 15.67 120 71 23 12 extra class Cum 15.30 41.42 19.40 13.06 9.33 1.49100.00 268 tab cpec cpec Percent 15.30 Cum 15.67 44.78 60.45 26.49 86.94 8.58 95.52 4.48100.00 268 100.00 Table 11 – The relationship between total income and total expenditure to cpe Source SS df M S Mode l Residual 95.8439027 10.6493225 315.354599 257 Total 411.198502 266 1.54585903 1.2270607 cp e Coef Std Err t dincome dincome dincome dincome dtotalexp2 -.0075167 2249593 -0.03 1816083 3129473 0.58 2338345 363168 0.64 1.104559 4581295 2.41 6666667 5982413 1.11 dtotalexp3 1.022503 5846873 1.75 dtotalexp4 1.484905 6184192 2.40 dtotalexp5 1.950373 6677354 2.92 dtotalexp6 1.727824 7812856 2.21 _cons 25 5538639 0.45 Number of obs F( 9, = 267 Prob > F = 0.0000 R= 0.2331 squared Adj R-squared Root MSE P>|t| 0.97 0.56 0.52 0.01 0.26 0.08 0.01 0.00 0.02 0.65 = 1.1077 [95% Conf Interval] -.450515 -.4346592 -.4813296 2023931 -.5114126 -.1288853 267091 6354436 1892874 -.8406895 4354815 7978759 9489985 2.00672 1.84474 2.17389 2.70272 3.26530 3.26636 1.34068 59 Table 13 - Correlation matrix of the explanatory variables dincome2 dincome3 dincome4 dincome5 dtotal~2 dtotal~3 dtotal~4 dtotal~5 dtotal~6 cpec eduh eduw dincome2 dincome3 -0.42 dincome4 -0.26 -0.16 dincome5 -0.22 -0.14 -0.09 dtotalexp2 -0.25 -0.16 -0.10 -0.08 dtotalexp3 0.43 -0.39 -0.21 -0.22 -0.26 dtotalexp4 0.00 0.41 0.08 -0.13 -0.22 -0.59 dtotalexp5 -0.30 0.21 0.25 0.31 -0.12 -0.31 -0.26 dtotalexp6 -0.15 -0.10 0.09 0.53 -0.06 -0.16 -0.13 -0.07 cpec -0.10 0.18 0.11 0.04 -0.15 -0.18 0.14 0.22 0.09 eduh -0.04 0.26 0.23 0.19 -0.27 -0.18 0.17 0.27 0.10 0.22 eduw -0.06 0.25 0.19 0.22 -0.26 -0.19 0.18 0.24 0.16 0.20 0.77 englishh_0 -0.09 0.26 0.21 0.06 -0.16 -0.20 0.23 0.09 0.11 0.25 0.49 0.58 englishw_0 -0.09 0.15 0.20 0.17 -0.15 -0.19 0.17 0.13 0.16 0.26 0.54 0.60 soeh -0.11 0.03 -0.05 -0.07 0.16 -0.08 0.01 -0.08 -0.03 -0.12 -0.22 -0.22 soew -0.08 -0.13 -0.06 -0.01 0.18 -0.08 0.02 -0.10 -0.04 -0.07 -0.31 -0.37 wifeworking 0.10 0.13 0.05 -0.06 -0.23 0.09 0.06 -0.03 0.04 0.04 0.15 0.23 genderhh 0.02 0.03 -0.09 0.04 -0.03 -0.06 0.07 0.11 -0.10 0.01 0.00 -0.07 ageh 0.02 0.04 0.05 -0.04 -0.06 -0.05 0.06 0.03 -0.02 0.17 0.06 0.01 agew 0.02 0.05 0.02 -0.04 -0.07 -0.03 0.08 -0.04 0.02 0.15 0.07 0.02 local -0.14 0.02 0.03 0.12 -0.01 0.02 -0.15 0.14 0.06 0.19 0.15 0.12 ownh -0.06 0.23 0.13 0.11 -0.13 -0.21 0.14 0.20 0.14 0.06 0.22 0.22 Nrofchildren -0.18 -0.07 0.02 -0.03 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.07 -0.10 -0.21 -0.14 60 englishh_0 englishw_0 soeh soew wifeworking genderhh ageh agew local ownh Nrofchildren dincome2 dincome3 dincome4 dincome5 dtotalexp2 dtotalexp3 dtotalexp4 dtotalexp5 dtotalexp6 cpec eduh eduw englishh_0 englishw_0 0.69 soeh -0.23 -0.25 soew -0.28 -0.27 0.53 0.19 0.19 -0.05 -0.37 -0.03 -0.05 -0.07 0.03 -0.12 ageh 0.10 0.15 -0.08 0.08 -0.11 -0.04 agew 0.12 0.18 -0.10 0.04 -0.05 -0.08 0.84 local 0.06 0.11 0.03 0.05 -0.06 0.03 0.04 0.01 ownh 0.17 0.09 -0.11 -0.13 0.06 0.01 0.04 0.02 -0.18 -0.13 -0.12 0.12 0.18 -0.10 0.04 0.06 0.04 0.09 -0.08 wifeworking genderhh Nrofchildren 61 Table 14 - The results of the models Model OLS1 Model Model OLS2 Logit Model Model Ordered Logit Tobit dincome2 -0.1141 -0.0149 -0.8824 -0.3152 -0.1141 dincome3 -0.1302 0.1100 -1.1158 -0.2819 -0.1302 dincome4 0.0631 0.2830 0.7016 0.2856 0.0631 dincome5 1.1466 *** 1.2753 *** 2.5108 *** 1.1466 *** (omitted) dtotalexp2 -0.0173 1.9596 0.7523 -0.0173 dtotalexp3 0.0754 2.6390 1.1614 0.0754 dtotalexp4 0.2648 2.9232 * 1.5204 0.2648 dtotalexp5 0.3637 3.5090 1.5906 0.3637 dtotalexp6 -0.0792 (omitted) 0.2832 -0.0792 cpec eduh 0.4903 *** -0.0455 0.5083 *** -0.0457 -0.1096 eduw 0.2839 *** 0.2909 *** englishh_0 0.1231 0.0964 englishw_0 -0.4324 ** 1.5987 *** 0.2883 -0.9516 -0.4309 ** -0.5446 1.0854 *** 0.4903 *** -0.1371 -0.0455 0.6514 *** 0.2839 *** 0.1391 0.1231 -0.9070 ** -0.4324 ** soeh_0 0.0452 0.0410 -0.2945 0.1520 0.0452 soew_0 -0.1284 -0.1321 -0.6157 -0.4450 -0.1284 wifeworking -0.2180 -0.2419 -0.2230 -0.4132 -0.2180 genderhh -0.0295 0.0203 -0.4308 0.0124 -0.0295 ageh -0.0034 -0.0019 -0.0545 -0.0308 -0.0034 agew 0.0428 ** 0.0410 ** 0.1826 *** 0.1140 *** 0.0428 ** local 0.0098 -0.0118 0.4860 0.1003 0.0098 ownh 0.2786 ** 0.2777 ** 0.8505 * 0.5253 * 0.2786 ** Nrofchildren -0.0311 -0.0296 -0.2615 _cons -1.3253 * -1.3258 *** -6.0257 ** -0.0725 -1.3253 * /cut1 4.6698 /cut2 7.4700 /cut3 8.9018 /cut4 10.4300 /cut5 13.2894 * ** ( ): Statistic significance at 10% level, ( ): Statistic significance at 5% level, ( significance at % level 62 0.0908 *** ): Statistic Source: Author’s calculation Table 15 – Correlation between household’s total income and total expenditure and current payment for English education cor income totalexp cpe (obs=267) income totalexp income 1.0000 totalexp cpe 0.8064 0.4299 1.0000 0.4521 cpe 1.0000 Table 16 – OLS regression result of all explanatory variables Source SS df MS Model Residual 198.615099 209.49897 23 8.63543908 239 876564727 Total cpe 408.114068 Coef 262 1.55768728 Std Err t P>|t| Number of = 263 obs F( 23, 239)= 9.85 Prob > F = 0.0000 R-squared = 0.4867 Adj R-squared = 0.4373 Root MSE = 93625 [95% Conf Interval] dincome2 -.1140658 2124752 -0.54 0.592 -.532629 dincome3 -.1302042 3038937 -0.43 0.669 -.7288563 dincome4 0630663 3484805 0.18 0.857 -.6234191 dincome5 1.146638 4253276 2.70 0.008 3087678 dtotalexp2 dtotalexp3 -.0173014 0754123 5433674 5269376 -0.03 0.14 0.975 0.886 -1.087702 -.9626228 dtotalexp4 dtotalexp5 2648081 3636794 5677495 6217929 0.47 0.58 0.641 0.559 -.8536241 -.8612149 dtotalexp6 -.0791885 7068512 -0.11 0.911 -1.471643 cpec 490267 0668134 7.34 0.000 3586487 eduh -.0454748 0493019 -0.92 0.357 -.1425964 eduw 2839165 0635184 4.47 0.000 1587891 englishh_0 1231444 1822135 0.68 0.500 -.2358051 englishw_0 soeh_0 -.432435 0452299 1855256 1634643 -2.33 0.28 0.021 0.782 -.7979091 -.2767849 soew_0 -.1283653 177087 -0.72 0.469 -.4772161 wifeworking -.2179569 1660867 -1.31 0.191 -.5451376 genderhh -.0294514 1476576 -0.20 0.842 -.320328 3044974 4684479 7495517 1.98450 1.0531 1.11344 1.38324 1.58857 1.31326 6218854 0516469 4090439 4820939 -.0669609 3672447 2204854 1092237 2614252 ageh -.0034208 0179549 -0.19 0.849 -.0387908 agew 0427999 0186997 2.29 0.023 0059627 local 0098059 1480431 0.07 0.947 -.2818299 ownh 2785548 1362514 2.04 0.042 0101479 Nrofchildren -.0310962 0952234 -0.33 0.744 -.2186806 _cons -1.325324 7423991 -1.79 0.075 -2.787805 63 0319492 0796371 3014418 5469618 1564882 1371572 Table 17 - The results of the models (OLS, Logit, Tobit) Current payment for English education Model Model OLS Model Logit Coefficient Coefficient -0.015 (0.93) -0.342 (0.55) 0.110 Tobit Marginal effect (dy/dx) Coefficient Marginal effect (dy/dx) -0.023 (0.57) -0.233 (0.50) -0.233 (0.50) -0.376 -0.027 -0.154 -0.154 (0.61) (0.64) (0.67) (0.74) (0.74) 0.283 1.520 0.062* 0.683 0.683 (0.29) (0.24) (0.06) (0.30) (0.30) (omitted) 6.654*** 6.654*** Total income 5-10 millions VND 10-20 millions VND 20-30 millions VND Over 30 millions VND Current payment for extra class Education level of husband Education level of wife Dummy English var of husband Dummy English var of wife Dummy Public sector of husband Dummy Public sector of wife Wife is working Gender of household’s head Age of husband 1.275*** (omitted) (0.00) 0.508*** 1.735*** 0.113*** 0.881*** 0.881*** (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) -0.046 -0.114 -0.007 -0.067 -0.067 (0.35) (0.56) (0.56) (0.55) (0.55) 0.291*** 0.347 0.023 0.120 0.120 (0.00) (0.18) (0.20) (0.40) (0.40) 0.096 -1.078 -0.080 -0.729* -0.729* (0.59) (0.13) (0.18) (0.10) (0.10) -0.431** -0.486 -0.034 -0.242 -0.242 (0.02) (0.50) (0.53) (0.58) (0.58) 0.041 -0.362 -0.025 -0.060 -0.060 (0.80) (0.56) (0.58) (0.43) (0.43) (0.45) -0.582 (0.37) -0.043 (0.43) -0.043 (0.62) -0.043 (0.62) -0.242 -0.297 -0.018 -0.265 -0.265 (0.14) (0.62) (0.59) (0.45) (0.45) 0.020 -0.215 -0.013 -0.099 -0.099 (0.89) (0.67) (0.65) (0.75) (0.75) -0.002 -0.061 -0.004 -0.026 -0.026 -0.132 64 Age of wife Location of household Household own a house Number of children _cons (0.92) 0.041** (0.28) 0.176*** (0.30) 0.011*** (0.44) 0.093*** (0.44) 0.093*** (0.03) (0.01) (0.01) (0.01) (0.01) -0.012 0.357 0.025 0.236 0.236 (0.94) (0.44) (0.48) (0.41) (0.41) 0.278** 0.983** 0.073* 0.618** 0.618** (0.04) (0.04) (0.06) (0.03) (0.03) -0.030 -0.341 -0.022 -0.148 -0.148 (0.74) (0.27) (0.27) (0.42) (0.42) -1.326*** -3.623 (0.07) (0.01) * * -0.518 (0.67) ** * ( ): Statistic significance at 10% level, ( ): Statistic significance at 5% level, ( significance at % level *** ): Statistic Source: Author’s calculation Table 18 - The results of the models (OLS, Logit, Tobit) Current payment for English education Model Model Model Logit Tobit OLS Coefficient Coefficient Marginal effect (dy/dx) Coefficient Marginal effect (dy/dx) Total expenditure 2-3.5 millions VND 3.5-5 millions VND 5-10 millions VND 10-15 millions VND Over 15 millions VND Current payment for extra class -0.083 (0.88) 2.149 (0.18) 0.072 (0.03) ** 1.000 (0.24) 1.000 (0.24) -0.034 2.269 0.142 0.865 0.865 (0.95) (0.14) (0.20) (0.29) (0.29) 0.175 2.419 0.131 1.101 1.101 (0.75) (0.14) (0.16) (0.21) (0.21) 0.652 3.591 0.101 1.964 1.964 (0.27) (0.06) (0.07) * (0.07) 0.853 (omitted) 7.923 7.923 0.854 * (0.01) *** * (0.18) 0.451 (0.00) *** 1.649 0.106 0.854 (0.00) *** (0.00) *** (0.00) 65 *** (0.00) *** Education level of husband Education level of wife Dummy English var of husband Dummy English var of wife Dummy Public sector of husband Dummy Public sector of wife Wife is working Gender of household’s head Age of husband Age of wife Location of household Household own a house Number of children _cons * -0.044 (0.36) -0.096 (0.61) -0.006 (0.62) -0.065 (0.55) -0.065 (0.55) 0.288 0.189 0.012 0.058 0.058 (0.00) *** (0.46) (0.47) (0.69) (0.69) 0.063 -0.940 -0.068 -0.649 -0.649 (0.73) (0.17) (0.22) (0.13) (0.13) -0.364 -0.307 -0.021 -0.165 -0.165 (0.06) * (0.66) (0.68) (0.71) (0.71) -0.023 -0.300 -0.020 -0.055 -0.055 (0.54) (0.62) (0.63) (0.47) (0.47) 0.031 -0.559 -0.041 -0.039 -0.039 (0.46) (0.38) (0.45) (0.65) (0.65) -0.286 -0.323 -0.019 -0.283 -0.283 (0.10) * (0.61) (0.58) (0.43) (0.43) -0.001 -0.459 -0.026 -0.199 -0.199 (1.00) (0.38) (0.33) (0.53) (0.53) -0.007 -0.062 -0.004 -0.033 -0.033 (0.70) (0.28) (0.29) (0.33) (0.33) 0.042 0.191 0.012 0.102 0.102 (0.03) ** (0.00) (0.01) *** (0.01) *** (0.01) *** 0.037 0.399 0.028 0.284 0.284 (0.80) (0.39) (0.44) (0.33) (0.33) 0.237 0.732 0.052 0.471 0.471 (0.09) * (0.11) (0.14) (0.10) * (0.10) * -0.065 -0.164 -0.011 -0.051 -0.051 (0.49) (0.61) (0.61) (0.79) (0.79) -1.061 -6.060 (0.18) (0.03) ** *** -1.462 ** (0.33) ( ): Statistic significance at 10% level, ( ): Statistic significance at 5% level, ( significance at % level 66 *** ): Statistic Table 19 - Questionnaire PART - HOUSEHOLD'S MEMBER LIST M E Please tell us the full name of your family's members, start from the household's lead Gender Relationship to the household's head Year of Birth How old is [name]? Place of How long has inhabitant [name] been in HCMc? (Write the name of district) Marital status M B E R The family's member is the one who live and eat together with your family at least 6/12 months and shares the expenses Household's head… Spouse……… C Male….0 D Female…….1 E Mark * on the right of household's head name Children Parents Grandparent Grandchildrens…… Others…………… Single……… Married……… Widow…… Divorced…… Legal separation Nr Of Nr Of Years Months year 10 11 12 13 14 Note o Center of the city include Dist 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, Binh Thanh, Phu Nhuan, Tan Binh, Tan Phu and part of Dist o Suburbs area include Dist 2, 9, 12, Binh Tan, Binh Chanh, Hoc Mon, Cu Chi 67 PART - EDUCATION INFORMATION Please let us know the education information of your household's members M E M B E R C O D E The highest education level of [name] attained No certificate Primary Junior high school Senior high school Primary vocational… Vocational…………… Professional school Vocational colleges Colleges BA MA………………… 10 PhD………………… 11 10 What is the type of the school? Public school… Charter school…2 Private school… International school………… Other (?)……… 11 Certificate / Grade of English which [name] attain (if any) 12 13 Self-assessment the English level of [name] Don't know………… Pre-intermediate (basic communication)…… Intermediate (good communication)…… Advance (fluent in skills (Listen, speak, read, write………… Does the [name] take part in any English class within last 12 months? Yes No At school Other (specific )… 12 10 11 12 13 14 68 14 FOR THE CHILDREN At English center Age start learning English? PART - CAREER - INCOME – EXPENDITURE 15 16 17 18 19 Total income (monthly) Total expenditure (monthly) Expenditure for food Expenditure [name]… Job… * Position Employment M sector E *Employment M status Worker/staff… B Employed…1 Manager…2 E R C Unemployed…2 Retirement…3 Owner…3 Others…4 for Health's care Private (domestic Co.)…1 Private (foreign Co.)…2 Public…….3 NGOs.……….4 O D E Unit Unit Unit Unit 1000 VND 1000 VND 1000 VND 1000 VND 10 11 12 13 14 69 20 EDUCATION COST FOR THE CHILDREN Expense for education of …[name] per month (1000 VND) a b c d Tuition Extra Extra Total English learning (a+b+c) class at English school at English center Table 20 – Price of English class of beginner and pre-intermediate of English centers and school in Ho Chi Minh City School/Center English name British Council Primary – ILA Jumpstart (below years old) Cleverlearn Vietnam Class name Beginnner and Pre-intermediate level (from 6-11 years old) CleverKids Cleverstarter VUS Apollo Beginner For preschool children (below years old) Superkids For primary school children (from 6-11 years old) Kindy (below years old) Kids (6-11 years old) Duong Minh Early Start Pre Super Bac My Kindergarten Pre-starter and Starter Alanta Jump start A Au Foreign language school Nong lam University HCM University of Education English at primary school Pre-intermediate English at Teacher’s house From Class - Beginner and Pre-intermediate Beginner and Pre-intermediate From Class - 70 Price 4,200,000 VND/month 2,752,000 VND/month 2,752,000 VND/month 2,445,000 VND/month 2,220,000 VND/month 1,309,000 VND/month 1,230,000 VND/month 1,204,000 VND/month 1,338,000 VND/month 710,000 VND/month 890,000 VND/month 875,000 VND/month 942,000 VND/month 750,000 VND/month 500,000 VND/month 433,000 VND/month 450,000 VND/month 100,000 – 300,000 VND/month 150,000 – 300,000 VND/month Divided Rank of CPE Over 2,000,000 VND/month 1,000,000 – 2,000,000 VND/month 500,000 – 1,000,000 VND/month 300,000 – 500,000 VND/month Below 300,000 VND/month 71 ... education expenditure of the households in Ho Chi Minh City based on their total income, total expenditure and some of the characteristics of the Ho Chi Minh? ??s household Second, the ordinary least... collected households in Ho Chi Minh City As a result, the current payment for English education of household in Ho Chi Minh City plays an important role in total expenditure for education It takes... and the expenditure on English education It is obviously shown on the table 4.2 that the higher income households tend to spend more on their children’s English education In fact, at the level of