Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com www.Ebook777.com 00_9780199336265FM.indd ii 11/7/2013 12:34:13 PM Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com Putting Intellectual Propert y in Its Place www.Ebook777.com 00_9780199336265FM.indd i 11/7/2013 12:34:13 PM 00_9780199336265FM.indd ii 11/7/2013 12:34:13 PM Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com Putting Intellectual Property in Its Place RI G HT S DISCO URSE S, C RE ATIVE L A BO R , A ND T H E EVER Y DAY Laura J Murray S Tina Piper Kirsty Robertson www.Ebook777.com 00_9780199336265FM.indd iii 11/7/2013 12:34:13 PM Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto Madrid With offices in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and certain other countries Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016 © Laura J Murray 2014 © S Tina Piper 2014 © Kirsty Robertson 2014 All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by license, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reproduction rights organization Inquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Murray, Laura J., 1965Putting intellectual property in its place : rights discourses, creative labor, and the everyday / Laura J Murray, S Tina Piper, Kirsty Robertson pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 978-0-19-933626-5 ((hardback) : alk paper) Intellectual property Copyright Intellectual property—United States—History I Piper, S Tina II Robertson, Kirsty, 1976- III Title K1401.M89 2014 346.04'8—dc23 2013019902 987654321 Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper Note to Readers This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered It is based upon sources believed to be accurate and reliable and is intended to be current as of the time it was written It is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering legal, accounting, or other professional services If legal advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional person should be sought Also, to confirm that the information has not been affected or changed by recent developments, traditional legal research techniques should be used, including checking primary sources where appropriate (Based on the Declaration of Principles jointly adopted by a Committee of the American Bar Association and a Committee of Publishers and Associations.) You may order this or any other Oxford University Press publication by visiting the Oxford University Press website at www.oup.com 00_9780199336265FM.indd iv 11/7/2013 12:34:13 PM Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com Contents Acknowledgments vii Introduction Copyright over the Border: Freedom, Commons, Appropriation 15 Laura J. Murray, S Tina Piper, and Kirsty Robertson No One Would Murder for a Pattern: Crafting IP in Online Knitting Communities 41 Kirsty Robertson Growing a Patent Culture: Plant Hormones Research and the National Research Council 63 S Tina Piper Exchange Practices among Nineteenth-Century US Newspaper Editors: Cooperation in Competition 86 Laura J. Murray Copying and the Case of the Legal Profession 110 S Tina Piper Cultural Labor in a Small City: Motivations, Rewards, and Social Dynamics 132 Laura J. Murray v www.Ebook777.com 00_9780199336265FM.indd v 11/7/2013 12:34:14 PM vi Contents The Art of the Copy: Labor, Originality, and Value in the Contemporary Art Market 158 Kirsty Robertson Afterword: On Collaborative Interdisciplinary Research 181 bibliography 185 index 201 00_9780199336265FM.indd vi 11/7/2013 12:34:14 PM Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com Acknowledgments this project was funded by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada—as was the workshop that launched it The funding was not only a practical necessity to support travel and research assistance, but a welcome vote of confidence in our experiment in interdisciplinary and collaborative research In addition, Laura’s research for chapter was enabled by a Joyce Tracy Fellowship from the American Antiquarian Society; Tina’s research for chapter 4 was supported by an FRQSC New Researcher grant; Kirsty’s research for chapter 2 was funded by a SSHRC travel grant through Western University, Canada Expert staff at a number of libraries, including the American Antiquarian Society, the New York Public Library, Library and Archives Canada, and the Nahum Gelber Law Library, helped us make our way through various research materials We are also grateful to the many knitters, artists, musicians, and others who took the time to answer our questionnaires and questions Research assistance from students Danielle Deveau, Nicholas Kennedy, Amy Macdonald, Sharday Mosurinjohn, Lucinda Tang, and Sherilyn Williams was indispensable to this project Thanks to the three anonymous reviewers who provided thoughtful and incisive comments that helped shape the book Carl Watts helped with bibliographic matters, and Tim Pearson effectively integrated and proofread the penultimate manuscript Matt Gallaway, Jennifer Gong, and Alden Domizio at Oxford University Press and Balamurugan at Newgen Knowledge Works ably shepherded the book into print Our initial thinking on these issues was motivated and framed by work presented at the SSHRC-funded workshop at Queen’s University, Copyright’s Counterparts, which Laura and Kirsty convened in 2008 with the help of Sergio Sismondo We are very grateful to all the participants at that workshop Since then, we have been informed vii www.Ebook777.com 00_9780199336265FM.indd vii 11/7/2013 12:34:14 PM viii Acknowledgments by conversations with many generous colleagues at meetings such as the International Society for the History and Theory of Intellectual Property (ISHTIP), the Law and Society Association (LSA), the Society for the History of Authorship, Reading, and Publishing (SHARP), the IP Scholars Workshop at the University of Ottawa, the Oxford Intellectual Property Invited Speaker Seminar Series, and several others We also wish to thank Kathryn Strandburg, Michael Madison, and Brett Frischmann for inviting us to participate in their symposium on Constructing Cultural Commons It seems appropriate for a project on multiple communities of creative labor that we have been able to benefit from and contribute to such a range of intellectual communities through the development of the book It is difficult to single out people from the many who have provided insight and support over the course of this project, but some deserving of special appreciation are Larissa Mann, Lionel Bently, Becky Lentz, Matthew Herder, Ian Kerr, Lisa Gitelman, Meredith McGill, Lisa Lynch, Biella Coleman, Emily Hudson, Clarke Mackey, Boatema Boateng, Graham Jones, Jonathan Sterne, Jessica Silber, Marta Straznicky, Michael Geist, Fiona Macmillan, Will Slauter, Teresa Scassa, and Bita Amani Martha Rans has earned our admiration for her kick-ass attitude and sharp mind, and for organizing the Art, Revolution, Ownership conference Kirsty would like to thank the students in her 2012–2013 Museum Studies class who showed a great interest in the research on Dafen, resulting in the exhibition Famously Anonymous: Dafen Does Van Gogh, and her MA student Laura Ritchie who wrote a chapter of her MA thesis on Dafen And then there is Jane Anderson, whom we think of as our ghost fourth author: her incisive intelligence, imagination, and ethical commitments continually inspire us Last but not least, we would like to thank our families, including Nick, Davey, Maureen, Brian, Tim, Joseph, and Clara, for their ongoing love and support (and in Davey’s case, drool) that made the project fun and possible 00_9780199336265FM.indd viii 11/7/2013 12:34:14 PM 196 Bibliography Poovey, Mary 1985 “My Hideous Progeny: The Lady and the Monster.” In The Proper Lady and the Woman Writer: Ideology as Style in the Works of Mary Wollstonecraft, Mary Shelley, and Jane Austen, 114–142 Chicago : University of Chicago Press Posner, Richard A 2007 The Little Book of Plagiarism Pantheon: New York Pue, W Wesley 1991 “Becoming Ethical: Lawyers’ Professional Ethics in Early Twentieth Century Canada.” Manitoba Law Journal 20 (1): 227–262 ——— 2003 “Cultural Projects and Structural Transformation in the Canadian Legal Profession.” In Lawyers and Vampires: Cultural Histories of Legal Professions Edited by W Wesley Pue and David Sugarman, 1–22 Oxford : Hart Publishing Rancière, Jacques 2010 Dissensus: On Politics and Aesthetics Edited and translated by Steven Corcoran New York: Continuum International Rasmussen, Nicolas 2001 “Plant Hormones in War and Peace: Science, Industry, and Government in the Development of Herbicides in 1940s America.” Isis 92 (2): 291–316 Raustiala, Kal 2009 “The Piracy Paradox Revisited.” Stanford Law Review 61 (5): 1201–1226 ———, and Christopher Sprigman 2006 “The Piracy Paradox: Innovation and Intellectual Property in Fashion Design.” Virginia Law Review 92 (8): 1687–1777 ———, and Christopher Sprigman 2012 The Knockoff Economy: How Imitation Sparks Innovation Oxford : Oxford University Press Reese, R Anthony 2007 “Innocent Infringement in US Copyright Law: A History.” Columbia Journal of Law & the Arts 30 (2): 133–184 Rife, Martine Courant 2011 “Making Legal Knowledge in Global Digital Environments: The Judicial Opinion as Remix.” In Writing in the Knowledge Society: Research Network on Interdisciplinary Studies in Rhetoric and Writing Edited by Doreen Starke-Meyerring , Anthony Paré, Natasha Artemeva, Miriam Horne, and Larissa Yousoubova, 139–161 Fort Collins: The WAC Clearinghouse and Parlor Press Rifkin, Jeremy 2000 The Age of Access: The New Culture of Hypercapitalism Where All of Life Is a Paid-For Experience New York: Putnam Robbins, Bruce 2002 “The Sweatshop Sublime.” PMLA 117 (1): 84–97 Robertson, Kirsty 2008 “Crude Culture: Canada and Creative Industries.” Fuse Magazine 30 (5): 12–21 ——— 2010 “Embroidery Pirates and Fashion Victims: Textiles, Craft and Copyright.” Textile: The Journal of Cloth and Culture (1): 86–111 ———, and J Keri Cronin 2011 “Aboriginal Representation and the Canadian Art World.” In Imagining Resistance: Activism and Visual Culture in Canada Edited by J Keri Cronin and Kirsty Robertson, 165–170 Waterloo, ON: Wilfrid Laurier University Press Rose, Mark 1993 Authors and Owners: The Invention of Copyright Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press Rosenblatt, Elizabeth 2011 “A Theory of IP’s Negative Space.” Columbia Journal of Law & the Arts 34 (3): 317–366 Rosewater, Victor 1930 History of Cooperative News-Gathering in the United States New York: Appleton Rosler, Martha 2011 “Culture Class: Art, Creativity, Urbanism, Part II.” e-flux 23 (March) Accessed March 24, 2013 http://worker01.e-flux.com/pdf/article_219.pdf Ross, Andrew 2009 Nice Work If You Can Get It: Life and Labor in Precarious Times New York: New York University Press 10_9780199336265Bib.indd 196 11/6/2013 10:14:05 AM Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com Bibliography 197 Rossiter, Ned 2007 Organized Networks: Media Theory, Collective Labour, New Institutions Rotterdam: NAi Sassen, Saskia 2001 The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo, 2nd Edition Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press First published 1991 Sawyer, Keith 2007 Group Genius: The Creative Power of Collaboration New York: Basic Books Scadding , Henry 1966 Toronto of Old Toronto : Oxford University Press Scassa, Teresa 2004 “Recalibrating Copyright Law?: A Comment on the Supreme Court of Canada’s Decision in CCH Canadian Limited et al v. Law Society of Upper Canada.” Canadian Journal of Law and Technology (2): 89–100 Schauer, Frederick 2006 “Do Cases Make Bad Law?” University of Chicago Law Review 73: 883–918 Schroeder, Jeanne 2007 “Copy Cats: Plagiarism and Precedent.” Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law-Jacob Burns Institute for Advanced Legal Studies 2007 Working Paper No 185 Accessed March 21, 2013 http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=970365 Schultz , Mark 2006 “Fear and Norms and Rock & Roll: What Jambands Can Teach Us About Persuading People to Obey Copyright Law.” Berkeley Technology Law Journal 21 (2): 651–728 Schwabach, Aaron 2008 “Intellectual Property Piracy: Perception and Reality in China, the United States, and Elsewhere.” Journal of International Media and Entertainment Law (1): 65–85 Scott, Allen John 2000 The Cultural Economy of Cities: Essays on the Geography of Image-Producing Industries London: Sage Sell, Susan 2003 Private Power, Public Law: The Globalization of Intellectual Property Rights Cambridge : Cambridge University Press Seville, Catherine 2006 The Internationalisation of Copyright Law: Books, Buccaneers and the Black Flag in the Nineteenth Century New York: Cambridge University Press Sherman, Brad, and Lionel Bently 1999 The Making of Modern Intellectual Property Law: The British Experience, 1760–1911 Cambridge : Cambridge University Press Shirky, Clay 2008 Here Comes Everybody: The Power of Organizing Without Organizations New York: The Penguin Press Sholette, Gregory 2010 Dark Matter: Art and Politics in the Age of Enterprise Culture Marxism and Culture New York: Pluto Slaght, Ronald 2011 Affidavit sworn February 25, 2011, filed with the Ontario Superior Court of Justice by the defense in the matter of Waldman v Thomson Reuters Corporation ([2012] O.J No 792, 2012 ONSC 1138 (CanLII)) Court File CV-10 40366700CP: page Accessed January 8, 2013 http://www.trcopyright.ca/PDFs/Defendants%27%20Responding%20 Motion%20Record%20%2800329559%29.pdf Slaughter, Sheila, and Gary Rhoades 2004 Academic Capitalism and the New Economy: Markets, State, and Higher Education Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press Slauter, Will 2013 “Toward a History of Copyright for Periodical Writings: Examples from Nineteenth-century America.” Forthcoming, Nathalie Collé-Bak, Monica Latham, and David Ten Eyck, eds., Book Practices and Textual Itineraries (Nancy: Editions universitaires de Lorraine, 2014) Springer, Amy 2002 “Hi: A Letter of Introduction from the Editor,” Knitty.com (1) Accessed March 19, 2013 http://knitty.com/ISSUEfall02/FEATwelcome.html www.Ebook777.com 10_9780199336265Bib.indd 197 11/6/2013 10:14:05 AM 198 Bibliography Sossin, Lorne 1996 “The Sounds of Silence: Law Clerks, Policy Making and the Supreme Court of Canada.” University of British Columbia Law Review 30 (2): 279–308 Spender, Lynne 2009 “Digital Culture, Copyright Maximalism, and the Challenge to Copyright Law.” Ph.D. diss., University of Western Sydney Statistics Canada 2010 “Visible Minority Groups, 2006 Counts, for Canada and Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations—20% Sample Data.” Ethnocultural Portrait of Canada Last modified June 10 Accessed March 24, 2013 http://www12.statcan.ca/ census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/hlt/97562/pages/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=CMA&Code =01&Table=1&Data=Count&StartRec=1&Sort=2&Display=Page Stimson, Blake and Gregory Sholette Collectivism after Modernism: The Art of Social Imagination after 1945 Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2007 Stoller, Debbie 2003 Stitch ‘n Bitch: The Knitter’s Handbook New York: Workman Publishing ——— 2004 Stitch ‘n Bitch Nation New York: Workman Publishing Stone, Melville E 1921 Fifty Years a Journalist Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Page & Company Straw, Will 2002 “Scenes and Sensibilities.” Public 22/23: 245–257 Swanson, Kara W 2009 “The Emergence of the Professional Patent Practitioner.” Technology and Culture 50: 519–548 Swift, Jamie, Brice H Balmer, and Mira Dineen 2010 Persistent Poverty: Voices from the Margins Toronto : Between the Lines Tan, Chang 2008 “Playing Cards with Cézanne: How the Contemporary Artists of China Copy and Recreate.” PhD Diss., University of Texas at Austin, 2008 Tator, Carol, Frances Henry, and Winston Mattis 1998 “Into the Heart of Africa.” In Challenging Racism in the Arts, 36–62 Toronto : University of Toronto Press Thimann, Kenneth V 1939 “Auxins and the Inhibition of Plant Growth.” Biological Reviews 14 (3): 314–337 ———, and James Bonner 1938 “Plant Growth Hormones.” Physical Review 18 (4): 524–553 ———, and Folke Skoog 1940 “The Extraction of Auxin from Plant Tissues.” American Journal of Botany 27 (10): 951–960 Thompson, E P 1963 The Making of the English Working Class New York: Pantheon ——— 1991 Customs in Common: Studies in Traditional Popular Culture New York: The New Press Thornton, Sarah 2009 Seven Days in the Art World New York: WW Norton Tinari, Philip 2007 “Original Copies: The Dafen Oil Painting Village.” Artforum 46 (2): 344–351 Tjaden, Ted 2008 “Doing Legal Research in Canada.” Law and Technology Resources for Legal Professionals Accessed January 7, 2013 http://www.llrx.com/features/ca_pub.htm#intro Tornsey, Cheryl and Judy Elsley, eds 1994 Quilt Culture: Tracing the Pattern Columbia and London: University of Missouri Press Tuchman, Mitch 2001 “Inauthentic Works of Art: Why Bridgeman May Ultimately Be Irrelevant to Art Museums.” Columbia-VLA Journal of Law and the Arts 24 (2): 287–315 Turner, Fred 2006 From Counterculture to Cyberculture: Stewart Brand, the Whole Earth Network, and the Rise of Digital Utopianism Chicago : University of Chicago Press Van Gompel, Stef 2010 “Les Formalités Sont Mortes, Vive Les Formalités! Copyright Formalities and the Reasons for Their Decline.” In Privilege and Property: Essays on the History of Copyright Edited by Ronan Deazley, Martin Kretschmer, and Lionel Bently, 157–206 Cambridge : Open Book 10_9780199336265Bib.indd 198 11/6/2013 10:14:05 AM Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com Bibliography 199 Vaver, David 1993 “Copyright in Legal Documents.” Osgoode Hall Law Journal 31 (4): 661–686 ——— 2000 “Intellectual Property: The State of the Art.” Law Quarterly Review 116: 621–637 ——— 2011 Intellectual Property Law: Copyright, Patents, Trade-Marks, 2nd Edition Toronto : Irwin Law Velthuis, Olav 2005 Talking Prices: Symbolic Meanings of Prices on the Market for Contemporary Art Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press Vidokle, Anton 2013 “Art without Market, Art without Education: Political Economy of Art.” e-flux 46 Walsh, John P., Charlene Cho, and Wesley M Cohen 2005 “View from the Bench: Patents and Material Transfers.” Science 309 (5743): 2002–2003 Weintraub, Andrew N., and Bell Yung 2009 Music and Cultural Rights Champaign, IL : University of Illinois Press Wenger, Etienne, Richard McDermott, and William Snyder 2002 Cultivating Communities of Practice: A Guide to Managing Knowledge Boston: Harvard Business School Publishing Went, Frits Warmolt 1938 “Specific Factors other than Auxin Affecting Growth and Root Formation.” Plant Physiology 13 (1): 55–80 ——— 1939 “The Dual Effect of Auxin on Root Formation.” American Journal of Botany 26 (1): 24–29 ——— 1945 “Summary of Auxins.” Botanical Review 11 (9): 487–496 ———, James Bonner, and G C Warner 1938 “Aneurin and the Rooting of Cuttings.” Science 87 (2251): 170–171 Wilson, Jenna 2003 “Copyright [a primer for knitters],” Knitty.com (5) Accessed March 19, 2013 http://knitty.com/ISSUEfall03/FEATcopyright.html Wirtén, Eva Hemmungs 2006 “Out of Sight and Out of Mind.” Cultural Studies 20 (2–3): 282–291 Wolff, Janet 1993 The Social Production of Art, 2nd Edition New York: New York University Press Wong , Winnie 2008 “Framed Authors: Photography and Conceptual Art from Dafen Village.” Yishu: Journal of Contemporary Chinese Art (4): 32–43 ——— 2010 “After the Copy: Creativity, Originality and the Labor of Appropriation: Dafen Village, Shenzhen, China (1989–2010).” PhD Diss Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2010 Forthcoming from University of Chicago Press, 2013 Yu, Peter K 2003 “The Copyright Divide.” Cardozo Law Review 25 (1): 331–446 Zacharias, Fred C 2006 “Who Owns Work Product?” University of Illinois Law Review 2006 (1): 127–176 Zimmerman, Percy W 1943 “Present Status of Plant Hormones.” Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 35 (5): 596–601 ———,and Frank Wilcoxon 1935 “Several Chemical Growth Substances Which Cause Initiation of Roots and Other Responses in Plants.” In Contributions of the Boyce Thompson Institute 7: 209–229 Yonkers: Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research Zukin, Sharon 1982 Loft Living: Culture and Capital in Urban Change Johns Hopkins Studies in Urban Affairs Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press www.Ebook777.com 10_9780199336265Bib.indd 199 11/6/2013 10:14:05 AM 10_9780199336265Bib.indd 200 11/6/2013 10:14:05 AM Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com Index Aboriginal Curatorial Collective, 34 academic communities, copyright and, 27 Access Copyright, 26, 157n62 Ada Initiative, 36n9 Agent Orange, 63, 76–77 Agnes Etherington Art Centre, 144, 151 AIM (American Indian Movement), 33 Ai Weiwei, 173–74 Alexander, Isabella, American Association for the Advancement of Science, 70 American Chemical Paint Company, 76–77 American Chemical Society, 71 American Indian Movement (AIM), 33 Anderson, Jane, 18 appropriation art, 11, 29–35, 39nn34–35, 37, 39, 40n42 Appropriation Art Coalition, 30–31, 32, 35 Arden, Roy, 169 Armstrong, Jeannette, 34 Arnold, Matthew, 100 Artel (Kingston), 146, 147f Arthur C Halferdahl, 74, 75, 78 artists/artistic communities, 13, 27, 32 See also global art market; Kingston, Ontario, Canada arts case study artist-workers, 159 Ashley, Laura, 54, 56 Associated Press, 100, 101, 102–5 Association of Women Artists, 144 attribution, right of, 25–26, 39n29 Augusta Chronicle, 93 Austral-Asian museums, aboriginal artifacts in, 33 Australia, museum culture in, 34 authorship, 50, 88, 112–18, 167, 170–71, 178n45 Balganesh, Shyamkrishna, 104 Banks, Mark, 141, 147, 148 Barlow, John Perry, 16 Bayley, Stephen, 173 Bell, Catherine, Bell Corporation, 65 Benkler, Yochai, 91 Bennett, James, 99–100, 108n13 Berlin copyright negotiations, 102 Berne Convention, 102, 109n33, 177n33 Berry, David M., 27 Better Homes and Gardens, 66, 81 Biagioli, Mario, Boateng, Boatema, 18 book trade, in Canada, 201 www.Ebook777.com 11_9780199336265Index.indd 201 11/7/2013 12:36:17 PM 202 Index Bourdieu, Pierre, 10 Bourriaud, Nicolas, Bowrey, Kathy, 4, 18 Boyce Thompson, William, 67 Boyce Thompson Institute (BTI), 12, 64–68, 69, 71–79, 76f, 77f, 83nn5, 14, 84nn20–21, 23, 85nn51, 61 Boysen Jensen, Paul, 65, 80 Brand, Stewart, 16 Brandeis, Louis, 105 Brault, Simon, 150 Brauneis, Robert, 90 Brooklyn Tweed, 51 BTI See Boyce Thompson Institute Buckingham, J T., 87 Burns, Bonne Marie, 46 Butler, Amy, 56 Caltech, 66 Canada appropriation art, 11, 29–35, 39nn34–35, 37, 39, 40n42 appropriation in, 14 artists wages in, 32 book trade in, Copyright Act, 131nn64, 69, 137, 139, 155n18 copyright in, 11 Creative Commons and, 23–29, 37nn16–17, 38nn20, 27, 39nn29, 31 fair dealing in, 12–13 free culture in, 16–23, 36nn3–4, 6–7, 9–10, 37nn13–15 hybrid research and commercial institutes in, 67 IP law and, 15–16 museum culture in, 34 plant hormones research and patents in, 63–64, 74, 75, 76 public science organizations in, 65 See also CCH v Law Society of Upper Canada (2004); Kingston, Ontario, Canada arts case study; legal profession and copying Canada Council for the Arts, 136, 141, 150 Canadian Artists’ Representation (CARFAC), 30, 31–32, 34, 35, 137, 155n22 Canadian Artists Representation Copyright Collective (CARCC), 31, 40n42 Canadian Music Rights Reproduction Agency (CMRRA), 26 Canadian Patent Office, 64, 74, 81 11_9780199336265Index.indd 202 capitalism, creativity and community, 10 CARCC (Canadian Artists Representation Copyright Collective), 31, 40n42 CARFAC See Canadian Artists’ Representation Cariou, Patrick, 31, 167 Carswell, 117 See also CCH v Law Society of Upper Canada (2004) CCH v Law Society of Upper Canada (2004), 12–13, 111, 119–27, 122f, 131nn64, 69 CC license See Creative Commons (CC) license Charter of Rights and Freedoms (1982), 24 Chemicals Limited, 82 Chen Lin, 171 Chicago, Judy, 179n54 China artists’ villages in, 158, 175n1 art market and, 159, 163–64, 171, 174 counterfeit goods and, 172 Creative Commons and, 24 Dafen Oil Painting Village, 13, 158–66, 165f, 175nn2, 7–9, 176nn10, 20, 177nn26, 28–30, 33–34, 178n36, 179n62 labor and, 161, 169–70, 176n20 Shenzhen Special Economic Zone, 158 United States and, 161, 166, 176n12 western media and, 161, 162–63 citation practices, 5, 53, 80, 96, 111–19 City of Kingston Arts Fund, 141, 142, 144, 145, 148, 149 Clayton v Stone (1829), 89–90 CMRRA (Canadian Music Rights Reproduction Agency), 26 Coalition for the Truth About Africa, 33 coding communities, copyright and, 27 Cohen, Julie, 2, 153 collaborative interdisciplinary research, 181–84 collecting societies, 26 commons constructed, implied and inherited, property and, shared newspapers as, 91 tragedy of the, 8, 14n5 competition, 12, 27, 83n14, 91, 95, 99, 103–6, 139 Coombe, Rosemary, copy/copying appropriation and, 160 in art, 13, 39n35, 39n39, 139, 159–60, 163, 175n9, 178n36 authenticity and, 160–61 11/7/2013 12:36:17 PM Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com Index 203 China and, 161, 164, 165–66, 174 counterfeiting and, 172 digital rights management and, 20, 30 knitting and, 42, 46, 47–50, 52–53 newspapers and, 87–88, 97, 101, 109n33 See also legal profession and copying; newspaper editors, nineteenth century copyleft, 24, 26–27 copyright appropriation art and, 11, 29–35, 39nn34–35, 37, 39, 40n42 artist community in Kingston and, 135, 137–40, 153–54, 155nn21–22, 32 Creative Commons, 16, 23–29, 37nn16–17, 38nn20, 22, 27, 39nn29, 31 eighteenth-century invention of, free culture and, 11, 15–23, 18f, 36nn3–4, 6–7, 9–10, 37nn13–15 Internet links, 86 journalism and, 12 public discussion of, See also global art market; knitting and crafting communities; legal profession and copying; newspaper editors, nineteenth century Copyright Act (Canada), 131nn64, 69, 137, 139, 155n18 See also CCH v Law Society of Upper Canada (2004) Copyright Act (United States), 50, 102 Copyright Term Extension Act (United States), 15 Cornell University, 12, 67 counterfeiting, 13, 53, 61n29, 163, 164, 165, 168, 171–72, 177n28 Coursehero.com, 118 courts, 14 Cowichan Tribes, 58n4, 61n29 crafting communities See knitting and crafting communities Craig, Carys J.126-7 Cranach, Lucas the Elder, 171 Creative Class (Richard Florida), 149 Creative Commons (CC) license, 16, 22, 23–29, 37nn16–17, 38nn20, 22, 27, 39nn29, 31 creative communities, 181 creative industries, popularity of the term, 10 creative labor, 9–10 Crocker, William, 67, 69, 71, 73, 74, 78, 79 cultural appropriation, 30, 34 The Cultural Life of Intellectual Properties (Coombe), cultural production, 1, 2, 3, 6, 11, 16, 90, 133 cultural workers, 5, 29, 34, 35 culture, national, 22 culture, Thompson on, 7–8 Culture Montréal, 150 custodianship, 3–4, 6, 91 Customs in Common (Thompson), 7–8 Dafen, China, 13, 158–66, 165f, 175nn2, 7–9, 176nn10, 20, 177nn26, 28–30, 33–34, 178n36, 179n62 Darwin, Charles, 65 Da Vinci copies, 163 De Certeau, Michel, 10 declaratory theory of judicial decisions, 129n16 Department for Scientific and Industrial Research, 68–74 Departments of Canadian Heritage and Industry, 22 Derridean, Jacques, Died in the Wool (Kruger), 41, 44–45, 47, 57, 59n9 Digital Millennium Copyright Act (United States), 15 digital rights management (DRM), 16–17, 30 Disney Enterprises, 55 Doctorow, Cory, 17, 19 Dominion Rubber Co (DRC), 68 DRM See digital rights management Duchamp, Marcel, 31 Durant, Sam, 168–70, 169f, 172, 174, 175, 180n63 Du Wei Dong, 169f Earp, Stephanie, 150 Eastman Kodak, 72, 73 eBay.com, 54, 55, 56 Economist, 165 Eldred v Ashcroft (2003), 23 Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF), 55–56 Eli Lilly, 68, 69 Elkin-Koren, Niva, 27 Ely, Albert, 77 Embroidery Software Protection Coalition (ESPC), 55–56 Emin, Tracey, 173 www.Ebook777.com 11_9780199336265Index.indd 203 11/7/2013 12:36:17 PM 204 Index Enwezor, Okwui, Epp, Charles, 24 Eppenbach Company, 68, 69, 71, 75 Epstein, Richard, 103 Etsy.com, 43, 46–47, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 82 Europe aboriginal artifacts in museums in, 33 arts subsidies in, 28 books and United States copying, 88 copyright law in, 25, 26 free culture and, 18 museum culture in, 34 news from in US newspapers, 95, 100 plant hormone commercialization in, 63 plant research in, 65, 79 See also global art market Evans, W., 66 Evans, Walker, 167 everyday, 2, 9, 10–11, 107n5, 127, 135 exchange system, 12, 88, 95, 101, 104 Facebook, 20 Fagundes, David, Fair Copyright for Canada Facebook page, 20 fair dealing, 12–13, 30–32, 119–26, 122f, 131nn64, 69 Fair Isle patterns, 51 Fair Trade exhibition, 171–72 fair use free culture and, 12–13, 17 hot news and, 12, 101–6, 109nn33, 35, 36 knitting community and, 49, 51 fake in art, 13, 161, 163, 164–65, 166–68, 171, 179n48 in news, 100 fashion design, 49, 52–53 Federal Court of Appeal (FCA), 124 Feist Publications Inc v Rural Telephone Service Co (1991), 126 feminist, 37n13, 46, 59n11, 170, 174, 184 See also women First Nations See indigenous first sale doctrine, 55, 56 Fitting, Hans, 65 Florida, Richard, 10, 148–49, 153 FLOSS (Free/Libre/Open Source Software) See open-source software Forbes, 174 11_9780199336265Index.indd 204 Forkert, Kirsten, Frankenstein (Shelley), 20, 37n13 free culture limits of, 15–23, 18f, 36nn3–4, 6–7, 9–10, 37nn13–15 overview, 11 Free Culture (Lessig), 16 free culture movement, 184 freedoms, 17–21 Free/Libre/Open Source Software (FLOSS) See open-source software Freud, Lucien, 165 Frischmann, Brett, 6, 7, 22 Gallery Fulham Palace (London), 162 gao, 164, 177n29 Gaylor, Brett, 16–17, 18f, 21, 22 Gay Olympics, 57 Gazette, 100 gendered behaviours, expectations, and discourses, 3, 19–21, 53, 94, 184 Geneva (NY) Courier, 95 Georgia Telegraph (Macon), 94 Gil, Gilberto, 17 Gillis, Greg (Girl Talk), 17, 18f, 19, 23 Girl Talk (Greg Gillis), 17, 18f, 19, 23 Glenbow Museum (Calgary), 33 Glendon, Mary Ann, global art market Dafen Oil Painting Village and the, 13, 158–66, 165f, 175nn2, 7–9, 176nn10, 20, 177nn26, 28–30, 33–34, 178n36 hierarchy of copying in the, 13 labor and art, 168–72, 179nn54, 56, 58, 61–62, 180n63 original vs fake art, 166–68, 178nn45–46, 179nn47–48 studios, 172–75, 180n65 globalization, indigenous people and, GM Corporation, 65 GNU Public License, 24 Goffman, Erving, 10 Goodale, Mark, Gormley, Antony, 173 government policy, innovation and, 17 Grace, Nathaniel Hew, 75–76 Great Britain, 88, 89 Great Library See CCH v Law Society of Upper Canada (2004) The Guardian, 173 11/7/2013 12:36:17 PM Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com Index 205 habitus, hackers, 20 Hall, Francis, 99 Hardin, Garret, Hardt, Michael, 146–47 Harney, Alexandra, 162 Harper v Shoppell (1886), 101 Hart, Jonathan, 33 Harvard University, 66 headnotes, 119, 120, 123–24 Heidegger, Martin, 27 Henkin, David, 88 Hesse, Carla, Hipkin, Ashley, 173 Hirst, Damien, 13, 30, 39n35, 133, 154n8, 160, 161, 172, 173, 175n7, 180n65 Hitchcock, A E., 67, 79, 84n23 Hockney, David, 173, 174 Holmes, Brian, Holmes, Oliver Wendell, Jr., 104 Honneth, A., 141 Hormodin, 80 hot news, 12, 86, 87, 101–6, 109nn33, 35, 36 Huang Jiang, 158 Hyde, Lewis, Hymn (Hirst), 30 identity politics, 33 Illegal Art Show exhibit, 30–31 Indian Pavilion at Expo 67 in Montreal, 33 indigenous appropriation of culture, 32–34 artifacts in museums, 33 artists, 34 cultural property and, 3, 4, 32–33, 154n5 free culture and, 18 globalization and, trademarks and, 58n4, 61n29 traditional knowledge and cultural property of, 6, 33, 132, 154n5 treatment of, 33–34 Western constructs and, 3–4 writers, 34 innovation, government policy and, 17 institutional or governmental structure, 183 INS v AP (1918), 101, 103–5, 109n35 intellectual property (IP) law creative works and, 182 misrepresentations of, 183 negative space, 6, 14n4, 42, 43 professions and, 110–11 United States and, 15–16, 35, 36n2 See also copyright; patents; trademark interdisciplinarity, 3, 181 International Olympic Committee (IOC), 57 Internet CC licenses and, 29 lawyer’s norms/practices and the, 117–18 links and copyright, 86 SOPA and the, 35 IP law See intellectual property Jackson, Leon, 4, 88 Jefferson, Thomas, 107n10 Jeffries, Stuart, 173 Jiao Zhi Studio, Xiamen, China, 169f Jones, Franklin, 76, 78, 85n51 Journal of Commerce, 100, 103 Judges, authorship, and originality, 112–14, 128nn8–9 Jungen, Brian, 169 Kaffe Fassett, 51, 53 Kang Youteng, 169f Kelty, Christopher, Kingston, Ontario, Canada arts case study copyright, 135, 137–40, 153–54, 155nn21–22, 32 economics, 140–48, 145f, 147f, 156nn35–36, 53 methodology, 134–36, 154n10, 155n18 overview, 13, 132–34, 152–54, 154nn3, 7–8 politics, 148–52, 157nn61–63 Kingston Archaeological Society, 144 Kingston Arts Council, 144, 146, 152 Kingston Symphony, 144 Kingston Women Artists, Organization of, 137 Kirkpatrick, Justice, 113 knitters, gendered expectations regarding, 184 knitting and crafting communities artists views on copyright vs., 140 study of online communities, 11, 14, 41–58, 58n4, 59nn5–6, 9–12, 60nn14–15, 17–18, 22, 61nn28–30, 35, 43, 82, 111 Knittinghelp.com, 47, 50 Knitty.com, 46, 52 knowledge economy, knowledge exchange, 14 knowledge networks, 10 www.Ebook777.com 11_9780199336265Index.indd 205 11/7/2013 12:36:17 PM 206 Index Kögl, F., 65–66, 69, 80 Koons, Jeff, 13, 30, 160, 161, 167, 172, 174, 175n7 K-Rock Centre, 148 Kruger, Mary, 41, 45, 47, 57, 59n9 label, music, 28 labor and art, 168–72, 179nn54, 56, 58, 61–62, 180n63 Laskin, Bora, 124 Laura Ashley fabrics, 54, 56 Law Society of Upper Canada See CCH v Law Society of Upper Canada (2004) law students, 29, 118–19 lawyers law students volunteers and, 29 See also legal profession and copying legal pluralism, 7, 183 legal profession and copying CCH v Law Society of Upper Canada, 12–13, 111, 119–27, 122f, 131nn64, 69 IP and professions generally, 110–11 IP Law and norms in the legal profession, 111–19, 128nn8–9, 129nn15–16, 26, 130nn29, 31 overview, 127–28 legal realism, 3, 183 Lessig, Lawrence, 16, 17–18, 19, 21, 23 Levine, Justice, 113 Levine, Sherrie, 32, 167 Li Guangqing, 162 Linden, Justice, 125 Liu Binjie, 164 Locke, John, 8, 9, 99 low-IP, 6, 14n4, 43 MacDonald, Roderick, 10 Mackey, Clarke, 150 MacLaren, Eli, MacLeod, Christine, MacRae, Alexander, 73, 74 “Made in China” exhibition, 162 Madison, Michael, 6, 7, 22 The Magdalen Reading (Weyden), 171 Major League Baseball Properties, 55 Mallinckrodt, 72, 73, 75 Manske, Richard Helmuth, 12, 67, 68–71, 69f, 73, 75–76, 78, 81 Martin, Roger, 149 McDermott, Richard, 10 11_9780199336265Index.indd 206 McElheny, Josiah, 173 McGill, Meredith, 5, 89 McLachlin, Beverley, 123, 124–25, 126 McMullen brothers, 100 McNaughton, A G L., 71, 74, 75, 78 McRobbie, Angela, 5, 141, 144, 149 McSherry, Corynne, Merck, 77, 78–79, 80, 82, 85n61 Merry, Sally Engel, Messrs J Munroe & Co, 87–88 method and methodology, 64, 134, 181–84 Michelangelo, 163 Ministry of Tourism, Culture, and Sport (Ontario), 148 Mitchell, J T., 75, 181 Mobile Register, 92–93 Modern Fuel Artist-Run Centre, 145, 146 Modern Fuel Gallery, 146 Mohawk Courier, 94 Mona Lisa, 158, 170 moral rights, 25–26, 32, 135, 139, 155n32 Moss, Giles, 27 Mosurinjohn, Sharday, 134 Mouse Liberation Front, 17 Murakami, Takashi, 13, 172, 174 Murray, Laura J., 12, 13, 15–40, 86–109, 111, 132–57, 160, 181–84 museums, 33–34 music, Creative Commons licensing, 28–29 music copying, 20 NAGPRA (Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act), 34 Napoleon, Val, National Film Board of Canada, 17 National Research Council (NRC), 12, 63–64, 65, 68–82, 84nn20–21, 23, 85nn51, 61, 111 Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA), 34 negative space (IP), 6, 14n4, 42, 43 Negri, Antonio, 146–47 Neilson, Brett, 141 neoliberal, 17, 22, 128, 132, 153 net neutrality, 17 newspaper editors, nineteenth century citation and plagiarism, 95–101, 97f copyright and, 89–90, 100–106 cutting and pasting, 91–95, 108nn17–18, 20–22 fair use, 101–6, 109nn33, 35, 36 11/7/2013 12:36:17 PM Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com Index 207 gendered behavior of, 184 overview, 4, 5, 12, 86–91, 90f, 106, 106nn2–4, 107nn5–6, 9–12, 108nn13–14 New York Flower Show (1937), 71 New Zealand, museum culture in, 34 Nine Unique Porcelain Chairs Made in China (Durant), 168–70, 169f Nord, David, 88 Notehall.com, 118 NRC See National Research Council O’Connor, Sandra Day, 126 O’Keefe, Georgia, 165 Olympics, 57–58 O’Neill, Dan, 17 Ontario, legal profession in, 121–22, 122f Ontario in the Creative Age (Martin and Florida), 149 open-source software, 4, 5, 15–16, 19–20 originality, 112–18, 128n8, 129nn15–16, 26, 130nn29, 31 See also CCH v Law Society of Upper Canada (2004) Osgoode Hall, 121 Ostrom, Elinor, 105 Ottawa’s National Research Council, 11–12 Pan-American copyright negotiations, 102 Paris, Erna, 34 Parker, George, parody, 6, 15, 30 pastiche, 6, 39n34 patents, 5, 111 See also patterns; plant hormone research Patry, William, 32, 102 patterns Fair Isle, 51 knitting and, 29, 42, 45, 51–52, 111 Pazooki, Leila, 171–72, 174, 175, 180n63 Pennsylvania Chemical Corporation (PCC), 68, 73, 78, 80, 81 penny press, 86 Pictures Generation, 167, 170, 174 Piper, S Tina, 11, 12–13, 15–40, 28, 63–85, 110–31, 184 Pitney, Mahlon, 103, 104 plant hormone research Boyce Thompson Institute (BTI), 12, 64–68, 69, 71–79, 76f, 77f, 83nn5, 14, 84nn20–21, 23, 85nn51, 61 commercialization, 63–64, 66 National Research Council (NRC), 12, 63–64, 65, 68–82, 84nn20–21, 23, 85nn51, 61, 111 overview, 11–12, 63–64, 79–82, 83n2 politics artists and, 148–52, 157nn61–63 indigenous peoples and, 35 porting, 25, 38n24 Post-Impressionism, 177 Potter’s Guild (Kingston), 139, 144 precarious employment, 10 Prince, Richard, 31, 160, 161, 167, 179nn47–48 professions behavior and, 69–71, 94 definitions of, 48, 88, 110, 135–36, 150–52, 174 IP law and, 1, 3, 7, 11, 12, 14, 16, 24, 48, 73, 81, 88, 101, 105, 110–28, 182 property, commons metaphor and, property rights in creative works, 27 property rights (cont.) newspapers and, 103–5, 109n35, 36 public domain art and, 164, 177n33 CCH v Law Society of Upper Canada and, 123, 124 corporate interests and, 22 Dafen copies, 13, 164 digital rights management and, 16 free culture and, 16 justification of IP law and, knitting patterns in the, 45 laypeople’s use of the term, 153 legal procedure and, 22, 123, 124, 153 national culture and, 22 news and, 104 public interest copyright and, 125–27 news industry and, 105 plant hormone patents and, 12–13, 72, 77 professions and, 110–11, 115–16, 119–21, 124, 125–27 scientific research and, 64–65, 73–75, 79–81 Public interest and copyright, 125–27 www.Ebook777.com 11_9780199336265Index.indd 207 11/7/2013 12:36:18 PM 208 Index Queen’s University, 68, 151, 152 Rancière, Jacques, Random Acts of Culture (Mackey), 150 Rasmussen, Nicolas, 67, 85n51 Rastafarians, 31 Ravelry, 43, 46, 47, 48, 54, 57–58 Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), 31 remix, 15–23, 18f, 29, 31, 36n2 Renders, Kim, 152 Renoir copies, 163, 165 rights discourses, RiP: A Remix Manifesto (2009), 16–23, 18f, 29, 31 Robbins, Bruce, 170 Robertson, Kirsty, 11, 13, 15–40, 41–62, 134, 136, 140, 158–80, 181–84 Rockefeller Institute, 67 Rogers v Koons (1992), 30 Root-Gro Company, 68, 71, 75 Rootone, 76, 76f Rose, Mark, Rosler, Martha, 152 Ross, Andrew, 19 Rossiter, Ned, 141 Rothkopf, Scott, 173 Rowan Wool, 51 Royal Society of Canada, 68 Rules of Professional Conduct for the Law Society of Upper Canada (“the Rules”), 111–12 rural newspapers, 95, 107n9 SA (Share Alike) provision, 24–25, 27 salvage ethnography, 33 sampling, 15 sampling, digital, 17 San Francisco Arts & Athletics, Inc v United States Olympic Committee, 57 Schroeder, Jeanne, 113, 115 Schultz, Mark, scientists gendered behavior of, 184 See also plant hormone research Seville, Catherine, Shanzhai goods, 164–65, 177n28 Sharenotes.com, 118 Shelley, Mary, 20, 37n13 Shelley, Percy, 20 11_9780199336265Index.indd 208 Sherman, Brad, Shirky, Clay, 21 Sholette, Gregory, 5, 133 Singer, Amy, 46 Sismondo, Sergio, 181 Sistine Chapel, 163 Skoog, Folke, 80 Smith, Mike, 173 Smith, Russell, 34 Snyder, William, 10 Society of Composers, Authors, and Music Publishers of Canada (SOCAN), 26 software industry, 25 Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act (United States), 23 SOPA (Stop Online Piracy Act), 35 Special Economic Zone of Shenzhen, China, 158 The Spirit Sings (exhibit), 33 Stainton, Frances, 162, 163 stare decisis, 113 Stewart, Martha, 46 Stitch ‘n Bitch series, 46 Stone, Melville, 100, 101, 102, 104 Stone, William L., 99 Stop Online Piracy Act See SOPA Strandburg, Kathryn, 6, 7, 22 Straw, Will, 151 String of Puppies case (1992), 30 Tabberone, 55–56 Tenari, Philip, 161 Théberge v Galerie d’Art du Petit Champlain Inc (2002), 125–26 Thimann, Kenneth, 66, 67, 68, 75, 80, 81 Thompson, E P., 4, 7–8 Thompson, Smith, 89–90 Time, 66, 81 Toronto, Canada, 143 trade, free, 17, 19 trade, United States policy, 28 trademark designs, 49 fabrics, 50, 54–57 indigenous cultural objects and traditional knowledge, 58n4, 61n29 knitting patterns and, 42, 45 plant hormone, 80 traditional knowledge, 132, 154n5 Turner, Lorena, 179n56 11/7/2013 12:36:18 PM Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com Index 209 U.S Postal policy, 12 UNESCO World Heritage site in Kingston, 132 Union Gallery (Kingston), 151 United Kingdom copyright in the, 38 hybrid research and commercial institutes in the, 67 medical patents in the, 111 plant hormone research in the, 76 public science organizations in the, 65 United States arts subsidies in the, 26 Copyright Act, 50, 102 copyright in the, 11, 22, 30, 31, 126 Creative Commons and the, 23–24, 26, 28 cultural production and IP in the, 15–16 fair use in the, 12 free culture and the, 18 hybrid research and commercial institutes in the, 67 indigenous peoples and the, 33, 34 IP law and the, 15–16, 35 legal culture in the, 23–29, 115 mail/postage and newspapers in the, 88–89, 91, 93, 101, 107nn9–10 patent agents as inventors in the, 130n29 plant hormone commercialization in the, 63, 64 plant hormone patents, 74 plant hormone research in the, 76 plant physiology research in the, 65, 66 public science organizations in the, 65 software industry, 25 trade and IP law, 15 See also Boyce Thompson Institute (BTI); global art market; newspaper editors, nineteenth century; free culture United States Congress, 101, 102 University of Chicago, 66, 67 University of Manchester, 68 University of Maryland, 67 University of Utrecht, 65 US Olympic Committee (USOC), 57–58 van Gogh copies, 158, 163, 165, 168 Vietnam War and Agent Orange, 63, 76–77 visual culture, 30, 167 Waldman v Thomson Reuters Corporation (2012), 117, 121 Warhol, Andy, 158, 165, 166, 175n2 Washington County Post (Salem, NY), 91 Weavers’ and Spinners’ Guild (Kingston), 144 Webster, Daniel, 99, 102 Wenger, Etienne, 10 Went, Friedrich, 65, 67 Went, Frits Warmolt, 65, 66, 75, 80 Western markets and Chinese workers See global art market Weyden, Rogier van, 171 Whitby, George Stafford, 72, 73, 74, 85n61 Wilcoxon, F., 67 Wilson, Jenna, 46 Window Art Gallery (Kingston), 145f Wirtén, Eva Hemmungs, 18 women Canadian Council and, 141 crafts and, 46 free culture movement and, 19–21, 36nn7, 9–10 gendered expectations regarding knitters, 184 See also feminist; knitting and crafting communities Women’s Art Festival, 139 Wong, Winnie, 160, 163, 164, 166 World War II and plant hormones, 63, 74, 76 Wright, Cecil A., 124 Wu Ruiqiu, 163 Xu Liang Jian, 169f Xu Zhi Hong, 169f Yahoo, 56 Yale University, 68 The Yarn Fairy, 54 Ye Xing You, 169f York University, 121 Yue Minjun, 165 Zimmerman, P W., 12, 67, 68, 69–71, 72, 73, 78, 79–80, 81, 84nn20–21 www.Ebook777.com 11_9780199336265Index.indd 209 11/7/2013 12:36:18 PM 11_9780199336265Index.indd 210 11/7/2013 12:36:18 PM ... to understand this by putting IP law’s “everyday” first rather than focusing on evaluating its correctness against the statute Putting Intellectual Property in Its Place begins with a coauthored... but to insist on the continuing power and utility of indigenous regulatory frameworks www.Ebook777.com 01_9780199336265Ch1.indd 11/6/2013 9:56:31 AM Putting Intellectual Property in Its Place. .. (quoted in Tator, Henry, and Mattis 1998, 41) www.Ebook777.com 02_9780199336265Ch2.indd 33 11/6/2013 10:06:29 AM 34 Putting Intellectual Property in Its Place Indigenous writers during this