Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Grammatical Variation and Change in Jersey English www.ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Varieties of English Around the World (VEAW) A companion monograph series devoted to sociolinguistic research, surveys and annotated text collections The VEAW series is divided into two parts: a text series contains carefully selected specimens of Englishes documenting the coexistence of regional, social, stylistic and diachronic varieties in a particular region; and a general series which contains outstanding studies in the field, collections of papers devoted to one region or written by one scholar, bibliographies and other reference works For an overview of all books published in this series, please see http://benjamins.com/catalog/veaw Editor Stephanie Hackert University of Munich (LMU) Editorial Board Manfred Görlach Cologne Rajend Mesthrie University of Cape Town Peter L Patrick University of Essex Edgar W Schneider University of Regensburg Peter Trudgill University of Fribourg Walt Wolfram North Carolina State University Volume G48 Grammatical Variation and Change in Jersey English by Anna Rosen Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Grammatical Variation and Change in Jersey English Anna Rosen University of Bamberg John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam / Philadelphia www.ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com TM The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences – Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ansi z39.48-1984 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Rosen, Anna Grammatical Variation and Change in Jersey English / Anna Rosen p cm (Varieties of English Around the World, issn 0172-7362 ; v G48) Includes bibliographical references and index English language Dialects Jersey English language Variation Jersey English language Jersey Foreign elements English language Jersey Linguistic change Jersey Languages in contact Jersey Jersey Languages I Title PE2094.J4R67 2014 427’.942341 dc23 2013049281 isbn 978 90 272 4908 (Hb ; alk paper) isbn 978 90 272 7052 (Eb) © 2014 – John Benjamins B.V No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by print, photoprint, microfilm, or any other means, without written permission from the publisher John Benjamins Publishing Co · P.O Box 36224 · 1020 me Amsterdam · The Netherlands John Benjamins North America · P.O Box 27519 · Philadelphia pa 19118-0519 · usa Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Table of contents Acknowledgements ix List of maps, figures and tables xi chapter Introduction1 chapter Theoretical foundations 2.1 Linguistic variation and change: Fields and methods 2.2 Morphological and syntactic variation 10 2.3 Linguistic change 14 2.4 Linguistic contact 16 2.5 Identity and attitudes 22 chapter Jersey English in context 3.1 Previous research 25 3.1.1 Non-linguistic research relevant to the study 26 3.1.2 Research on Channel Island French 27 3.1.3 Research on Channel Island English 28 3.2 Socio-historical overview and sociolinguistic situation today 33 chapter Methods and data 4.1 Research design 43 4.1.1 Representativeness and judgement sample 44 4.1.2 Speaker categories 45 4.2 Data collection 51 4.2.1 Sociolinguistic interviews 51 4.2.2 Written questionnaires 55 4.2.3 Oral history recordings 57 4.2.4 Participant observation 58 4.2.5 Additional data 58 4.3 Data transcription 59 www.ebook777.com 25 43 vi Grammatical Variation and Change in Jersey English Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com 4.4 Description and characteristics of the corpus of spoken Jersey English 60 4.4.1 The Jersey Interview Corpus (JIC) 61 4.4.2 The Jersey Archive Corpus (JAC) and its additional component (JACa) 65 4.5 Analyses and statistical testing 66 4.6 Summary 67 chapter Discourse marker eh69 5.1 The particle eh 70 5.2 Syntactic contexts and pragmatic functions 72 5.3 Distribution of eh in Jersey English 77 5.3.1 Distribution of eh by age 78 5.3.2 Eh in comparison with other discourse markers 81 5.3.3 Distribution of eh by education and occupation 84 5.3.4 Distribution of eh by gender 86 5.4 Eh – a contact phenomenon? 87 5.5 Comparison with eh in Guernsey English 91 5.6 Comparison with eh in British English 93 5.7 Eh – an identity marker? 96 5.8 Summary and conclusion 101 chapter Features of the Jersey English verb phrase 103 6.1 I went and buy them: Verb-and-verb constructions 103 6.1.1 Previous findings on verb-and-verb constructions in standard English 104 6.1.2 Previous findings on FAP in Channel Island English 109 6.1.3 Findings on FAP in Jersey English 111 6.1.3.1 Characteristics of FAP in Jersey English 112 6.1.3.2 Sociolinguistic distribution of FAP in Jersey English 115 6.1.4 FAP – a contact phenomenon? 120 6.1.5 Summary and conclusion 123 6.2 There’s a lot of Jersey cows: Agreement in existential there-constructions 124 6.2.1 Agreement in existential there-constructions across English varieties 125 6.2.2 Previous research on agreement in existentials in Channel Island English 127 Table of contents Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com 6.2.3 Findings on agreement in existential there-constructions in Jersey English 128 6.2.3.1 Linguistic constraints 129 6.2.3.2 Sociolinguistic distribution 131 6.2.4 Singular forms of BE in plural there-existentials – a contact phenomenon? 136 6.2.5 Summary and conclusion 139 6.3 Further observations on the verb phrase 140 6.3.1 Tense and aspect 141 6.3.2 Agreement 142 6.3.3 Verb morphology 144 chapter Other grammatical features: An overview 7.1 Relative clauses 148 7.1.1 Strategies 148 7.1.2 Frequencies and distribution 152 7.2 Emphasis 156 7.2.1 Emphatic pronouns 156 7.2.2 Pronominal apposition 158 7.2.3 Demonstrative them 158 7.2.4 Adjectival plenty 159 7.2.5 Assertive yet 159 7.2.6 Emphatic là 160 7.2.7 Emphatic that one 161 7.2.8 Demonstrative this here/that here 161 7.2.9 But yes 161 7.3 Prepositional usage 162 7.4 Use of the definite article 165 7.5 Negation 167 7.6 Absence of ’s in the local genitive 169 7.7 She/her and he/him used for inanimate referents 169 7.8 After as a time adverbial 170 7.9 If-deletion in conditional clauses 170 7.10 Analytic vs synthetic comparative forms 171 7.11 As what/than what in comparative sentences 171 7.12 Absence of plural marking 172 7.13 Formation of questions 172 7.14 Adverbs having the same form as adjectives 173 www.ebook777.com 147 vii viii Grammatical Variation and Change in Jersey English Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com 7.15 7.16 7.17 7.18 ike as a focussing device, a discourse marker and a quotative particle 174 L Pronominal usage 174 Jersey English and Guernsey English morphosyntax in comparison 175 Summary and conclusion 179 chapter Standardization, levelling and identity in Jersey: A bird’s eye perspective 181 8.1 Patterns of standardization 186 8.2 Patterns of levelling 188 8.3 Motivations behind standardization and levelling in Jersey English 190 8.4 Identity and attitudes in Jersey 194 8.5 Implications of identity aspects for Jersey English 200 8.6 Summary and conclusion 204 chapter Conclusion205 References213 Appendix 1. Written questionnaire 229 Appendix 2. Excerpt from a transcript 233 Index235 Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Acknowledgements This book is based on research carried out at the University of Bamberg and I would like to thank all those who have helped to make it possible First and foremost, I wish to thank Manfred Krug whose enthusiasm and constant support encouraged me to embark on this project and to see it through He has been a mentor to me since my early student days when he first passed on some valuable advice (over an excellent cup of espresso, I’m sure) For his faith in me, and for his friendship, I will always be grateful My appreciation also goes to Julia Schlüter, who gave generously of her time and advice This work has profited immensely from her incredible eye for detail and from both hers and Manfred Krug’s expertise and feedback I would also like to extend my gratitude to the entire team of the Chair of English Linguistics at the University of Bamberg It has been a great joy to work in such an inspiring atmosphere and with such cooperative colleagues I was fortunate enough to share an office with Gabriele Knappe, who generously shared her wisdom – linguistic and otherwise Thanks are further due to our student assistants Theresa Schmid, Carolin Leuthäußer, Annkatrin Langguth and Helen Etheridge, my allies in compiling the corpus of spoken Jersey English Theresa transcribed nine archive recordings, Carolin, Annkatrin and Helen checked and proofread parts of the corpus and Carolin also anonymized the interview corpus Very special thanks go to all participants in my study for their kind cooperation, good humour and their willingness to share their experience with me in long interviews I am particularly grateful to Sophie, Jennie and Richard Le Sueur, who spared no effort in helping me during my fieldwork in Jersey and who became friends along the way The assistance of the staff of the Jersey Archive, who retrieved and copied suitable Oral History recordings, was also much appreciated It goes without saying that my research would not have been possible without everyone’s help in Jersey In addition, I gratefully acknowledge a grant from the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) that funded my research stay in Jersey, as well as travel funds from the Spanish Ministry for Science and Innovation and the European Regional Development Fund (grant HUM2007-60706/FILO) that allowed me to take part in several international conferences www.ebook777.com x Grammatical Variation and Change in Jersey English Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Heartfelt thanks go to Ole Schützler, Katrin Sell, Christiane Hansen, Johanna Gerwin, Michaela Hilbert, Shane Walshe and Jessica Fischer for providing helpful comments on different parts of earlier drafts and for their general support while I was working on this project I also owe special thanks to Mari Jones and Heinrich Ramisch for insightful comments, expert advice and stimulating discussions at various stages of this study Thanks are further due to Kees Vaes at John Benjamins for editorial help and advice Stephanie Hackert and an anonymous reviewer provided additional constructive feedback on this work It is a pleasure to thank them here for this and for accepting the manuscript into the Varieties of English Around the World series Needless to say, I alone am responsible for any inaccuracies and shortcomings which remain I should also like to take this opportunity to thank my parents, my sister and my friends As always, I could count on their encouragement and support and I know how lucky I am in having them My deepest thanks, finally, go to my husband, Holger Loritz He designed the maps in Chapters and and was unfailingly helpful and patient with advice on statistics and many other matters Most importantly, his support throughout the writing process and beyond kept me going I dedicate this book to him Bamberg, September 2013 References 223 Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Ramisch, H 1994 English in Jersey In Proceedings of the International Congress of Dialectologists, Bamberg, 29.7.-4.8.1990, W Viereck (ed.), 452–462 Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Ramisch, H 1998 Aspects of language contact and linguistic variation in Guernsey English In Sociolinguistics, Language and Society, M. K Verma (ed.), 97–105 Thousand Oaks CA: Sage Ramisch, H 2004 Channel Island English: Phonology In A Handbook of Varieties of English, Vol 1: Phonology, E. W Schneider, K Burridge, B Kortmann, R Mesthrie & C Upton (eds), 204–216 Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter Ramisch, H 2007 English in the Channel Islands In Language in the British Isles, D Britain (ed.), 176–182 Cambridge: CUP Report and proposition on immigration Lodged au Greffe on 20th February, 1973 by the Immigration Committee 1973 Jersey: States of Jersey Report on the 2001 Census Jersey 2002 Jersey: States of Jersey (22 September 2009) Rickford, J. R 1987 The haves and have nots: Sociolinguistic surveys and the assessment of speaker competence Language in Society 16: 149–178 Rickford, J. R & McNair-Knox, F 1994 Addressee- and topic-influenced styleshift: a quantitative sociolinguistic study In Sociolinguistic Perspectives on Register, D Biber & E Finegan (eds), 235–276 Oxford: OUP Riordan, B 2007 There’s two ways to say it: Modeling nonprestige there’s Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory 3(2): 233–279 Roberts, K 2001 Class in Modern Britain Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan Rose, D & Pevalin, D. J (with K O’Reilly) 2005 The National Statistics Socio-Economic Classification: Origins, Development and Use Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan Rosen, A 2011 Channel Island English In The Electronic World Atlas of Varieties of English [eWAVE], B Kortmann & K Lunkenheimer (eds) Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology (6 September 2013) Rosen, A 2012a Channel Island English In The Mouton World Atlas of Variation in English, B. Kortmann & K Lunkenheimer (eds), 98–105 Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter Rosen, A 2012b ‘That’s a real Jersey one, eh?’ Discourse marker eh in Channel Island English In New Trends and Methodologies in Applied English Language Research II, D TizónCouto, B Tizón-Couto, I Pastor-Gómez & P Rodríguez-Puente (eds), 143–181 Bern: Peter Lang Sabban, A 1982 Gälisch-englischer Sprachkontakt Zur Variabilität des Englischen im gälischsprachigen Gebiet Schottlands Eine empirische Studie Heidelberg: Julius Groos Salinger, J. D 1953 Nine Stories Boston MD: Little, Brown and Company Sallabank, J 2002 Writing in an unwritten language: The case of Guernsey French Reading Working Papers in Linguistics 6: 217–244 Sallabank, J 2003 ‘It won’t be the Guernsey French we know’: Identity issues and language endangerment Reading Working Papers in Linguistics 7: 181–209 Sallabank, J 2005 Prestige from the bottom up: a review of language planning in Guernsey Current Issues in Language Planning 6(1): 44–63 Sand, A 1999 Linguistic Variation in Jamaica A Corpus-Based Study of Radio and Newspaper Usage Tübingen: Gunter Narr Sand, A 2005 The effect of language contact on the morpho-syntax of English In Anglistentag 2004 Aachen Proceedings of the Conference of the German Association of University Teachers of English, L Moessner & C. M Schmidt (eds), 449–460 Trier: Wissenschaftlicher Verlag Trier www.ebook777.com 224 Grammatical Variation and Change in Jersey English Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Sankoff, G 2004 Adolescents, young adults, and the critical period: two case studies from ‘Seven up’ In Sociolinguistic Variation Critical Reflections, C Fought (ed.), 121–139 Oxford: OUP Sato, C. J 1991 Sociolinguistic variation and language attitudes in Hawaii In English around the World Sociolinguistic Perspectives, J Cheshire (ed.), 647–663 Cambridge: CUP Scargill, M. H 1974 Modern Canadian English Usage Toronto: McClelland and Stewart Schiffrin, D 1987 Discourse Markers Cambridge: CUP Schiffrin, D 2003a Discourse markers In International Encyclopedia of Linguistics, W. J Frawley (ed.) Oxford: OUP E-reference edn (6 May 2009) Schiffrin, D 2003b Discourse markers: Language, meaning, and context In The Handbook of Discourse Analysis, D Schiffrin, D Tannen & H. E Hamilton (eds), 54–75 Oxford: Blackwell Schilling-Estes, N 2004 Exploring intertextuality in the sociolinguistic interview In Sociolinguistic Variation Critical Reflections, C Fought (ed.), 44–61 Oxford: OUP Schmid, T 2010 Then he went and live in Trinity Change in progress? A study of pseudocoordinative constructions in Jersey English Dissertation, University of Bamberg Schneider, E. W 2007 Postcolonial English Varieties around the World Cambridge: CUP Schneider, E. W (ed.) 1996 Focus on the USA [Varieties of English around the World G16] Amsterdam: John Benjamins Schreier, D 2003 Isolation and Language Change: Contemporary and Sociohistorical Evidence from Tristan da Cunha English Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan Sell, K In preparation A Sociolinguistic Approach to Spoken Irish English in Galway PhD dissertation, University of Bamberg Silva-Corvalán, C 1996 Language Contact and Change Spanish in Los Angeles Oxford: Clarendon Press Smith, J 2007 Techniques of analysis, II: Morphosyntactic variation In The Routledge Companion to Sociolinguistics, C Llamas, L Mullany & P Stockwell (eds), 28–40 London: Routledge Spence, N. C. W 1960 A Glossary of Jersey-French Oxford: Blackwell Spence, N. C. W 1984 Channel Island French In Language in the British Isles, P Trudgill (ed.), 345–351 Cambridge: CUP Spence, N. C. W 1993 A Brief History of Jèrriais Jersey: Don Balleine Spence, N. C. W 1999 Jèrriais in St Martin The language shift In St Martin Jersey The Story of an Island Parish, C Blackstone & K Le Quesne (eds), 244–249 Chichester: Phillimore Spence, N. C. W 2001 The language changes in Jersey Société Jersiaise Annual Bulletin for 2001 28(1): 133–142 Spurway Torode, A. M 2001 George d’la Forge Guardian of the Jersey Norman Heritage A Study of the Life and Writings of George Francis Le Feuvre (1891–1984) PhD dissertation, University of Leeds Starks, D., Thompson, L & Christie, J 2008 Whose discourse particles? New Zealand eh in the Niuean migrant community Journal of Pragmatics 40(7): 1279–1295 Stead, J 1809 A Picture of Jersey; or, Stranger’s Companion through That Island Jersey: Longman, Hurst, Rees, and Orme Stefanowitsch, A 1999 The go-and-verb construction in a cross-linguistic perspective: image-schema blending and the construal of events In Proceedings of the Second Annual High Desert Linguistics Society Conference, D Nordquist & C Berkenfield (eds), 123–134 Albuquerque NM: High Desert Linguistics Society References 225 Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Stefanowitsch, A 2000 The English GO-(PRT)-AND-VERB construction In Proceedings of the Twenty-sixth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, L. J Conathan, J Good, D Kavitskaya, A. B Wulf & A. C. L Yu (eds), 259–270 Berkeley CA: Berkeley Linguistics Society Stein, D 1997 Syntax and varieties In Taming the Vernacular From Dialect to Written Standard Language, J Cheshire & D Stein (eds), 35–50 London: Longman Stenström, A. -B 2005 ‘It’s very good eh’ – ‘Está muy bien eh’: teenagers’ use of tags – London and Madrid compared In Contexts – Historical, Social, Linguistic Studies in Celebration of Toril Swan, K McCafferty, T Bull & K Killie (eds), 279–291 Bern: Peter Lang Stenström, A. -B., Andersen, G & Hasund, I. K 2002 Trends in Teenage Talk Corpus Compilation, Analysis and Findings [Studies in Corpus Linguistics 8] Amsterdam: John Benjamins Stevens, J 1985 A Short History of Jersey Jersey: Société Jersiaise Stuart-Smith, J 2007 The influence of the media In The Routledge Companion to Sociolinguistics, C Llamas, L Mullany & P Stockwell (eds), 140–148 London: Routledge Stubbe, M & Holmes, J 1995 You know, eh and other ‘exasperating expressions’: An analysis of social and stylistic variation in the use of pragmatic devices in a sample of New Zealand English Language & Communication 15(1): 63–88 Stubbs, M 2005 Language Corpora In The Handbook of Applied Linguistics, A Davies & C. Elder (eds) Blackwell Reference Online (26 July 2011) Syvret, M & Stevens, J 1998 Balleine’s History of Jersey Shopwyke Manor Barn, Chichester: Phillimore Szmrecsanyi, B & Kortmann, B 2009 Vernacular universals and angloversals in a typological perspective In Vernacular Universals and Language Contacts Evidence from Varieties of English and Beyond, M Filppula, J Klemola & H Paulasto (eds), 33–53 New York NY: Routledge Tabouret-Keller, A 1997 Language and identity In The Handbook of Sociolinguistics, F Coulmas (ed.), 315–326 Oxford: Blackwell Tagliamonte, S. A 1998 Was/were variation across the generations: View from the city of York Language Variation and Change 10: 153–191 Tagliamonte, S. A 2006 Analysing Sociolinguistic Variation Cambridge: CUP Tagliamonte, S. A 2009 There was universals; then there weren’t: a comparative sociolinguistic perspective on ‘default singulars’ In Vernacular Universals and Language Contacts Evidence from Varieties of English and Beyond, M Filppula, J Klemola & H Paulasto (eds), 103–129 New York NY: Routledge Tagliamonte, S & Hudson, R 1999 Be like et al beyond America: The quotative system in British and Canadian youth Journal of Sociolinguistics 3(2): 147–172 Thomason, S. G 2001 Language Contact An Introduction Edinburgh: EUP Thomason, S. G 2003 Contact as a source of language change In The Handbook of Historical Linguistics, B. D Joseph & R. D Janda (eds), 687–712 Oxford: Blackwell Thomason, S. G 2009 Why universals versus contact-induced change? In Vernacular Universals and Language Contacts Evidence from Varieties of English and Beyond, M Filppula, J. Klemola & H Paulasto (eds), 349–364 New York NY: Routledge Thomason, S. G & Kaufman, T 1988 Language Contact, Creolization, and Genetic Linguistics Berkeley CA: University of California Press Tomlinson, H 1981 Le Guernesiais Etude grammaticale et lexicale du parler norman de l’Ile de Guernesey PhD dissertation, University of Edinburgh www.ebook777.com 226 Grammatical Variation and Change in Jersey English Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Tottie, G 1997 Relatively speaking: Relative marker usage in the British National Corpus In To Explain the Present Studies in the Changing English Language in Honour of Matti Rissanen, T Nevalainen & L Kahlas-Tarkka (eds), 465–481 Helsinki: Société Néophilologique Trudgill, P 1983 On Dialect Social and Geographical Perspectives Oxford: Blackwell Trudgill, P 1986 Dialects in Contact Oxford: Blackwell Trudgill, P 1999 The Dialects of England Oxford: Blackwell Trudgill, P 2002 Sociolinguistic Variation and Change Edinburgh: EUP Trudgill, P 2004 New-Dialect Formation The Inevitability of Colonial Englishes Oxford: OUP Trudgill, P & Chambers, J.â•›K (eds) 1991 Dialects of English Studies in Grammatical Variation London: Longman Tuaillon, G 1974 Review of: Simoni-Aurembou, Marie-Rose (1973) Atlas linguistique et ethnographique de l’ Ile-de-France et de l’ Orléanais, Vol I Paris: CNRS Revue de Linguistique Romane 38: 575–576 Tuten, D.â•›N 2007 Koineization In The Routledge Companion to Sociolinguistics, C Llamas, L. Mullany & P Stockwell (eds), 185–191 London: Routledge Upton, C., Parry, D & Widdowson, J.â•›D.â•›A 1994 Survey of English Dialects The Dictionary and Grammar London: Routledge Upton, C & Widdowson, J.â•›D.â•›A 2006 An Atlas of English Dialects, 2nd edn London: Routledge Uttley, J 1966 The Story of the Channel Islands London: Faber & Faber Viereck, W 1983 Englisch auf den Britischen Inseln In Englisch – Formen und Funktionen einer Weltsprache Katalog zur Ausstellung des Lehrstuhls für Englische Sprachwissenschaft und Mediävistik und der Universitätsbibliothek Bamberg, W Viereck, S Köppl, J Schmied & E. Schneider (eds), 27–30 Bamberg: Universitätsbibliothek Bamberg Viereck, W 1988 The Channel Islands: an Anglicist’s no-man’s land In Essays on the English Language and Applied Linguistics on the Occasion of Gerhard Nickel’s 60th Birthday, J. Â�Klegraf & D Nehls (eds), 468–478 Heidelberg: Groos Wagner, S 2003 Gender in English pronouns: myth and reality PhD dissertation, University of Freiburg Wagner, S 2004 ‘Gendered’ pronouns in English dialects A typological perspective In Dialectology Meets Typology: Dialect Grammar from a Cross-Linguistic Perspective, Bernd Kortmann (ed.), 479–496 Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter Wales, K 2008 Regional variation in English in the new millennium: Looking to the future In Standards and Norms in the English Language, M.â•›A Locher & J Strässler (eds), 47–67 Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter Walker, J.â•›A 2007 ‘There’s bears back there’ Plural existentials and vernacular universals in (Quebec) English English World-Wide 28(2): 147–166 Walter, H 2001 Honni soit qui mal y pense: l’incroyable histoire damour entre le franỗais et langlais Paris: Laffont Weinreich, U., Labov, W & Herzog, M 1968 Empirical foundations for a theory of language change In Directions for Historical Linguistics, W.â•›P Lehmann & Y Malkiel (eds), 95–188 Austin TX: University of Texas Press Wiklund, A.-L 2009 The syntax of surprise: unexpected event readings in complex predication Working Papers in Scandinavian Syntax 84: 181–224 Williams, A & Kerswill, P 1999 Dialect levelling: change and continuity in Milton Keynes, Reading and Hull In Urban Voices: Accent Studies in the British Isles, P Foulkes & G. Â�Docherty (eds), 141–162 London: Edward Arnold Williams, G 1992 Sociolinguistics A Sociological Critique London: Routledge References 227 Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Winford, D 2003 An Introduction to Contact Linguistics Malden MA: Blackwell Winford, D 2009 The interplay of ‘universals’ and contact-induced change in the emergence of New Englishes In Vernacular Universals and Language Contacts Evidence from Varieties of English and Beyond, M Filppula, J Klemola & H Paulasto (eds), 206–230 New York NY: Routledge Wolfram, W & Fasold, R. W 1974 The Study of Social Dialects in American English Englewood Cliffs NJ: Prentice-Hall Wolfram, W & Schilling-Estes, N 1996 Dialect change and maintenance in a post-insular island community In Focus on the USA [Varieties of English around the World G16], E. W. Schneider (ed.), 103–148 Amsterdam: John Benjamins Wolfram, W & Schilling-Estes, N 2006 American English: Dialects and Variation, 2nd edn Malden MA: Blackwell Woods, H. B 1991 Social differentiation in Ottawa English In English around the World Sociolinguistic Perspectives, J Cheshire (ed.), 134–149 Cambridge: CUP Wulff, S 2006 Go-V vs go-and-V in English: A case of constructional synonymy? In Corpora in Cognitive Linguistics Corpus-Based Approaches to Syntax and Lexis, S. T Gries & A. Stefanowitsch (eds), 101–125 Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter Zwickl, S 2002 Language Attitudes, Ethnic Identity and Dialect Use across the Northern Ireland Border: Armagh and Monaghan Belfast: Cló Ollscoil na Banríona www.ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com appendix Written questionnaire The questionnaire design is based on that used by the Chair of English Linguistics at the University of Bamberg (cf Krug, Hilbert & Fabri fc.) In the questionnaire version below, though not in the one actually distributed, sources of questionnaire items are acknowledged in brackets behind each item If not indicated otherwise, all sentence items were devised by the Bamberg team for their project on Romance-influenced (pen)insular varieties of English In addition, the last column gives the mean value for the rating of each sentence.108 The following scale applies: everyone = 6, most = 5, many = 4, some = 3, few = 2, no one = 1 This sentence could be said in Jersey by: Informant ID # everyone most many some few no-one Jersey English Questionnaire Date: Please rate every sentence individually There is no right or wrong Just go by your initial feeling mean value Don’t worry There’s plenty room ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ 3.97 He keeps insisting that she leave as soon as possible ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ 3.00 They were always up and about, them (cf Barbé 1993: 160) ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ 2.06 I saw him to the pictures yesterday ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ 1.97 He’s a clever boy, that one ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ 3.58 Everybody were growing tomatoes then (Jersey Archive) ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ 2.23 Many pupils in secondary schools are not very interested in learning the Latin ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ 2.10 108. On statistical caveats when analyzing self-rating questionnaires (such as the translation of intervals of ordinal scales into absolute numbers and the interpretation of means, medians and standard deviations) see Krug & Sell (2013) Yet, they consider calculating arithmetic means for each questionnaire item as a useful tool in the interpretation of such data www.ebook777.com 230 Grammatical Variation and Change in Jersey English everyone most many some few no-one This sentence could be said in Jersey by: mean value Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com In them days there wasn’t even a road here There’s a year now that I don’t smoke (cf Ramisch 1989: 97) ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ 2.52 10 She’s got this awful cough yet ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ 2.52 ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ 1.81 11 Farming to me was something I enjoyed it (Jersey Archive) ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ 2.26 12 There’s two men waiting in the hall 13 They will advertise it on the Evening Post tomorrow (Jersey Archive) ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ 4.55 ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ 3.39 14 These people, they don’t understand ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ 3.94 15 I was about ten year old at that time ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ 3.32 16 Is it worthwhile me coming over and have a look? (Barbé 1993: 273) ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ 3.71 17 Most of the tourists come here speak English ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ 3.45 18 They wouldn’t leave me go (Ramisch 1989: 188) ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ 2.77 19 There were no buses to take the children home after ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ 4.00 20 It doesn’t make no difference to us ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ 3.13 21 How did you get there? By car, is it? ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ 2.68 22 Did you enjoy going over and visit them? ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ 2.77 23 He wanted to give it to a girl which was older than him ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ 2.55 24 She insisted that he should stay at home ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ 4.52 25 That’s what I find have changed (Barbé 1993: 272) ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ 2.45 26 Does she really go there every day? – But yes! ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ 2.68 27 You’d have seen that, you’d have thought the same (Jones 2001: 172) ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ 2.87 28 I like to keep it home (Barbé 1993: 272) ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ 2.84 29 I’m having another pint me (Ramisch 1989: 129) ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ 2.90 Appendix 1. Written questionnaire Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com everyone most many some few no-one This sentence could be said in Jersey by: 30 I bought it at De Gruchy 31 When he come home he used to change clothes (Jersey Archive) mean value ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ 4.52 ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ 2.35 32 For over a hundred years her uneasy spirit haunts the tower ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ 2.39 33 I’ve got no chance eh? ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ 3.90 34 Everyone used to speak English at the work ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ 2.68 35 This is a friend what went to school with me ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ 2.84 36 It weighs about 14 pound ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ 4.00 37 You’re parents are retired, isn’t it? ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ 1.65 38 We went up the airport (Barbé 1993: 272) ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ 3.55 39 It’s very annoying when somebody pretends that he don’t understand ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ 2.42 40 There was some had their favourite place (Jersey Archive) ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ 2.00 41 Last Saturday someone stole me bike ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ 3.26 42 It’s already a year she works here (Barbé 1993: 273) ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ 2.87 I remembers she used to make them for Christmas (cf Jersey Archive) ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ 2.29 43 44 Mind the plate, she’s hot (cf Jones 2001: 173) ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ 2.29 www.ebook777.com 231 Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com appendix Excerpt from a transcript (interview with speaker JIC12f1935) (Source: fieldwork A Rosen) (Transcribed by: A Rosen, December 2008) (Anonymized by: C Leuthäußer) (Checked by: H Etheridge) (Interviewer: A Rosen) (Speaker: JIC12f1935) (Recording date: 16 September 2008) […] { Oh I see So you were born in St Lawrence and then- what would your parents then, back then?} Uhm, well, uhm when we moved to St Mary’s, it was to farm We were farmers My mum and dad, they farmed at St Mary’s And then du after the war we moved to St Peter’s, to farm And then I got married when I was in St Peter’s and then, you know { All right.} So it ’s farming really { And your husband is a farmer, too?} Yes Yeah We been re he’s been retired uhm- he retired at sixty-five and he’s going to be eighty-five (v ‘laughs’) so there’s twenty years But we took on this little place because there was room for the horses ’Cause it- it was horses years ago eh, you know It wasn’t tractors Not- well, a few, but it was a lot of horsework { Oh yes, I imagine.} Things change, you know? { And you have any brothers or sisters?} Two sisters Yes, one a little bit older than me and the other one was born during the Occupation { Oh really?} Yes, she was born during the Occupation Yeah She uhm- she was about two and a half, three I suppose when the war finished And she didn’t know what a bit of chocolate or a banana was, eh? (v ‘laughs’) { Mhm (v ‘laughs’) Her first bit of chocolate was probably in the Red Cross parcels then.} Oh, the Red Cross Parcels { Do you remember them?} Oh yes, yeah Yeah, I remember them, the Red Cross Parcels Yeah, my little sister- well I mean, she had to have like everybody else, eh? You know But uh there was no www.ebook777.com 234 Grammatical Variation and Change in Jersey English Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com bananas and chocolates and a lot of things But there you go She survived, you know She survived And my mum- I can remember my mum- uh we had no soap neither, that was another thing We had no soap to wash her And my mum bartered uhm a pound or some butter for a bar of soap { Yes Uhm-} For a bar of soap So we could- and it was specially for the baby { (v ‘laughs’) Mhm But that must have been very worrying, I suppose, for your mother, really, you know, bringing up a child during the Occupation.} Yes, yeah, that’s right and uhm- but the neighbours- it was a funny thing, you know, people were a little bit more united, I think ’Cause uhm our neighbour had had a baby, and she still had her pram, so of course the pram came home to mum And then she had another baby after my little sister and the pram went back and a pushchair came instead, you know? It was kind of more united the- uh, yeah We were lucky at St Mary’s because there was a lot of farmers { All right.} A lot of farmers, and kind of one looked after the other one, you know Quite a united parish, St Mary’s { All right.} Yeah, they were, yeah { So did you know most of your neighbours then?} Yes, exactly And you had to help as well, you know I mean everybody had a horse or two But if the ploughing had to be done, you know, you’d all get together, and you’d help Yeah But now they just press buttons eh? In the fields (v ‘laughs’) On- on television the other day, they were showing this vast machine { Yes.} just cutting the corn Just the heads A press-button-thing, eh? Oh Hard to believe, hard to believe Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Index A accommodation 21–22, 121, 190–193, 204, 208–209 adjectives 171, 173 adverbs 170, 171, 173, 177, 184, 189 age 15, 44–48, 61–63, 69, 77–80, 82–86, 92–94, 115–117, 126, 131–136, 139–140, 142, 145, 154–155, 172–173, 176, 179, 187, 189–190, 202, 209 ain’t 167, 176, 182 Alderney 3, 38, 207, 212 American English 66, 117, 119, 125, 132, 142, 171 Anglicization 34, 36–41, 196 angloversals 189 apparent-time construct 15, 46, 158, 176 attitudes 3–4, 17–18, 22–24, 40–41, 54–55, 57, 96, 98–101, 107, 110, 114, 116, 193–200, 202–203, 209–211 B Barbé, Pauline 2–5, 25, 30–32, 91–93, 109–110, 113, 147, 178, 201, 210 bilingualism 3, 18, 37, 46, 54, 61–62, 81–83, 87–88, 90–91, 115–117, 120–123, 131–132, 135–139, 141–145, 155–161, 163–164, 166, 168–170, 173, 186–189, 200–203, 206, 209, 212 British National Corpus (BNC) 60, 66, 70, 73, 93–96, 117–119, 136, 148, 152–153, 159 borrowing 19, 90–91, 122, 162 British English 12–13, 21, 93–95, 125, 151–154, 156, 158–159, 161, 163–164, 167, 172, 178, 186, 190–192, 198, 209 C Cajun English 20, 121, 143, 145, 157, 162, 166, 193, 203, 210 Canadian English 20, 71–72, 74–76, 80, 86–88, 98, 100, 137 Channel Island English 2, 4, 13, 28–29, 41, 109, 127, 175–179, 207, 212 choices see linguistic choices community of practice 15, 22 construction grammar 107, 123 contact see linguistic contact convergence 18, 37, 91, 178, 194 coordinate subjects 174, 177, 184 D dialect levelling see levelling double verb patterns see multi-verb sequences Dynamic Model 12, 17, 194 E education 36, 37, 48, 62–64, 81, 84–86, 145, 154, 192, 201–202 eh 5, 69–102, 161, 177, 184, 189, 200, 203, 205 emphatic pronouns 20, 28–29, 37, 156–157, 176, 182, 190, 208 F Falkland English 125 FAP 31, 103–124, 177, 184, 189, 201, 203, 206, 208 formality 60, 78–79, 81, 95 France 35–36, 191, 196 Freiburg English Dialect Corpus (FRED) 13, 59, 66, 148 frequency 13, 54, 66, 77–78, 80, 88, 92, 96–97, 100, 107, 117, 154, 186, 190, 211 G gender 47, 60–61, 78, 86–87, 92–93, 115, 117, 126, 132–133, 135, 155, 187–188, 209 gendered pronouns 169–170 geographical diffusion 21, 191 German Occupation 38, 53, 58, 149, 159, 164, 233–234 globalization 181, 199, 210 grammaticalization 83, 104, 107, 111, 120, 126 Great Britain 34, 48 see also UK Guernesiais see Guernsey Norman French Guernsey 1–2, 25–27, 31, 33, 37–40, 96–97, 192, 195–196, 199–200, 207–208, 212 Guernsey Norman French see Norman French H Hawaii Creole English 71–72 hendiadys 104–105, 107, 123 see also multi-verb sequences Herm 1 I identity 1, 3–5, 17–18, 22–24, 27, 31, 41, 54–55, 58, 62, 71, 96–102, 116, 181, 186–187, 189, 191, 193–205, 207–211 if-clause 142–143, 177, 184 www.ebook777.com 236 Grammatical Variation and Change in Jersey English Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com immigration 21–22, 34–40, 46–47, 143, 174, 190–193, 196, 208, 210 individual variation 78–80, 85, 88, 101, 131, 182–185, 203, 211 infinitive 103–104, 108, 110, 113–114, 117, 120–122 insular Norman French see Norman French International Corpus of English (ICE) 10, 66, 71, 72, 80, 93, 119, 141, 206 invariable is it? 28–30, 81–83, 172–173, 177, 184 invariable isn’t it? 32, 81–83, 177, 184 J Jèrriais see Norman French Jersey Norman French see Norman French Jones, Mari 2–3, 18, 25, 28, 30, 32, 33, 37, 40–41, 88–91, 127, 135, 138, 140–144, 157–166, 168–170, 173, 196, 211 L Labov, William 1, 7–9, 11, 14, 22, 43, 51, 53, 56, 210 language contact see linguistic contact language learning see second language acquisition language planning 27, 40 language shift 17–18, 37, 40, 110, 121, 208–209 language-shift variety 17–18 levelling 21–22, 94, 96, 101, 150, 181, 188–193, 200, 207–209 linguistic choices 15, 23, 131, 153, 181, 187, 193, 194, 203, 206, 209, 211–212 linguistic contact 1–4, 16–21, 30–33, 39–40, 87–88, 90–91, 120–122, 124, 136–137, 139–141, 155, 162–163, 166–168, 178–179, 189–192, 200–204, 206–210 contact linguistics 7, 17 dialect contact 7, 18, 21, 39, 140, 168, 190–192, 204 linguistic variable 8, 11, 23, 30, 56, 100, 195, 210, 212 M markedness 21, 144, 168, 188, 190–191, 193, 209 media 21, 41, 192, 196 Milroy, Lesley 8–12, 14–15, 21–22, 24, 43–45, 48, 51–52, 56, 124, 187–188, 191, 203 mobility 21, 48, 191 multiple negation 30, 167–168, 176, 178, 182, 189 multi-verb sequences 104, 121, 123 N native speaker 45, 54, 59, 211 networks see social networks New Zealand English 71–72, 74–76, 78, 80, 86–88, 98, 108, 125, 127, 134–135, 139, 191, 206 Norman French 1–4, 18, 20, 25–29, 33, 35, 37–38, 40–41, 70, 81, 87–89, 91, 120–121, 123, 125, 127, 136–143, 147, 155–157, 159–164, 166, 168–170, 173, 176, 178–179, 188–191, 199, 205–206, 208–209, 212 Jersey Norman French 2–3, 17–19, 27–28, 32, 38, 40–41, 45–46, 58, 66, 69, 88–89, 110, 116, 120, 123, 128, 137, 155, 158, 163, 169–170, 198–199, 201–204, 209–210 Guernsey Norman French 2, 27–29, 40, 88–89, 120, 137, 149, 158, 162, 169–170 O observer’s paradox 9, 53 obsolescence 3, 18, 29, 37, 40, 124, 139, 166, 172, 176–177, 179, 193, 209, 212 occupational background 48–50, 54, 58, 62–64, 84–86, 116, 134, 156, 202, 210 oral history material 4, 44, 51, 55, 57–60, 65–66, 154 Oxford English Dictionary (OED) 57, 65, 71, 90, 113, 159 P passive familiarity 18–19, 110, 116, 210 past tense 57, 110, 112–113, 117, 119, 121–122, 127, 129, 131–135, 144–145, 167, 177, 184, 189 phonetic variation 10–11, 28, 58, 89–91, 212 phonological variation 11, 29–30, 192, 209, 212 politeness 71, 75, 95, 97, 100, 110 pragmatic marker 71, 73, 81–83, 101, 206 present perfect 138, 141, 143, 177 prestige 18, 22, 40–41, 47–48, 96, 194, 196, 198 pseudo-coordination 104–108, 113–114, 119–123 Q Quebec English 20, 125, 137, 155 question tags 71, 82–83, 93 see also tags R Ramisch, Heinrich 2–5, 25, 29–32, 33, 40, 51, 81, 91–92, 127–128, 131–135, 139, 140–144, 156–170, 172–175, 177–178, 206–207, 212 reanalysis 121–122 register 53, 58, 65, 126 see also formality relexification principle 138 resumptive pronouns 151, 176, 182 S salience 69, 72, 80, 87–88, 91, 99–101, 179, 190, 192, 206 Sark 1, 3, 27, 137, 207, 212 Scottish English 71–72, 87, 142, 156–157 sex see gender simple past 141, 177 see also past tense simple present 141 simplification 122, 156 second language acquisition (SLA) 19–20, 110, 121–123, 138, 141, 143–144, 155, 163, 208 group SLA 121, 123, 138 imperfect group learning 19, 37, 120, 122 Index 237 Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com social networks 14–15, 31, 44, 46–47, 51, 54, 62, 64, 85, 101, 116, 123–124, 192–193, 201–204, 206–207, 210, 212 social network theory 14–15 socio-economic background 44–45, 48–51, 62–64, 101, 116, 133, 202, 204, 209 solidarity 22, 79, 81–82, 97–98 solidarity marker 97, 102 speech community 1, 4–5, 7, 12, 14–15, 31, 47, 57–58, 96, 100, 190, 192, 200, 203–204, 209, 211 standard 12–13, 23, 47, 55–56, 103, 110–111, 113, 117–118, 128, 137–145, 148, 181, 186–187, 190–193, 204, 206 standard English 12–13, 66, 99, 103–104, 109, 115, 122–123, 138, 141, 148, 160–162, 164–166, 169–170, 181, 189 standard French 1, 18, 36, 40–41, 89–90, 137, 141, 155–156, 161, 168, 173, 190, 208 standardization 3, 4, 13, 21–22, 154, 156, 181, 186–188, 190–193, 200, 202, 207–209 subject-verb agreement 124, 143 substrate influence 19, 32, 167, 208 see also transfer syntactic calque 120, 127, 138 T tags 71–73, 75–76, 81–83, 88, 90, 93, 98 transfer 18–20, 27, 29–30, 40, 41, 120, 127, 137–139, 149, 156, 159–164, 166, 168–169, 172–173, 188–189, 191, 193, 200, 202, 208 U UK 38–40, 45, 48–49, 62, 191–192 see also Great Britain universals 20, 30, 122, 124–125, 140, 168, 178, 189, 208 V variable see linguistic variable variants 11, 21, 23–24, 56, 188, 190–191, 193, 203, 209–210, 212 vernacular universals 124–125, 168, 189 see also universals Viereck, Wolfgang 2, 29, 103, 109, 127, 138, 142, 144, 152, 156, 161, 163, 167–168, 172 W wh-questions 173, 177 www.ebook777.com ... constructions in standard English 104 6.1.2 Previous findings on FAP in Channel Island English 109 6.1.3 Findings on FAP in Jersey English 111 6.1.3.1 Characteristics of FAP in Jersey English 112... North Carolina State University Volume G48 Grammatical Variation and Change in Jersey English by Anna Rosen Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Grammatical Variation and Change in Jersey English Anna... discussion of processes of variation and change currently in progress in JersE (Chapter 8) It is hoped that this www.ebook777.com Grammatical Variation and Change in Jersey English Free ebooks ==>