The global land grab

Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com www.ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com About the editors Mayke Kaag is a social anthropologist and a senior researcher at the African Studies Centre in Leiden, the Netherlands Her research focuses mainly on African transnational relations, including land issues, engagements with the diaspora, and transnational Islamic NGOs, on which topics she has published widely Within the African Studies Centre she is the convenor of a collaborative research group on ‘Africa in the World – Rethinking Africa’s Global Connections’ Annelies Zoomers is professor of international development studies (IDS) at Utrecht University and chair of LANDac After finishing her PhD in 1988, she worked for the Netherlands Economic Institute (Rotterdam) and the Royal Tropical Institute (Amsterdam) on long- and short-term consulting assignments for various organizations (e.g the World Bank, IFAD, ILO, EU, DGIS) in various countries in Latin America, Africa and Asia Between 1995 and 2007 she was associate professor at the Centre for Latin American Research and Documentation (Amsterdam) and was professor of international migration at the Radboud University (Nijmegen) between 2005 and 2009 She has published extensively on sustainable livelihoods; land policies and the impact of privatization; tourism; and international migration The editors would like to thank the African Studies Centre and the IS Academy of Land Governance for their assistance and support Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com www.ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com The global land grab: beyond the hype edited by Mayke Kaag and Annelies Zoomers Fernwood Publishing halifax | winnipeg Zed Books london | new york Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com The Global Land Grab: Beyond the Hype was first published in 2014 Published in Canada by Fernwood Publishing, 32 Oceanvista Lane, Black Point, Nova Scotia, B0J 1B0 and 748 Broadway Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3G 0X3 www.fernwoodpublishing.ca Published in the rest of the world by Zed Books Ltd, Cynthia Street, London N1 9JF, UK and Room 400, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010, USA www.zedbooks.co.uk Editorial copyright Mayke Kaag and Annelies Zoomers 2014 Copyright in this Collection © Zed Books, 2014 Fernwood Publishing Company Limited gratefully acknowledges the financial support of the Government of Canada through the Canada Book Fund and the Canada Council for the Arts, the Nova Scotia Department of Communities, Culture and Heritage, the Manitoba Department of Culture, Heritage and Tourism under the Manitoba Book Publishers Marketing Assistance Program and the Province of Manitoba, through the Book Publishing Tax Credit, for our publishing program Set in OurType Arnhem, Monotype Gill Sans Heavy by Ewan Smith, London Index: ed.emery@thefreeuniversity.net Cover design: www.roguefour.co.uk Printed and bound by Distributed in the USA exclusively by Palgrave Macmillan, a division of St Martin’s Press, llc, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, ny 10010, USA All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of Zed Books Ltd A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data available Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication   The global land grab : beyond the hype / edited by Mayke Kaag and Annelies Zoomers Includes bibliographical references isbn 978-1-55266-666-1 (pbk.)   Land use Developing countries Case studies.  Eminent domain-Developing countries Case studies.  Developing countries Social conditions-Case studies.  I Kaag, Mayke, 1964-, editor of compilation II Zoomers, E B., editor of compilation HD1131.G56 2014  333.73’13091724  C2013-908688-9  isbn 978 78032 895 hb (Zed Books) isbn 978 78032 894 pb (Zed Books) isbn 978 55266 666 pb (Fernwood Publishing) www.ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Contents Figures, tables and boxes | vii Introduction: the global land grab hype – and why it is important to move beyond Mayke Kaag and Annelies Zoomers Africa Modernizing the periphery: citizenship and Ethiopia’s new agricultural investment policies 17 George Schoneveld and Maru Shete Large-scale land acquisitions in Tanzania: a critical analysis of practices and dynamics 36 Jumanne Abdallah, Linda Engström, Kjell Havnevik and Lennart Salomonsson Kenya and the ‘global land grab’: a view from below 54 Jacqueline M Klopp and Odenda Lumumba Latin America The rapid expansion of genetically modified soy production into the Chaco region of Argentina 71 Lucia Goldfarb and Annelies Zoomers Transnational land investment in Costa Rica: tracing residential tourism and its implications for development 86 Femke van Noorloos Water grabbing in the Andean region: illustrative cases from Peru and Ecuador 100 Rutgerd Boelens, Antonio Gaybor and Jan Hendriks Asia Land governance and oil palm development: examples from Riau ­Province, Indonesia 119 Ari Susanti and Suseno Budidarsono Vietnam in the debate on land grabbing: conversion of agricultural land for urban expansion and hydropower development 135 Pham Huu Ty, Nguyen Quang Phuc and Guus van Westen Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com ‘Land grabbing’ in Cambodia: land rights in a post-conflict setting 152 Michelle McLinden Nuijen, Men Prachvuthy and Guus van Westen 10 Beyond the Gulf State investment hype: the case of Indonesia and the Philippines 170 Gerben Nooteboom and Laurens Bakker 11 Tracing the dragon’s footsteps: a deconstruction of the discourse on China’s foreign land investments 185 Peter Ho and Irna Hofman 12 Conclusion: beyond the global land grab hype – ways forward in research and action Annelies Zoomers and Mayke Kaag Notes  |  217  About the contributors | 225 Bibliography  |  231  Index  |  256 vi www.ebook777.com 201 Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Figures, tables and boxes Figures 1.1 Food price index and proportion of investments, projects in Ethiopia, 1992–2010 20 1.2 Topographical map of Ethiopia 24 2.1 The number of new companies investing in agriculture, registered by the TIC annually, 2001–12 45 4.1 South American Chaco region 73 4.2 Argentina: current soy-producing provinces 76 5.1 Planned/announced and completed residential tourism entities (plots, houses and apartments) per type of town, research area (2011) 91 7.1 Land administration and responsible land agencies 126 11.1 Chinese overseas land-based investments, 1949–99 191 11.2 Chinese overseas land-based investments, 2000–08 193 11.3 Chinese overseas land-based investments, 2009–11 195 Tables 1.1 Area of farmland acquired by private investors by region, 1992–2010 19 1.2 Overview of the investment planning process 22 1.3 Overview of case study investments 25 3.1 Summary table of some recent large-scale land investments in Kenya 64 6.1 Farm units, irrigated areas and number of irrigators in Peru 106 6.2 Largest buyers of lots in the Chavimochic Project, 1994–2006 period 108 6.3 Buyers of lots in the Olmos Project in auctions on December 2011 and 12 April 2012 109 6.4 Consumptive use of water according to rights 111 6.5 Percentages of total and irrigated farmland in Ecuador, 2000 112 6.6 Formalized concentration of well water 113 7.1 Land tenure forms as recognized by the Basic Agrarian Law No 5/1960 125 7.2 Forestland licensing recognized by P.50/2010, which was amended by P.26/2012 127 7.3 The Indonesian economic corridors and their main economic activities 132 8.1 Vietnam land deals in other countries and foreign deals in Vietnam 137 8.2 Land use change between 2000 and 2009 138 8.3 The poverty rate of households living in resettlement sites 150 vii Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com 9.1 Timeline of indigenous communities, marking key events and trends 160 10.1 Announced and realized foreign investments in food crops in the ­Philippines 180 Boxes 7.1 The economics of Riau Province 7.2 The roles of the forestry sector in Riau Province 7.3 Decentralization in Riau Province 12.1 The Voluntary Guidelines viii www.ebook777.com 123 128 130 211 Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Introduction: the global land grab hype – and why it is important to move beyond Mayke Kaag and Annelies Zoomers Introduction: a twofold hype The last few years have seen a huge number of publications, conferences and campaigns on ‘land grabbing’, referring to the large-scale acquisition of land most often in the global South The term ‘land grabbing’ appears to be very mediagenic and is attracting journalists, civil society organizations and action NGOs, as well as concerned academics who have been working in local communities in the South for years and are now being confronted with this phenomenon against which locals seem defenceless Multilateral organizations like the World Bank and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) have also felt the need to express themselves on the issue The attention is such that, without exaggeration, we can speak of a real ‘hype’ However much we welcome the attention to these current large-scale land acquisitions in the South, we feel that the hype is distracting and prevents a proper discussion and in-depth debate on the issues at stake We propose therefore taking a step back in this volume and asking some basic questions: Does the ‘global land grab’ exist? If so, how has it materialized in different countries and what is actually new about it? And what, beyond the immediate visible dynamics and practices, is/are the real problem(s) and the root causes? We will explore these issues by way of selected country studies from Africa, Asia and Latin America Such a comparative perspective will enable us to discover global variety and similarities and to indicate directions for further research on current land grab issues, thus helping to improve the quality of the public/academic debate and to develop practical solutions, beyond the hype Our contribution to the growing corpus of literature on ‘land grabbing’ aims to couple scholarly engagement with the phenomenon of large-scale land acquisitions in the global South and a critical view of the coverage of this phen­ omenon in the media, policy and academic circles What we actually observe is a twofold ‘hype’: first of all, the rush towards land on a global scale since the early 2000s appears to be one hype, in view of the huge appetite of large investors for acquiring land and access to land Secondly, the coverage in media, policy and academic circles appears to also be a hype Since the publication of the much-cited report by GRAIN in 2008, an impressive number of policy Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Sussangkarn, C., Y C Park and S J Kang (2011) ‘Overview’, in Chalongphob Sussangkarn, Yung Chul Park and Sung Jin Kang (eds), Foreign Direct Investments in Asia, London and New York: Routledge, pp 1–17 Swyngedouw, E (2005) ‘Dispossessing H2O: the contested terrain of water privatization’, Capitalism, Nature, Socialism, 16(1): 81–98 Swynnerton, R J M (1954) A Plan to Intensify the Development of Agriculture in Kenya, Nairobi: Ministry of Agriculture and Water Resources Syagga, P and A Mwenda (2010) ‘Political economy and governance issues surrounding policy interventions in the land sector in Kenya’, Unpublished paper prepared for the World Bank Szent-Ivanyi, T (2011) ‘Das ist auch menschengemacht’, Frankfurter Rundschau, 28 July, www.fr-online.de/politik/ hungersnot-in-afrika das-ist-auchmenschengemacht-,1472596,8719210 html Tambunan, T (2011) ‘Do multinational companies transfer technology to local small and medium-sized enterprises? The case of the Tegal metalworking industry cluster in Indonesia’, in E Rugraf and M Hansen (eds), Multinational Corporations and Local Firms in Emerging Economies, Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, pp 75–92 Tan, R., V Beckmann, L Berg and F Qu (2009) ‘Governing farmland conversion: Comparing China with the Netherlands and Germany’, Land Use Policy, 26: 961–74 Tang, L and H Li (2010) ‘Chinese corporate diplomacy: Huawei’s CSR discourse in Africa’, in J Wang (ed.), Soft Power in China: Public diplomacy through communication, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, pp 95–116 Tan-Mullins, M., G Mohan and M. Power (2010) ‘Redefining “aid” in the China–Africa context’, Development and Change, 41(5): 857–81 Ta.p Chí Cơ.ng Sản (2011) Các khu công nghiê p Viê t Nam: Hướng 251 Bibliography E Isch, R Boelens and F Peña (eds), Agua, Injusticia y Conflictos, Cuzco: CBC, pp 63–79 Stockholm Environment Institute (2007) ‘Strategic environmental assessment of hydropower in Vietnam, 1993–2004, in the context of Power Development Plan VI’, Hanoi: National Political Publisher Strauss, J C (2009) ‘The past in the present: historical and rhetorical lineages in China’s relations with Africa’, China Quarterly, 199: 777–95 Sudan Tribune (2010) ‘Chinese firm given land deal in Sudan’, Sudan Tribune, 16 March, www.sudantribune.com/ Chinese-firm-given-land-deal-in,34444 Sulle, E and F Nelson (2009) Biofuels, Land Access and Rural Livelihoods in Tanzania, London: IIED Sumardjan, S (1962) ‘Land reform in Indonesia’, Asian Survey, 1(12): 23–30 Sumardjani, L (2005) ‘Sejarah kehutanan, konflik sosial kehutanan’, Sejarah Kehutanan, APHI, pp 99–123 Sumargo, W., S G Nanggara, F A Nainggolan and S Apriani (2010) Potret keadaaan hutan Indonesia periode tahun 2000–2009, Bogor: Forest Watch Indonesia Sundet, G (1997) ‘The politics of land in Tanzania’, Unpublished PhD dissertation, University of Oxford Susanti, A and P Burgers (2011) ‘Oil palm expansion: competing claim of lands for food, biofuels and conservation’, Unpublished paper for the ICCAFFE Conference, 19–21 May, Morocco — (2012) ‘Oil palm expansion in Riau Province, Indonesia: serving people, planet, profit?’, Background paper for the European Report on Development, Confronting Scarcity: managing water, energy and land for inclusive and sustainable growth, Brussels: European Union — (forthcoming) ‘Oil palm expansion: competing claim of lands for food, biofuels, and conservation’, in M Beh­ nassi, O Pollmann and G Kissinger (eds), Sustainable Food Security in the Era of Local and Global Environmental Change, Dordrecht: Springer Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com tới phát triển bền vững, www tapchicongsan.org.vn/Home/kinhte-thi-truong-XHCN/2011/12504/ Cac-khu-cong-nghiep-o-Viet-NamHuong-toi-su-phat-trien.aspx Teklemariam, S (2012) ‘Reply from the Government of Ethiopia to Human Rights Watch regarding Gambella’, in Human Rights Watch, ‘Waiting for death’: Forced Displacement and ‘Villagization’ in Ethiopia’s Gambella Region, 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Mexico’, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 95: 314–35 Tran Thi Van (2008) ‘Research on the ­effect of urban expansion on agricultural land in Ho Chi Minh City by using remote sensing method’, VNU Journal of Science, Earth Sciences, 24: 104–11 Transnational Institute (2013) Land Concentration, Land Grabbing and People’s Struggles in Europe, Amsterdam: Transnational Institute for European Coordination, Via Campesina and Hands off the Land network Tsing, A L (2005) Friction: An Ethnography of Global Connection, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press UNCOHCHR (2007) Economic Land Concessions in Cambodia A Human Rights Perspective, cambodia.ohchr.org/Web DOCs/DocReports/2-Thematic-Reports/ Thematic_CMB12062007E.pdf UNCTAD (United Nations Commission on Trade and Development) (2009) World Investment Report 2009: Transnational corporations, agricultural production and development, New York: UNCTAD UNDESA (2010) World Population Prospects: The 2010 Revision, New York: 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Presidential Commission of Inquiry into Land Matters, vol I: Main Report, Uppsala: Ministry of Lands, 252 www.ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com the context of high speed growth in real estate and tourism’, MSc thesis, Utrecht University Van Noordwijk, M., A D Suyamto, B Lusiana, A Ekadinata and K Hairiah (2008) ‘Facilitating agroforestation of landscapes for sustainable benefits Tradeoffs between carbon stocks and local development benefits in Indo­nesia according to the FALLOW model’, Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 126(1/2): 98–112 Van Noorloos, F (2011a) ‘A transnational networked space: tracing residential tourism and its multi-local implications in Costa Rica’, International ­Development Planning Review, 33(4): 429–44 — (2011b) ‘Residential tourism causing land privatization and alienation: new pressures on Costa Rica’s coasts’, Development, 54(1): 85–90 — (2012) ‘Whose place in the sun? Residential tourism and its implications for equitable and sustainable development in Guanacaste, Costa Rica’, PhD thesis, University of Utrecht, Delft: Eburon — (2013) ‘Residential tourism and multiple mobilities: local citizenship and community fragmentation in Costa Rica’, Sustainability, 5(2): 570–89 Van Westen, A C M (2011) ‘Land in China: struggle and reform’, Development, 54(1): 55–8 Vann, P and B Chantrea (2010) ILO Project to Support Indigenous Peoples in Cambodia: Final Evaluation Report, Phnom Penh: ILO Ve Wong Corporation (n.d.) Company Profile, www.asian-food-supplier.com/ company-profile.htm Verbitsky, H (2009) ‘Verano del ’96’, Diario Página, 12, 22 February, www.minuton euquen.com/notas/2009/2/22/editoriales -8771.asp, accessed November 2011 Visser, O and M Spoor (2011) ‘Land grabbing in post-Soviet Eurasia: the world’s largest agricultural land reserves at stake’, Journal of Peasant Studies, 38(2): 299–323 253 Bibliography Housing and Urban Development in cooperation with the Scandinavian Institute of African Studies — (1994b) Report of the Presidential Commission of Inquiry into Land Matters, vol II: Selected Land Disputes and Recommendations, Printed and prepared for publication by the Scandinavian Institute of African Studies, Uppsala, but withheld from distribution by the United Republic of Tanzania UNOHCHR (2010) ‘Mandate of the special rapporteur on the right to food Mission to the People’s Republic of China from 15 to 23 December 2010: Preliminary observations and conclusions’, Beijing: United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights Urteaga, P (2010) ‘Ingenieria legal, acumu­ lación por desposesión y derechos colectivos en la gestion del agua’, in R Bustamante (ed.), Lo Colectivo y el Agua: Entre los Derechos y las Prácticas, Lima: IEP, pp 51–74 USAID (2009) Kenya Land Policy: Analysis and Recommendations, Washington, DC: USAID USDA Economic Research Service (2006) European Union-25 Sugar Policy, www ers.usda.gov/media/584297/eu25sugar policysss245_1_.pdf USDA Foreign Agricultural Service (2010) ‘Northern Argentina production potential continues to grow’, Foreign Agricultural Services, www.pecad.fas usda.gov/highlights/2010/06/Argentina/ 2010jun24publictravelmcwill.pdf/, ­accessed April 2012 — (2011) Global Agriculture Information Network Report, Argentina, Biofuels Annual 2011, gain.fas.usda.gov/ Recent%20GAIN% 20Publications/Bio fuels% 20Annual_Buenos% 20Aires_­ Argentina_7-8-2011.pdf/ — (2013) ‘Indonesia oilseeds and products update’, GAIN Report ID1307, Jakarta: USDA Foreign Agricultural Service Van Eeghen, S (2011) ‘Water conflicts in Costa Rica? Sardinal: a case study on the emergence of a water conflict in Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Von Braun, J and R Meinzen-Dick (2009) Land Grabbing by Foreign Investors in Developing Countries: Risks and Opportunities, International Food Policy Research Institute Waibel M (2006) ‘The production of urban space in Vietnam’s metropolis in the course of transition: inter­ nationalization, polarization and newly emerging lifestyles in Vietnamese society’, Trialog, 89(2): 37–42 Wang, J (2010) ‘Introduction: China’s search of soft power’, in J Wang (ed.), Soft Power in China: Public diplomacy through communication, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, pp 1–18 Wang, J.-Y (2007) ‘What drives China’s growing role in Africa?’, IMF Working Paper WP/07/211, Washington, DC: IMF Wester, P and J Hoogesteger (2011) ‘Uso intensivo y despojo del agua subter­ránea: hacia una conceptualización de los conflictos y la concentración del acceso al agua subterránea’, in R Boelens, L Cremers and M Zwarteveen (eds), Justicia Hídrica: Acumulación, Conflicto y Acción Social, Lima: IEP, pp 111–34 White, B., S M Borras, Jr, R Hall, I. Scoones and W Wolford (2012) ‘The new enclosures: critical perspectives on corporate land deals’, Journal of Peasant Studies, 39(3/4): 619–47 Williams, A M and C M Hall (2000) ‘Tourism and migration: new relationships between production and consumption’, Tourism Geographies, 2(1): 5–27 Wily, L A (2011) ‘The law is to blame The vulnerable status of common property rights in sub-Saharan Africa’, Development and Change, 42(3): 733–57 — (2012) ‘Looking back to see forward: the legal niceties of land theft in land rushes’, Journal of Peasant Studies, 39(3/4): 751–75 Woertz, E (2007) Gulf Geo-economics, Dubai: Gulf Research Centre — (2011) ‘Arab food, water, and the big landgrab that wasn’t’, Brown Journal of World Affairs, XVIII (1): 119–32 — (2013) ‘The governance of Gulf agro unvestments’, Globalizations, 10(1): 87–104 Woertz, E., S Pradhan, N Biberovic and C Jingzhon (2008a) Potential for GCC Agri-Investments in Africa and CentralAsia, Dubai: Gulf Research Centre Woertz, E., S Pradhan, N Biberovic and C Koch (2008b) Food Inflation in the GCC Countries: GRC Report, Dubai: Gulf Research Centre Woodhouse, P (2012) ‘New investment, old challenges Land deals and the water constraint in African agriculture’, Journal of Peasant Studies, 39(3/4): 777–94 Woolcock, S and B Bayne (eds) (2007) The New Economic Diplomacy, London: Ashgate World Bank (1961) The Economic Development of Tanganyika, Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins Press — (1981) Accelerated Development in SubSaharan Africa: An Agenda for Action, Washington, DC: World Bank — (1989) Sub-Saharan Africa: From Crises to Sustainable Development, Washington, DC: World Bank — (2004) Four Ethiopias: A Regional ­Characterization: Assessing Ethiopia’s Growth Potential and Development ­Obstacles, Washington, DC: World Bank — (2005) World Development Report 2006: Equity and Development, Washington, DC: World Bank — (2008) Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Unit Africa Region, Report No 44190-KE: Kenya Poverty and Inequality Assessment Vol 1: Synthesis Report, Washington, DC: World Bank — (2010) Rising Global Interest in Farmland: Can It Yield Sustainable and Equitable Benefits?, Washington, DC: World Bank — (2011) World Development Indicators, data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/worlddevelopment-indicators World Bank, Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Unit Africa Region (2008) Report no 44190-KE: ­Kenya Poverty and Inequality Assessment, vol. 1: Synthesis Report, Washington, DC: World Bank 254 www.ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com land grab’, Journal of Peasant Studies, 37(2): 429–47 — (2013) ‘A critical review of the policy debate on large scale land acquisition: fighting the symptoms or killing the heart?’, in S J T M Evers, C Seagle and F Krijtenburg (eds), Africa for Sale? Positioning the state, land and society in foreign large-scale land acquisitions in Africa, Leiden: Brill, pp 55–78 Zoomers, A and G van Westen (2011) ‘Introduction: Translocal development, development corridors and development chains’, International Development Planning Review, 33(4): 377–88 Zwarteveen, M and R Boelens (2011) ‘La investigación transdisciplinaria referente a la temática de “justicia hídrica”: unas aproximaciones conceptuales’, in R Boelens, L Cremers and M Zwarteveen (eds), Justicia Hídrica: Acumulación, Conflicto y Acción Social, Lima: IEP, pp 29–58 255 Bibliography World Growth (2011) The Economic Benefit of Palm Oil to Indonesia, Arlington, VA WRM (World Rainforest Movement) (2010) ‘The plunder of Africa continues’, WRM’s Bulletin, no 158, September WWF Indonesia (2010) ‘Illegal oil palm plantation in Tesso Nilo National Park destroyed’, Pekanbaru, Indonesia Yan, H and B Sautman (2010) ‘Chinese farms in Zambia: from socialist to “agro-imperialist” engagement?’, ­African and Asian Studies, 9(3): 307–33 Yourdon, E (2004) Outsource: Competing in the global productivity race, New Jersey: Prentice Hall Zeleke, G (2003) State of Natural Resources Base in Ethiopia: Challenges and ­oppor­tunities, www.fao.org/docrep/006/ y5359e/y5359e06.htm Zoomers, A (2010) ‘Globalization and the foreignization of space: the seven processes driving the current global Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Index Abu Sayyaf group, 179 accountability, 201, 211; as power, 214; as rights, 214; translocal, 213–15 ACP/EU Sugar Protocol, 167 African Development Bank (AfDB), 49 African Green Oil Ltd, 49 Agreement on Special Preferential Sugar, 167 agribusiness, 115; Chinese, expansion of, 196; in Philippines, 174 Agricultural Investment and Land Lease Directive (Ethiopia), 29 agricultural produce, boom in, 100 Agro EcoEnergy company, 44–5, 47, 48, 49, 52 agro-fuels see biofuels Agrokasa company, 103 air pollution, 141–2 AISD investment centre (Ethiopia), 21, 30, 33; Codes of Practice, 31; Land Identification Group, 26 Alamy, Fawaz Al-, 173 American Sugar Refining, Inc (ASR), 164 Andean region, water grabbing in, 100–16 Andre Maggi company, 74 Annan, Kofi, 61 Aquino, Benigno, 183 Argentina, 3, 4, 203, 208, 209; Agri-food and Agribusiness Strategic Plan, 82; production of soy in, 10, 71–85 Arroyo, Gloria, 181, 183 Arusha Declaration, 37 Aurora Province export processing zone (Philippines), 182 Australia, 119; Chinese investment in, 191 Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM), 179 Bahrain, 183 bananas, production of, 112–14 bankruptcies, 45 Basen Agriculture project (Ethiopia), 23 Basen company, 30 Basic Agrarian Law (1960) (Indonesia), 124 Basic Forestry Law (1967) (Indonesia), 126, 129 Bedford Biofuels company, 63 beef, exports of, 89 beehives, gifting of, 30 Beidahuang (BDH) Group, 189 Benshangul Gumuz (Ethiopia), 17, 21, 27 Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs), 177 biofuels, 2, 3, 4, 66, 68, 80, 86–7, 100, 119, 204, 205, 206; hype of, 9; investment in, in Tanzania, 9, 36–53; palm oil as, 121 Bolivia, 3, 74 Bonsucro organization, 163 Brazil, 3, 4, 74 Brundtland Report, 165 Bunge company, 80 buzzwords, Cambodia, 11, 12–13, 135, 170, 203, 208, 209; Chinese investment in, 191, 192, 193; land acquisitions in, 152–69 Canada, 92; tourism from, 93 cancellation of projects, 63, 67 carbon emissions, reduction of, 131 Cargill company, 80 Catholic church, 181; advocacy of land rights, 182 cattle rearing, 32, 47, 48, 75, 81, 89, 98, 154, 158, 204; Chinese investment in, 195; displacement of, 78 certification of land see land certificates Chaco region (Argentina), 203, 204; soy production in, 71–85 Chavimochic Special Project (Peru), 108–9 child labour, 31, 162 Chile, 101 China, 13, 82, 84, 119, 153, 185, 202, 204, 208, 209, 210; African Policy Paper, 194; as developmental state, 197; consumption patterns in, 196; demand for protein, 79; developmental projects in Africa, 191; disaggregation of 256 www.ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com dairy sector, in China, 195 dams: Aluoi (Vietnam), 149; Alwero (Ethiopia), 24, 26; Ban Ve (Vietnam), 147, 148, 150; building of, 29, 136, 139, 145–50, 204; Gigueroa (Argentina), 82; Ham Thuan-Da Mi (Vietnam), 146; Hoa Binh (Vietnam), 139, 146, 147, 148, 149; Khe Bo (Vietnam), 146; Nam Da (Vietnam), 146; Pleikrong (Vietnam), 147; Son La (Vietnam), 146, 148; Thac Ba (Vietnam), 146; Tri An (Vietnam), 146; Tuyen Quang (Vietnam), 147, 148, 150; Yaly (Vietnam), 146, 147, 148, 150 data: on Chinese overseas land acquisitions, 190; shortcomings of, 171, 190, 198 deagrarianization, 86 debt: cancellation of, by China, 194; crisis of, 96 decentralization, 205; of land management, in Riau Province (Indonesia), 130 deforestation, 4, 63, 75, 77, 81, 83, 84, 89, 129, 131, 159, 202, 207 Deng Xiaoping, 192 Deutsche Bank, 167 development, fashions of, development outsourcing, by China, 13, 197 Didessa Wildlife Sanctuary (Ethiopia), 26 Diligent Ltd, 44–5, 46–50, 52 displacement of peoples, 95, 135, 169, 203, 204; in Vietnam, 146–50; forced, 148 dispute resolution, 22, 32–3 Doi Moi policy (Vietnam), 140, 145 Dominion Farms Ltd, 63 Dreyfus company, 80 drought, 17 Eastern Africa Farmers’ Federation, 63 Echelons of Rights Analysis (ERA), 102, 116 Eco Carbon company, 45 eco-urban areas, creation of, 142 Economic and Social Rights Centre (Kenya), 62 Economic Land Concessions (ELCs), 152–5, 164; impact of, on indigenous peoples, 157–63 Ecuador, 11, 204, 209; availability and use of water in, 110–11; Constitution of, 111; water grabbing in, 100–16 257 Index investment actors in, 188–90; foreign land investments of, 185–99; foreign policy aproach of, 187; ‘Going Global’ policy of, 191, 192–4, 196, 198; Great Leap Forward, 192; Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, 192; imports of soybeans, 73; investments of (in Africa, 192; in South-East Asia, 198; overseas, 203 (periodization of, 190)); land acquisitions of, 4, (domestic, 186; drivers for, 195–7); perceived as neo­colonial power, 185, 186, 197; private enterprises operating in, 189–90; resource extractive activities of, 13; seen as monolithic agency, 188, 199; ‘soft power’ policies of, 187–8 China–Africa Development Fund, 194 China Development Bank, 190 China Investment Corporation (CIC), 190 China State Farm Agribusiness Corporation (CSFAC), 189 Chinthammit, Chamroon, 164 churches, property of, 88 civil society, 178, 182, 203, 215; organizations of, 60, 181 classification of land see land, classification of codes of conduct, 212–13 collectivization model, 143 Colombia, 101 Committee on World Food Security, 211 commons, reduction of, 162 community development, 30 community discontent, 32 community-owned, meaning of, 29 compensation, 29, 34, 42, 144, 145, 158, 162–3, 201, 203, 204; policy for, 147–8 Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Programme (CARP) (Philippines), 181 Congo, Chinese investment in, 193 contract farming, 21, 187 conversion of land: drivers of, 144; in Vietnam, 135–51 see also land use, changes of corporate social responsibility, 212 Costa Rica, 10–11, 202, 204, 206, 209; residential tourism in, 86–99 courts, use of, 33, 66 credit crisis, effects of, on China, 194 Cuba, Chinese investment in, 191 customary law, 56, 124, 77 Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com education, civil, 215 employment creation, 158 empty lands see unused and under-used land energy crisis, 9, 17 Enterprise Law (2000) (Vietnam), 140 Environment and Land Court Act (2011) (Kenya), 61, 67 environmental and social impact assessement (ESIA), 21, 27, 47, 63, 146 Environmental Management Plan (EMP) (Ethiopia), 31 Environmental Pollution Control Proclamation (Ethiopia), 29 environmental problems, 81, 207 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (Ethiopia), 21, 30 environmental regulations, 30 environmental sustainability, 11 ethanol, production of, 52 Ethiopia, 8, 101, 170, 201, 203, 204, 205, 206, 208; agricultural investment in, 18–21; agricultural modernization in, 17–35; Chinese investment in, 208 Ethiopian Investment Agency (EIA), 21, 31 Ethiopian Wildlife and Conservation Agency (EWCA), 27 European Commission, review of sugar policy, 167 European Union (EU), 4, 52, 80, 206, 208; Common Agricultural Policy, 166; greenhouse gas targets, 79; imports of (of soybeans, 73; of sugar, 155); sugar regime, reform of, 166–7, 169 Everything but Arms trade scheme (EBA), 165, 167, 168, 169 evictions, 77, 81, 155, 163, 164 Export Import Bank (Exim Bank), 190 Felisa Ltd, 44 fertilizers, dependence on, 74 ‘fetishization of the hectare’, flood-retreat agriculture, 31, 32 flooding, 29 Florida Crystals Corporation, 164 Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), 1; Food Price Index, 20; Voluntary Guidelines , 210–12 food crisis, 2, 8–9, 13, 17, 51, 54, 63, 66, 102, 171, 174, 205, 206 food prices, 6, 20, 183 food security, 4, 11, 13, 171, 172 foreign direct investment (FDI), 178, 205–6 foreign ownership of land, 180–1 ‘foreignization’ of land, 10, 11, 84, 87, 92, 98, 135, 136, 150, 168, 204, 206, 209; drivers for, 163–5 forest-dependent communities, marginalization of, 131 forestry: decentralization of, in Indonesia, 129–31; in Riau Province (Indonesia), 128; revenues from, 129; sustainable, 134 Forestry Law (2002) (Cambodia), 156 forests, 153, 154; classification of land, 136; conversion of, to palm oil plantations, 120; destruction of spirit forests, 159; migration to, 133; protection of, 126; reforestation, 136; removal of, 71, 124, 162; sustainable management of, 133 see also deforestation Forum on China–Africa Cooperation (FOCAC), 186–7, 194, 198 fragmentation of land, 34 free, prior and informed consent (FPIC), 151, 201 Fri-el Green company, 24, 31 G4 Industries, 63 Gambella (Ethiopia), 17, 21–2, 26, 27, 30, 31 Gambella Land Use Action Plan (1999), 27 Gambella National Park, 26 General Water Law (1969) (Peru), 106 Generalized System of Preferences (GSP), 153, 165, 167 genetically modified crops: approved in Argentina, 73; soybean, 10, 71–85 (speed of expansion of, 74) Glencore company, 80 Global Land Project, globalization, 140, 199; as harbinger of change, 151 Gloria Group, 110 glyphosate pesticide, 75, 81, 83 governance: good governance agenda, 205; improvement of, 210 Government Lands Act (1915) (Kenya), 62 grab processes, slippery nature of, 115 GRAIN organization, 136; database, 171; report on land grabbing, 1–2, 5, 7, 100, 101, 170, 186 Green Charter (Peru), 107 ‘green grabbing’, 4, 210 258 www.ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com habitats of wildlife, 26 Hassad Food company, 178 healthcare, for indigenous communities, 159 Helleiner, Jeremy, 38 herbicides: dependency on, 74; health problems caused by, 82 Ho Moong Commune People’s Committee (Vietnam), 147 Horn of Africa, famine in, 186 Horticultural Law (2010) (Indonesia), 177 HSM project (Ethiopia), 33 Human Rights Watch, 169 hunger, 149 hydro-colonialism, 101 hydroelectricity, 101; development of, in Vietnam, 135–51 hype, 1–13, 90–2, 150; about land grab (going beyond, 201–16; beneficial effects of, 215–16; narratives underlying, 210); construction of, 7; cycle of, 5–8; phenomenon of, 2; regarding China’s land acquisitions, 186–8 (going beyond, 197–9); use of term, 71–2 Ica Valley (Peru), 103–4, 110, 115 illegal land deals, 60 impact mitigation, 29–32, 34 import substitution industrialization (ISI), 83 India, 101, 119; relations with Ethiopia, 19 indigenous peoples, 10, 77, 78, 83, 154–5, 157, 168, 181, 209, 210; impact of Economic Land Concessions on, 157; land rights of, 181 Indigenous Peoples Rights Act (IPRA) (1997) (Philippines), 181 Indonesia, 2, 3, 4, 11, 13, 202, 203, 204, 208, 209; business environment in, 177; Chinese investment in, 192; economic master plan, 133; Gulf states’ land acquisitions in, 170–84; oil palm cultivation in, 12, 119–34; trade relations with Gulf states, 175–8 informal settlements, 55 infrastructures: for successful investment, 178; in rural areas, improvement of, 162 Initiative for the Integration of Regional Infrastructure in South America (IIRSA), 82 institutions, strengthening of, 210–12 Integrated Protected Areas System (NIPAS) Act (Philippines), 181 International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID), 39 International Finance Corporation (IFC), 177 International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED), International Land Coalition, International Monetary Fund (IMF), 37, 38, 143 interpolarity, use of term, 208 Investment Law (2005) (Vietnam), 140 Investment Law (2007) (Indonesia), 176, 177 Investors’ Lease Act (1993) (Philippines), 180 irrigation, 32, 106, 107–8, 110–14, 172, 173 Islam, 175, 176, 178; political, 176 Italy, 208 jatropha, 119; cultivation of, 45, 46–7, 51, 66 Jatropha Kenya Ltd, 63 Jemaah Islamiyah group, 179 job creation see employment creation job training programmes, in rural areas, 149 Journal of Peasant Studies, 2, 44 Junta Nacional de Granos (Argentina), 76 Kaggia, Bildad, 57 Karuturi project (Ethiopia), 23–4, 26, 28 Kebele administrative unit, 32 Kenya, 8, 202, 203, 204, 206; Constitution of, 56, 61; land administration system in, 54; land grab viewed from, 9–10, 54–68 259 Index green revolution, 206 green-space, consumption of, 141–2 greenhouse gases, emission of, 79 Groundnut Scheme, 36 Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP) (Ethiopia), 20 Gruber, Claus, 167 Guanacaste (Costa Rica), residential tourism in, 8, 86 Gulf states (GCC), 13, 82, 84, 119, 202, 208, 209; involvement in land grabbing, 4, 6; nature of large land acquisitions by, 170–84 Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Kenya African National Union (KANU), 59 Kenya Development Partners Group on Land (DPGL), 60 Kenya Land Alliance (KLA), 60, 62, Kenya Landowners Association (KLA), 67 Khmer people, 154, 155 Khmer Rouge regime, 152, 156, 162, 168 Khon Kaen Sugar Industry, 164, 167 Kibaki, Mwai, 59, 61 Kikwete, Jakaya, 39, 45 Kilimo Kwanza strategy (Tanzania), 36, 39, 46 King Abdullah Initiative for Agricultural Investment Abroad, 173 Kissinger, Henry, 172 Koh Kong Plantation Co Ltd, 155 Koh Kong province (Cambodia), 164–5, 168 Koh Kong Sugar Co Ltd, 155 Korea, South, KSL Group, 155, 164, 167 Labour Proclamation (Ethiopia), 29 Lamu port project (Kenya), 63 land: access to, 95–6; classification of, 182; identification and allocation of, 26–7; pool model of administration of, 75–6; prices of, 206, 213 see also land governance and unused and underused land land acquisitions: drivers for, 163–5; effects of, on women, 8; not illegal, 201; unfairness of, 201; use of term, 185–6 Land Act (1999) (Tanzania), 40, 43 Land Act (2012) (Kenya), 61 land administration see land governance Land Bank (Tanzania), 42 land certificates, 23, 24, 28, 29, 34, 51 land deals, non-materialization of see non-materialization of land deals land governance: and local communities, 156–7; in Indonesia, 124–9; modern­ ization of, 212; weakness of, 152, 203 land grabbing, 100; definition of, 201; dynamics of, 5; for soy production, 72; geopolitical implications of, 207–8; global, viewed from Kenya, 62–6; historical approach to, 205–7; in Cambodia, 152–69; in cross-continental perspective, 209–10; in Kenya, 54–68 (origins of system of, 56–8); media discourse on, 209; proposed as criminal offence, 182; scale of, 204–5; typologies of, 202; use of term, 185–6, 210; viewed from Costa Rica, 86–99; viewed from Vietnam, 135–51 see also hype and land acquisitions Land Law (1988) (Vietnam), 143 Land Law (1993) (Vietnam), 143 Land Law (1999) (Tanzania), 51 Land Law (2000) (Vietnam), 140 Land Law (2001) (Cambodia), 153, 156 Land Law (2003) (Vietnam), 143, 144, 151 land laws, 40–3, 44, 49, 55, 56, 58, 59, 62, 182 see also customary law Land Matrix organization, 3, 171, 198 land reform, 60, 206 Land Registration Act (2012) (Kenya), 61 land rights, 57, 119, 168, 182; regulation of, 12 land tenure documents, destruction of, 156 land use: changes of, 3, 10, 124, 134, 139– 40, 203 (in Vietnam, 142–4); planning of, 42–3, 60–1 Land Use Planning Act (2007) (Tanzania), 42 landed classes, interests of, 67 landlessness, 153, 212 Laos, 135; Chinese investment in, 192, 193 latifundias, abandonment of, 76 legal frameworks see land laws liberalization: economic, 38, 43; of land markets, 205; of sugar market, 166 livelihood restoration, in hydropower developments, 148 logging, illegal, 157 Lower Guayas River Basin (Ecuador), 113 lowland production systems, 17 Ly Yong Phat, 164 LYP Group, 164 Malaysia, 119, 153 Mao Zedong, 187 marginal lands, 78 markets in land, 143; creation of, 205 Mat International company, 66 Mau Mau (Kenya), 57 Mauritius, mega-cities, 11 Mekong River Basin, Chinese investment in, 193–4 memoranda of understanding (MOU), 181–2 260 www.ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com National Campesino-Indigenous Movement (MNCI-Via Campesina), 81 National Land Agency (BNP) (Indonesia), 125 National Land Commission (Kenya), 61–2, 67 National Land Commission Act (2012) (Kenya), 61 National Land Policy (Kenya), 56 National Land Policy (Tanzania), 43 National Land Use Planning Commission (NLUPC) (Tanzania), 42 National Rainbow Coalition (NARC) (Kenya), 59 National Strategic Development Plan, 165 native reserves, 58 natural resources, management of, 124–9 Ndung’u Commission (Kenya), 59 neoliberalism, 5, 10, 96, 101, 104, 112, 152, 165, 174, 205 Nidera company, 80 Njonjo, Charles, 59 no-tillage technologies, 75, 76, 83 non-materialization of land deals, 7, 170–84, 190, 196, 198, 199, 216; involving Gulf states, 175–82 non-timber forest products (NTFP), 154, 158–9 Nucleus Estate Smallholder (NES) programme (Indonesia), 121 Nuer peoples, 23 Nyerere, Julius, 37, 38, 51 Obispo Colombres Experimental Station (Argentina), 75 Odinga, Odinga, 57 Odinga, Raila, 61 oil palm, 3, 4, 50, 51, 193, 204, 213; boom of, 122–4; cultivation of, in Indonesia, 12, 119–34; processing of, 121; regulation of, 121–2 Olmos Special Project (Peru), 109–10 Omo river, 24 One Million Acre Scheme (Kenya), 57 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), 163 Oromiya (Ethiopia), 23 Oxfam, 198 Oxfam Novib, Pakistan, 170 Papagayo Gulf Tourism Pole (Costa Rica), 89 Papua New Guinea, Chinese investment in, 193 Paraguay, 3, 74 pastoralism, 9, 17, 23, 33, 34, 48, 66, 205 peatlands, 4, 124, 131, 203 Peru, 11, 204: availability of water in, 105–6; water grabbing in, 100–16 pesticides, 83; health problems caused by, 82, 162 Philippines, 13, 208; Chinese investment 261 Index Mesa de Enlace (Argentina), 71 methodologies of research, 21–3, 154–5 Mexico, Chinese investment in, 191 Midroc group, 24 migrant workers, 159, 184; Chinese, 187; from Indonesia, female, maltreatment of, 176, 183, 184; from Philippines, 180; in Gulf states, 172 migration, 30, 97–8, 99, 123, 128, 207 see also retirement migration military, involved in field clearance, 155 Millennium Development Goals, 188 Mindanao (Philippines), 178–9; as agribusiness hub, 174 Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MoARD) (Ethiopia), 18, 21 Mkapa, Benjamin, 38, 45 modernization, 162, 174, 202; of agriculture, 9, 12, 17–35 monitoring of land usage, 30 monocropping, 3, 71, 75, 206; effects of, 187 Monsanto company, 75, 80 Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF), 179 Moro National Libration Front (MNLF), 179 Mozambique, Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA), 39 Mumias Sugar Company, 66 Murelle Controlled Hunting Area (Ethiopia), 26 Muslim Brotherhood (Egypt), 175 Muslim world, engagement of, in food crisis, 174 Mwea rice farm (Kenya), 57 Mwinyi, Ali Hassan, 38 Myanmar, Chinese investment in, 192, 193 Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com in, 192; Constitution of, 180; Gulf state land acquisitions in, 170–84 Plan for Accelerated and Sustained Development to End Poverty (PASDEP) (Ethiopia), 20 Plantation Law (2004) (Indonesia), 177 plantations, 31; development of, 29 see also rubber plantations pollution see air pollution post-conflict situations, 12; land grabbing in, 152–69 poverty, 11, 60, 94, 149, 179; reduction of, 21, 51, 188 private landownership, outlawing of, 156 privatization, 41, 84, 188; of land, 88, 95, 153; of urban space, 142; of water, 97, 105, 112 Programme to Formalize Water Use Rights (PROFODUA) (Peru), 107 Prosperous Justice Party (PKS) (Indonesia), 175, 183 Protected Area Law (2007) (Cambodia), 156 public land, definition of, 61 Qatar, 4, 63, 119, 172, 177, 183; involvement in land grabbing, 10 Razaba Ranch (Tanzania), 47–8 real estate market, global, 93 redistribution of land, 143 Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD), 36, 81, 87 rents, setting level of, 41 Repúblicas unidas de la soja, 74 resettlement, 28, 30, 37, 48, 49, 86, 149–50; resulting from dam building, 147 resistance to land acquisitions, 56, 59–62, 63–4, 67, 145, 159, 178, 182, 183, 206 responsible business practices, 212–13 retirement migration, 93 revoking of leases, 31 Riau Province (Indonesia), 119–34, 212; decentralization of land administration in, 130; economics of, 123 rice: growing of, 134, 143, 148, 158, 180; imported by Philippines, 179 rice fields, conversion of, 120, 138 rights: customary, 58; human, 35, 211; of land ownership, by foreigners, 128; of possession, 81; of property, 90; of small farmers, 83; of tenure, protection of, 211; to land, in Cambodia, 152–69; to water, 105 (customary, 104; in Ecuador, 111–14; in Peru, 106–10; non-registered, 115) see also land rights and squatters, rights of Round Table for Soy Production, 213 Round Table for Sustainable Oil Palm, 213 rubber, 196; prices of, 163; production of, 163 rubber plantations, 154, 158, 159 San Lu infant milk incident (China), 195 Saudi Arabia, 101, 172, 173, 175, 177, 183, 208; migrant workers in, 176, 180; relations with Ethiopia, 19 Saudi Star project (Ethiopia), 23, 26, 27, 28, 30 SEKAB company, 47 Senegal, 204 Serofta Modern Farming (Ethiopia), 23 Shivji, Issa, 43 Singapore, 119 smallholder farmers, 11, 12, 37, 54, 66, 68, 77, 104, 128, 153, 157, 181, 187, 209; involvement in oil palm production, 121–2; supplanting of, 10; water rights of, 107 smallholdings, conversion from, 135 Sobhan, Rehman, 167 social media, use of, 216 Societies and Charities Proclamation (Ethiopia), 33 soil erosion, 29 South Africa, 4, 204 South Korea, 153 Southern Nations, Nationalities and People’s Region (SNNPR) (Ethiopia), 17, 21–2, 24, 26, 27, 30, 31, 32 soya-ization, 72 soyabean, production of, 3, 10, 75, 208, 213; in Argentina, 71–85 Spain: imports of biofuels, 80; tourism from, 93 Special Economic Zones: in Cambodia, 153; in Mindanao, 179 speculation, by land acquisition, 87 squatters, 57; rights of, 88, 96, 98 squatting, 89, 95, 96 state: as owner of land, 18, 143, 157; role of, 140, 151, 174, 184, 188 (in China, 197; in 262 www.ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Taiwan, 192 Tajikistan, Chinese investment in, 197 Tana River Delta (Kenya), 10, 66 Tani and Athi River Development Authority (TARDA) (Kenya), 66 Tanzania, 2, 8, 201, 202, 203, 206; agricultural development in, 37–40; biofuels investments in, 9; large-scale land acquisitions in, 36–53 Tanzania Investment Act (1997), 38 Tanzania Investment Centre (TIC), 38–9, 42, 45–6, 50 Tate & Lyle company, 164; legal proceedings against, 163 taxation, 47, 67; of land, 41; of undeveloped land, 57 tenure: collective, 156; insecurity of, 156; security of, 184 Tesso Milo National Park (Indonesia), 123 Thailand, 153 Thua Thien Hue Province (Vietnam), 136, 145 Tibaijuka, Anna, 49 titling of land, 156–7, 169, 177, 212, 213 tourism, residential, 206; employment created by, 94; in Costa Rica, 86–99, 204; landscapes of, 91–2 trade tariffs, exempted by China, 187 traditional livelihood systems, 35 translocal effects of land acquisitions, 204–5, 214 transparency, 56, 62, 66, 187, 211, 212 trees: planting of, 29; replanting of, 30 Tsegaye Demoz concession (Ethiopia), 28 Turkey, relations with Ethiopia, 19 Ujamaa policy, 9, 37, 206 Ulmer, Karin, 167–8 Ummah, 175 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), 191 United Kingdom (UK), 119 United Nations (UN), 165 United States of America (USA), 4, 92, 119, 208; tourism from, 93 unused and under-used land, 4, 18, 41–2, 76, 81, 146, 152, 165, 174, 183; myth of, 79, 207; rights over, 2; taxation of, 57 urbanization, 204, 209; in China, 195; in Vietnam, 141–5 (policy regarding, in Vietnam, 135–51) Ve Wong Corporation, 155, 164 Vietnam, 11, 12, 153, 170, 201, 202, 204, 206, 209; agrarian reform in, 143; conversion of land in, 135–51; Orientation Master Plan for Urban Development, 141 Vietnamese Farmers’ Union, 145 village land, 40–1 Village Land Act (1999) (Tanzania), 39, 40–1, 43 village land use plan (VLUP) (Tanzania), 40, 52 villagization programmes, 28, 31, 43 vineyards, Chinese investment in, 194 wages, 50 war against terrorism, 176 Washington Consensus, 60, 76 water: acquired by land grabbing com­ panies, 114; availability of (in Ecuador, 110–11; in Peru, 105–6); grabbing of, 100–16, 202, 204; privatization of, 97, 105, 112; resources of (access to, 162; under-used, 104); security of, 110, 172; social justice in control of, 116; virtual, export of, 115 see also rights, to water Water Justice Alliance, 103 Water Law (1972) (Ecuador), 111, 112 Water Resource Management Regulations (Ethiopia), 29 Water Resources Law (2009) (Peru), 106 weed management, 74 263 Index land management, 79–80; in land use change, 134) structural adjustment policies, 9, 51, 60 subsidies: agricultural, 38; for ethanol, 52 Sudan, 170 sugar: as base of biofuels, 52; as policy distorted sector, 166; globalization of trade in, 168; prices of, 166, 168; production of, 3, 13, 47, 53, 113, 114, 119, 154, 155, 162, 163, 164, 165, 193 (in Ethiopia, 21) Sugar Corporation (Ethiopia), 24, 26, 28, 29 Sugarcane Growers Cooperative of Florida, 164 Sun Biofuels Ltd, 45 Suswono, Ir H., 175 Swynnerton Plan, 57–8, 66 Syngenta company, 80 Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com wells, bought from farmers, 103 wetlands, 29 women: effects of land acquisitions on, 8; organization of, 82 World Bank, 1, 3, 4, 37, 38, 39, 57, 121, 143, 153, 177, 206; code of conduct on land acquisitions, 212–13 World Trade Organization (WTO), 165, 173; sugar ruling of, 166 Yala Swamp (Kenya), 10, 63, 66 Yudhoyono, Susilo Bambang, 174, 176, 183 ZTE company, 189, 193 264 www.ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com ... introduce the different case studies to provide the reader with a guide to their richness and how they show some of the processes and some of the elements of the phenomenon of the ? ?global land grab? ??... often rather unclear (Mabikke 2011) While in the beginning of the land grab debate the attention was very much on Asian powers like China and the Gulf States as the main culprits in land grabbing,... certificate In the lowlands, farmlands targeted for conversion were typically the ‘wet-season plots’ Owing to the annual flooding of major rivers in the lowlands (in these cases the Baro and the Omo),