Communications in Computer and Information Science 119 Tai-hoon Kim Alan Chin-Chen Chang MingChu Li Chunming Rong Charalampos Z Patrikakis ´ ˛zak (Eds.) Dominik Sle Communication and Networking International Conference, FGCN 2010 Held as Part of the Future Generation Information Technology Conference, FGIT 2010 Jeju Island, Korea, December 13-15, 2010 Proceedings, Part I 13 Volume Editors Tai-hoon Kim Hannam University, Daejeon, South Korea E-mail: taihoonn@hnu.kr Alan Chin-Chen Chang National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi County, Taiwan E-mail: ccc@cs.ccu.edu.tw MingChu Li Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China E-mail: mingchul@dlut.edu.cn Chunming Rong University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway E-mail: chunming.rong@uis.no Charalampos Z Patrikakis National Technical University of Athens, Greece E-mail: bpatr@aua.com ´ ˛zak Dominik Sle University of Warsaw & Infobright, Warsaw, Poland E-mail: dominik.slezak@infobright.com Library of Congress Control Number: 2010940170 CR Subject Classification (1998): C.2, H.4, D.2, H.3, K.6.5, D.4.6 ISSN ISBN-10 ISBN-13 1865-0929 3-642-17586-4 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York 978-3-642-17586-2 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York This work is subject to copyright All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other way, and storage in data banks Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law springer.com © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010 Printed in Germany Typesetting: Camera-ready by author, data conversion by Scientific Publishing Services, Chennai, India Printed on acid-free paper 06/3180 Preface Welcome to the proceedings of the 2010 International Conference on Future Generation Communication and Networking (FGCN 2010) – one of the partnering events of the Second International Mega-Conference on Future Generation Information Technology (FGIT 2010) FGCN brings together researchers from academia and industry as well as practitioners to share ideas, problems and solutions relating to the multifaceted aspects of communication and networking, including their links to computational sciences, mathematics and information technology In total, 1,630 papers were submitted to FGIT 2010 from 30 countries, which includes 228 papers submitted to the FGCN 2010 Regular Sessions The submitted papers went through a rigorous reviewing process: 395 of the 1,630 papers were accepted for FGIT 2010, while 45 papers were accepted the FGCN 2010 Regular Sessions Of the 45 papers, were selected for the special FGIT 2010 volume published by Springer in LNCS series 29 papers are published in this volume, and papers were withdrawn due to technical reasons We would like to acknowledge the great effort of the FGCN 2010 International Advisory Board and members of the International Program Committee, as well as all the organizations and individuals who supported the idea of publishing this volume of proceedings, including SERSC and Springer Also, the success of the conference would not have been possible without the huge support from our Sponsors and the work of the Chairs and Organizing Committee We are grateful to the following keynote speakers who kindly accepted our invitation: Hojjat Adeli (Ohio State University), Ruay-Shiung Chang (National Dong Hwa University), and Andrzej Skowron (University of Warsaw) We would also like to thank all plenary and tutorial speakers for their valuable contributions We would like to express our greatest gratitude to the authors and reviewers of all paper submissions, as well as to all attendees, for their input and participation Last but not least, we give special thanks to Rosslin John Robles and Maricel Balitanas These graduate school students of Hannam University contributed to the editing process of this volume with great passion December 2010 Tai-hoon Kim Alan Chin-Chen Chang MingChu Li Chunming Rong Charalampos Z Patrikakis Dominik ĝlĊzak Organization Organizing Committee General Co-chairs Alan Chin-Chen Chang Thanos Vasilakos MingChu Li Kouichi Sakurai Chunming Rong National Chung Cheng University, Taiwan University of Western Macedonia, Greece Dalian University of Technology, China Kyushu University, Japan University of Stavanger, Norway Program Co-chairs Yang Xiao Charalampos Z Patrikakis Tai-hoon Kim Gansen Zhao University of Alabama, USA National Technical University of Athens, Greece Hannam University, Korea Sun Yat-sen University, China International Advisory Board Wai-chi Fang Hsiao-Hwa Chen Han-Chieh Chao Gongzhu Hu Byeong-Ho Kang Aboul Ella Hassanien National Chiao Tung University, Taiwan National Sun Yat-Sen University, Taiwan National Ilan University, Taiwan Central Michigan University, USA University of Tasmania, Australia Cairo University, Egypt Publicity Co-chairs Ching-Hsien Hsu Houcine Hassan Yan Zhang Damien Sauveron Qun Jin Irfan Awan Muhammad Khurram Khan Chung Hua University, Taiwan Polytechnic University of Valencia, Spain Simula Research Laboratory, Norway University of Limoges, France Waseda University, Japan University of Bradford, UK King Saud University, Saudi Arabia Publication Chair Maria Lee Shih Chien University, Taiwan VIII Organization Program Committee Ai-Chun Pang Andres I Prieto Andrzej Jajszczyk Antonio Lagana' Benahmed Khelifa Bogdan Ghita Byungjoo Park Chao-Tung Yang Chia-Chen Lin Christophe Fouqueré Chu-Hsing Lin Clement Leung Damien Sauveron Dimitrios D Vergados Don-Lin Yang Driss Mammass Farrukh A Khan Gianluigi Ferrari Hong Sun Hsiang-Cheh Huang Hui Chen Huirong Fu J Vigo-Aguiar Janusz Szczepanski Jiann-Liang Jieh-Shan George Yeh Jiming Chen Juha Roning Kazuto Ogawa Kin Keung Lai Kwok-Yan Lam Li Shijian Luis Javier Marc Lacoste Matthias Reuter Michel-Marie Deza Mohammad Moghal N Jaisankar Ning Gui P.R Parthasarathy R Yu-Kwong Kwok Robert Goutte Rui L Aguiar Shun-Ren Yang Soon Ae Chun Stephen Huang Sun-Yuan Hsieh Tae (Tom) Oh Terence D Todd Victor C M Leung Viktor Yarmolenko Vincenzo De Florio Weili Han Witold Pedrycz Table of Contents – Part I Multiple Object Tracking in Unprepared Environments Using Combined Feature for Augmented Reality Applications Giovanni Cagalaban and Seoksoo Kim Study on the Future Internet System through Analysis of SCADA Systems Jae-gu Song, Sungmo Jung, and Seoksoo Kim 10 A Novel Channel Assignment Scheme for Multi-channel Wireless Mesh Networks Yan Xia, Zhenghu Gong, and Yingzhi Zeng 15 Threshold Convertible Authenticated Encryption Scheme for Hierarchical Organizations Chien-Lung Hsu, Yu-Li Lin, Tzong-Chen Wu, and Chain-Hui Su 23 An Active Queue Management for QoS Guarantee of the High Priority Service Class Hyun Jong Kim, Jae Chan Shim, Hwa-Suk Kim, Kee Seong Cho, and Seong Gon Choi A Secured Authentication Protocol for SIP Using Elliptic Curves Cryptography Tien-ho Chen, Hsiu-lien Yeh, Pin-chuan Liu, Han-chen Hsiang, and Wei-kuan Shih New Mechanism for Global Mobility Management Based on MPLS LSP in NGN Myoung Ju Yu, Kam Yong Kim, Hwa Suk Kim, Kee Seong Cho, and Seong Gon Choi A Fault-Tolerant and Energy Efficient Routing in a Dense and Large Scale Wireless Sensor Network Seong-Yong Choi, Jin-Su Kim, Yang-Jae Park, Joong-Kyung Ryu, Kee-Wook Rim, and Jung-Hyun Lee 37 46 56 66 Network Management Framework for Wireless Sensor Networks Jaewoo Kim, HahnEarl Jeon, and Jaiyong Lee 76 FDAN: Failure Detection Protocol for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks Haroun Benkaouha, Abdelkrim Abdelli, Karima Bouyahia, and Yasmina Kaloune 85 Implementation of a SOA-Based Service Deployment Platform with Portal 235 Fig Execution time due to various requests Fig Distribution of service requests References Yang, C.-T., Chen, S.-Y.: A Multi-Site Resource Allocation Strategy in Computational Grids In: Wu, S., Yang, L.T., Xu, T.L (eds.) GPC 2008 LNCS, vol 5036, pp 199–210 Springer, Heidelberg (2008) Kart, F., Miao, G., Moser, L.E., Melliar-Smith, P.M.: A Distributed e-Healthcare System Based on the Service Oriented Architecture In: IEEE International Conference on Services Computing, pp 652–659 (2007) Oh, S.-C., Lee, D., Kumara, S.R.T.: Effective Web Service Composition in Diverse and Large-Scale Service Networks IEEE Transactions on Service Computing 1, 15–32 (2008) Hong, S.-P.: An exchange system for medical information based on hl7/cda Mazzoleni, P., Crispo, B., Sivasubramanian, S., Bertino, E.: “Efficient integration of finegrained access control and resource brokering in grid The Journal of Supercomputing archive 49, 108–126 (2009) 236 C.-T Yang et al Yang, C.-T., Chen, S.-Y., Chen, T.-T.: A Grid Resource Broker with Network BandwidthAware Job Scheduling for Computational Grids In: Cérin, C., Li, K.-C (eds.) GPC 2007 LNCS, vol 4459, pp 1–12 Springer, Heidelberg (2007) Sain, M., Bhardwaj, S., Lee, H., Chung, W.-Y.: Architecture of Personal Healthcare Information System in Ubiquitous Healthcare In: Lee, Y.-h., Kim, T.-h., Fang, W.-c., Ślęzak, D (eds.) FGIT 2009 LNCS, vol 5899, pp 157–164 Springer, Heidelberg (2009) Alboaie, L., Buraga, S.C., Felea, V.: TELEMON – an SOA-based e-Health System.Designing the Main Architectural Components In: 2010 IEEE 24th International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications Workshops, WAINA 2010, pp 557–56 (2010) Wang, J., Crawl, D., Altintas, I.: Kepler + Hadoop: A General Architecture Facilitating Data-Intensive Applications in Scientific Workflow Systems In: Conference on High Performance Networking and Computing Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Workflows in Support of Large-Scale Science (2009) 10 Fortuna, C., Mohorcic, M.: Dynamic composition of services for end-to-end information transport IEEE Wireless Communications 16, 56–62 (2009) 11 Baresi1, L., Guinea, S., Nano, O., Spanoudakis, G.: “Comprehensive Monitoring of BPEL Processes IEEE Internet Computing archive 14, 50–57 (2010) 12 Kim, J., Lee, S., Halem, M., Peng, Y.: Semantic Similarity Analysis of XML Schema Using Grid Computing In: IEEE International Conference on Information Reuse & Integration, IRI 2009, pp 57–62 (2009) 13 Cooper, I., Walker, C.Y.: The Design and Evaluation of MPI-Style Web Services IEEE Transactions on Services Computing 2, 197–209 (2009) 14 Ziyaeva, G., Choi, E., Min, D.: Content-Based Intelligent Routing and Message Processing in Enterprise Service Bus In:International Conference on Convergence and Hybrid Information Technology, ICHIT 2008, pp 245–249 (2008) 15 Grit, L.E.: Broker Architectures for Service-oriented Systems (2005) 16 Krefting, D., Bart, J., Beronov, K., Dzhimova, O., Falkner, J., Hartung, M., Hoheisel, A., Knochf, T.A., Lingner, T., Mohammed, Y., Peter, K., Rahm, E., Sax, U., Sommerfeld, D., Steinke, T., Tolxdorff, T., Vossberg, M., Viezens, F., Weisbecker, A.: MediGRID: Towards a user friendly secured grid infrastructure Future Generation Computer Systems 25, 326–336 (2009) 17 Casteleiro, M.A., Des, J., Prieto, M.J.F., Perez, R., Paniagua, H.: Executing medical guidelines on the web: Towards next generation healthcare 22, 545–551 (2009) 18 Bosin, A., Dessi, N., Pes, B.: Extending SOA paradigm to E-Science environments In: Future Generation Computer Systems (2010), doi:10.1016/j.future.2010.07.003 A Mobile GPS Application: Mosque Tracking with Prayer Time Synchronization Rathiah Hashim1, Mohammad Sibghotulloh Ikhmatiar1, Miswan Surip1, Masiri Karmin2, and Tutut Herawan3 Faculty of Information Technology and Multimedia Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Malaysia Centre for Diploma Studies Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Malaysia Department of Mathematics Education Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, Yogyakarta 55166, Indonesia {radhiah,miswan,masiri}@uthm.edu.my, ikhmatiar@gmail.com, tutut81@uad.ac.id Abstract Global Positioning System (GPS) is a popular technology applied in many areas and embedded in many devices, facilitating end-users to navigate effectively to user’s intended destination via the best calculated route The ability of GPS to track precisely according to coordinates of specific locations can be utilized to assist a Muslim traveler visiting or passing an unfamiliar place to find the nearest mosque in order to perform his prayer However, not many techniques have been proposed for Mosque tracking This paper presents the development of GPS technology in tracking the nearest mosque using mobile application software embedded with the prayer time’s synchronization system on a mobile application The prototype GPS system developed has been successfully incorporated with a map and several mosque locations Keywords: Mobile Application, GPS, Mosque Tracking Introduction Finding a particular location at a particular time is a common task to everyone Recently, with the advance of technology especially with the development of the Global Positioning System, locating certain location or building is no more a daunting task It has been made easy with the navigation and mapping application and these applications are also available on mobile phones, making the application more accessible for everyone The work on a mobile hot-spot navigator for instant POI finding in an unfamiliar area (a case study of restaurant findings in Da-an District, Taipei city, Taiwan) has been presented by Wei-Shen Lai et al [1] Such work which focused on locationbased services is getting more popular On-the-go consumers require dynamic information Therefore, to improve user experience on mobile POI finding in unfamiliar area, their study proposed a brand-new POI database comprising information extracted from User Generated Content (UGC) and a refined POI finding module which better equips the mobile GPS system to perform its major tasks with a new tracking algorithm that includes optimizing the memory T.-h Kim et al (Eds.): FGCN 2010, Part I, CCIS 119, pp 237–246, 2010 © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010 238 R Hashim et al In this paper, a mobile GPS system is proposed with time reminder synchronization interface to remind muslim travellers of their daily prayers with mosque locations to be new POI We applied on-line GPS track optimization algorithm using mobile platform, embedded with prayer times which will be alerted to the traveller 15 minutes prior to praying This paper is organized as follows Section describes the fundamental concept of how GPS works Section describes the framework of proposed technique Furthermore, section describes result of implemented technique Finally, the conclusion of our work is described in section Preliminaries 2.1 Basic Global Positioning System Introduced by the United States of Defense (DoD), the Global Positioning System (GPS) is a technology for spaced-based positioning, used to track and navigate with a timing system It is currently working on 24 satellites, located at various locations and collaborate with several ground monitoring stations It provides geo-location signals, measurement between different objects e.g., vehicles, people and provide efficient roaming between different locations The tracking can cover from the earth’s surface to geosynchronous orbit in space A less-known element omitted from many descriptions is the embedded timing system that serves as an essential element in its navigation services Precise time and stable frequency signals available from GPS are at least equal in importance to its navigation and velocity determination functions They are the synchronization sources for global communications, electronic transactions of all types, power-distribution networks, and many other applications 2.2 How GPS Works The installed GPS satellites broadcast continuously navigation messages that utilize the on-board atomic clocks and precise satellite position using the time-difference-ofarrival concept This enables users from anywhere in the world to determine where they are at a particular time within a short distance (few meters) and nanoseconds, respectively As mentioned in [3], the system is based on the triangulation of satellite signals, using the radio signal travelling time Its location and time transmission of the signal will be sent by each satellite After receiving the data, GPS receiver will compute the position and calculated distance using signals from four different satellites, as shown in Figure [4] As described in [4], we can assume that satellites and receivers have perfect internal clocks, which is never the case A coded signal, generated as a function of time, will be transmitted by each satellite At the same time, the receiver generates the same code, matching the incoming code However, a delay (caused by the signal’s travelling time) between both signals can be used to measure its distance from the satellite Therefore, knowing your distance from one satellite will enable you to know your position around that satellite with regards to the imaginary sphere Knowing your distance from two satellites enables you to position yourself with regards to the intersection between two spheres (a circle) With another satellite, you are positioning yourself within the intercepts of A Mobile GPS Application: Mosque Tracking with Prayer Time Synchronization 239 three spheres A circle will most likely intercepts at two points and one of them is your current position Therefore, having three satellites enable one to locate oneself relative to the three satellites with the help of a perfect clock at the receiver Satellites use atomic clocks which are very accurate – one second in one million years With the light travelling at the speed of 186,000 miles per second, if a receiver is off by 1/100 sec, then the calculated distance is off by 1,860 miles [4] To triangulate, GPS GPS operation is based on triangulation of satellite signals measures distance using radio signal travel times Each satellite sends its location and the precise time of its transmission GPS user equipment receives the signals from each satellite and records its position and the arrival time The GPS receiver computes position from the calculated distances User’s 3-dimentional coordinates and precise time are calculated using signals from four satellites Fig General works of GPS (Modified from [2]) It is not possible for each receiver to have its own cesium clock because it would make the technology expensive and non-portable Therefore, a cheaper clock (similar to digital watches) is used with an additional satellite for time precision in the GPS receiver Time calculation is shifted back and forth so that the imaginary spheres intercept Four satellites are needed for a three-dimensional navigation – one for each dimension and an extra for the time However, when the altitude is known, the system can use the center of the earth to replace the usage of one satellite However, to increase accuracy in terms of positioning, extra satellites are useful for generating extra signals which is used in many newer GPS receivers The Proposed Technique 3.1 The Framework Mosque location is an equivalent Point of Interest (POI) with additional tracked object to alternate the tracking position The presented system framework in our GPS system 240 R Hashim et al will initialize all the supported and required contents from a database such as maps, the mosque spatial data (POIs), Tracks, languages, Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) will set each defined prayer time and all data collections which are required After initialization is done, 15 minutes before prayer time, user will be alerted The system will generate a small window with a warning text and offers the user to be directed to the nearest mosque in the surrounding area If the user decided to be directed, the map will geo-reference using the points obtained from the GPS receiver and the shortest path will be determined, calculated and displayed The system framework is depicted in Figure Start Initialization Data Collection (Maps, POIs, Tracks, languages) and Time Definition and setup (5 of Prayer’s times, Prayer’s alert is 15 x 60 seconds) Prayer’s Alert Time = Prayer’s time(s) – Prayer’s alert Yes Generating Window Warning text and offer the users whether to be directed to the nearest mosque User Response To be directed on nearest Waiting next prayer’s alerts No Yes Route Calculating Calculating the shortest paths to the destination Display Calculated Route List the calculated path to the nearest mosque Display Navigation of Direction Navigate user to the nearest mosque, the new temporary destination Fig Flow chart diagram of proposed system framework The proposed tracking algorithm belongs to the distance-based algorithms [5], but the threshold value for the distance after entering a new point is obtained adaptively, taking into account the travelling speed and traveler’s position Figure shows how a new track A Mobile GPS Application: Mosque Tracking with Prayer Time Synchronization 241 point is generated From the GPS receiver, data is passed to the “GPS Provider” and then passed to the necessary GPS data dispatcher The last module will adaptively define the time when the new track point is generated The accuracy of a traveler’s position depends on the first module (GPS receiver) and also the current latitude and longitude It has to with the number of visible satellites used and reflected signals Horizontal Delusion of Precision (HDOP) is the parameter used for current accuracy 3.2 Real-Time Satellite Mosque Tracking System with Dilution To track, we had adopted a track optimization algorithm for describing a GPS route or GIS path [6], the accuracy of the GPS receiver [7] and the current method to determine the position and speed of movements As mentioned, it is important to know the satellites position in order to know the accuracy of the readings and the stability of GPS system Currently in the orbit, there are twenty-four operational and constantly moving satellites which are positioned so that a minimum of six satellites can be viewed by users regardless of their position in the world The constant movement prevents “blind spots” and their locations are described as the combination of an azimuth and an elevation Azimuth is the measure of a direction around the horizon while elevation measures a degree value up from the horizon between 0° and 90°, where 0° represents the horizon and 90° represents “zenith,” directly overhead Therefore with satellite’s azimuth reading of 45° and elevation also 45° also, the satellite is actually halfway up from the horizon towards the northeast Apart from the location, “Pseudo-Random-Code” (PRC) is reported by these devices, identifying each satellite Currently the “$GPRMC“sentence has been fully interpreted, the interpreter can be expanded to support a second sentence: “$GPGSV.” This sentence describes the configuration of satellites overhead, in real-time Below is another sample code, written as: $GPGSV,3,1,10,24,82,023,40,05,62,285,32,01,62,123,00,17,59, 229,28*70 Satellite information is separated into four blocks of four words The first block is “24,82,023,40”, the second block is “05,62,285,32” and so on In each block, the first word is the satellite’s PRC It is followed by the satellite’s elevation, azimuth and signal strength If this satellite information were to be shown graphically, it would look like Figure Fig Graphical representation of a $GPGSV sentence, where the center of the circle marks the current position and the edge of the circle marks the horizon 242 R Hashim et al 3.3 The Algorithm for Optimization of GPS Tracking on a Mobile Platform The optimization capability used for tracking in the outdoor environment is an important attribute of a GPS system [8] Ivanov [9] had presented such program which is on mobile platform However, due to the smaller receiver size, mobile platform tends to dilute faster compared to special GPS devices such as Garmin and TomTom For mass production of Java-based GPS navigation systems (using mobile terminals for middle price segment) it is necessary to optimize the usage of operative memory Online optimization of the number of the track points is offered on the basis of the last three points (locations) entered An additional check is made between point p2 and p1 In order not to miss the important track points in long and smooth curves, an additional check is made for the distance (d) between point p2 and the segment formed by points p1 and p3 (nearest path to route) [10] If d>dTh, point p2 belongs to the route notwithstanding that the condition γ≥γTh is not fulfilled Obtained adaptively, threshold dTh value depends on the current value of HDOP [11] When there is any new event, the module “GPS Data Dispatcher” will inform other program modules from the GPS receiver (through messages) The main program loop to identify the generation of a new point is shown in Figure Initialization: E=10, lastLat=0, lastLon=0, distancTh=0, νn-1−n =0 (Whereby speed value symbolized as (ν)) Get new GPS data: {lat, lon, speed, alt, hdop, direction, status}n AddNewPoint(GPS data) Back to step Fig GPS Data Dispatcher main loop These are what the AddNewPoint method do: position filtering, speed filtering, travel mode definition (while travelling in a car or walking), generation of a new point, if there are necessary conditions – HDOP, the path and speed passed within the needed ranges (Please refers to Figure 5) This module needs to listen for any “newpoint” messages coming into its mailbox (for new tracking point) After receiving the message, the GPS data passed to the GetNewPoint method and the new points are optimized by the OptimizeTrack method (Figure 6) 3.4 Prayer Time Synchronization In Islam, obligatory prayers are performed times a day There are specific praying times daily according to the position of the sun and these praying times are embedded in the system In order to pray in congregation, travelers need to reach the mosque in time Therefore, the system prototype will alert the user 15 minutes before the praying time to enable user to pray in congregation or at least, praying on time It will be synchronized with the real-time satellite in GPS application using atomic clock Time is the cornerstone of the GPS technology because distances are measured at the speed of light Each GPS satellite contains four atomic clocks which are used to time its radio A Mobile GPS Application: Mosque Tracking with Prayer Time Synchronization 243 Algorithm AddNewPoint (GPS data) ν =speedn n = FilterSpeed(ῠn-1, νn) if (ῠn-> ν Th ) HDOPmax=4.6 else HDOPmax=3.6 endif if (hdopn < HDOPmax) 10 e = E.hdopn 11 if ( nv >100) 12 distTh = Smax 13 else 14 distancTh = en + [(S max - en ) / 100]n ((s) = distance and within the range [e, S], where e = current position) 15 endif 16 [filtLonn, filtLatn] = filtPosition(lonn,latn) 17 distanc = GPSDist(filtLon,filtLat,lastLon,lastLat) 18 if (distanc ≥ distancTh) 19 lastLon = lonn and lastLat = latn 21 POBox.add(″newpoint″) 22 endif 23 endif Fig AddPointTo Track algorithm (slightly modified from [9]) OptimizeTrack(lonn, latn) xPath[i] = lonn , yPath[i] = latn i = i + if (i = 1) AddPoint(xpath[0], ypath[0]) numberOfPoints ++ return endif if (i = 3) 10 if (CheckPoints(xpath,ypath,hdopn) = true) 11 xpath[0] = xPath[1], yPath[0] = yPath[1] 12 AddPoint(xPath[0], yPath[0]) 13 numberOfPoints ++ 14 return 15 endif 16 Xpath[1] = xPath[2], yPath[1] = yPath[2] 17 i = 18 endif Fig OptimizeTrack algorithm (slightly modified from [9]) 244 R Hashim et al transmissions within a few nanoseconds One fascinating feature is that with just a few lines of code, these atomic clocks can be used to synchronize a computer’s clock with millisecond accuracy [12] The second word of the $GPRMC sentence, “040302.663,” contains satellite-derived time in a compressed format The first two characters represent hours, the next two represent minutes, the next two represent seconds, and everything after the decimal place is milliseconds Thus, the time is 4:03:02.663 AM However, satellites report time is in universal time (GMT+0), so the time must be adjusted to the local time zone Atomic clock synchronizes wireless supported mobile device’s clock using satellite-derived time and uses the DateTime.ToLocalTime that a function source code from GPS.NET Global Positioning SDK or Java Mobile Edition SDK [13] and a method to convert satellite time to the local time zone Furthermore, after DateTime.ToLocalTime derived, PrayerTime.Get fetches it When local date time matches with prayer time’s conditions, the system will alert the user in the display interface Results The experiment had been developed on JAVA platform using JAVA Micro Edition (ME) Software Development Kit (SDK) as common Mobile GPS development [13] and the POI database on PostgreSQL database platform In the experimental result, a virtual walkthrough of the system with prayer time alerted until the system navigation directs the users to the destination The developed GPS software application was tested using Sony Ericsson K770i and a GPS enabler was installed This application might have a slight difference in terms of its behavior when installed using other mobile devices (due to the difference in the communication port) 4.1 Five Prayer Times Alert Fifteen minutes to each prayer time, the system will generate a small window or popup which informs the users that prayer is due The system will then offer the user to be directed to the nearest mosque in the vicinity (please refer to Figure 7) Fig User is alerted 15min prior to the praying time 4.2 Calculated Routes and Navigation After the system reminded the user of the prayer time, the system recalculates and displays calculated routes of the nearest mosque in the vicinity The display will wait A Mobile GPS Application: Mosque Tracking with Prayer Time Synchronization 245 for the user’s response to navigate to the chosen destination – if the user wishes to be redirected Once agreed, the user will be directed to the new location (the nearest mosque) For navigation, users are allowed to set their maps to be used either in 3D or 2D graphical view (Figure 8) Fig User Interface of the Calculated Routes and navigation system Conclusion Prayers are important for people of faith For Muslims, they pray when they are at home or away from home, and for men, prayers are preferably done in congregation, at the mosque This includes the time when they travel Of course, being in foreign land, they require richer and well-organized information in order to know where to go to pray Therefore, to perform the five daily prayers without failing, we help Muslim travelers to find the nearest mosque Having the five specific times for praying, we design a tracking application system based on Mobile GPS that can be synchronized with the praying time and also ability to track the nearest mosque The basic idea in this work is assigning mosque as a new POI To this, new optimization algorithm for tracking is used The system will alert and offer users to be directed to the nearest mosque The current system has only mosques or other worshiping places as POIs Here, we designed the system purposely for Muslim travelers In the future, we plan to improve the algorithm and the navigation system and at the same time, handle any arising issues related to it Acknowledgement The authors would like to thank Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia for supporting this research We also thank Jamattimes organization for initiating the idea in the UK References [1] Lai, W.S., Shih, C.C.: A mobile hot-spot navigator for instant POI finding in an unfamiliar area In: Proceeding of 17th International Conference on Geoinformatics, pp 1–5 (2009) [2] Mcneff, G.J.: The Global Positioning System IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques 50(3), 645–652 (2002) 246 R Hashim et al [3] Yuan, X., Fu, J., Sun, H., Toth, C.: The application of GPS precise point positioning technology in aerial triangulation ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 64(6), 541–550 (2009) [4] Xu, G.: GPS Theory, Algorithms and Applications, 2nd edn., pp 2–35 Springer, Heidelberg (2007) [5] Agarwal, N., et al.: Algorithms for GPS operation indoors and downtown GPS Solutions 6, 149–160 (2002) [6] Yan, Y., Yu, J., Wu, J., Ma, S.: Design and Implementation of a Mobile GIS for Field Data Collection In: Proceeding of WRI World Congress on Computer Science and Information Engineering, vol 1, pp 235–241 (2009) [7] Hu, C., Chen, W., Chen, Y., Liu, D.: Adaptive Kalman Filtering for Vehicle Navigation Journal of GPS 2, 42–47 (2003) [8] Khalaf-Allah, M.: A Novel GPS-free Method for Mobile Unit Global Positioning in Outdoor Wireless Environments Wireless Pers Communication 44, 311–322 (2008) [9] Ivanov, R.: On-line GPS Track Optimization Algorithm for Mobile Platforms In: Proceeding of International Conference Automatics and Informatics 2008, Sofia, Bulgaria, pp 1–5 (2008) [10] Wang, J., Wang, J.J., Sinclair, D., Watts, L.: A neural network and Kalman filter hybrid approach for GPS/INS integration In: Proceeding of 12th IAIN Congress & 2006 International Symposium on GPS/GNSS, Jeju, Korea, pp 277–282 (2006) [11] Jwo, D.H., Huang, C.M.: An Adaptive Fuzzy Strong Tracking Kalman Filter for GPS/INS Navigation In: Proceeding of 33rd Annual Conference IECON 2007, pp 2266– 2271 (2007) [12] Mintsis, G., Basbas, S., Papaioannou, P., Taxiltaris, C., Tziavos, I.N.: Applications of GPS technology in the land transportation system European Journal of Operational Research of New Technologies in Transportation Systems 152(2), 399–409 (2004) [13] Ivanov, R.: Mobile GPS Navigation Application, Adapted for Visually Impaired people In: Proceeding of International Conference Automatics and Informatics 2008, Sofia, Bulgaria, pp 6–10 (2008) Author Index Abad, Javad Mohebbi Najm II-1 Abdelli, Abdelkrim I-85 Aboul-Dahab, Mohamed A I-121 Agrawal, K.P II-405 Ahn, Hyosik II-198, II-205 Akram, Adeel II-450 Aliahmadipour, Laya II-71 Anandaraj, S.P II-459 Asadinia, Sanaz II-11, II-112 Back, Sung-Hyun I-217 Bae, Kyeong-Ryeol II-343 Benkaouha, Haroun I-85 Bouyahia, Karima I-85 Busanelli, Stefano I-137, I-188 Cagalaban, Giovanni I-1, II-276 Chandrakant, N II-441 Chang, Hyokyung II-198, II-205, II-214 Chen, Tien-ho I-46 Cheong, Seung-Kook I-132 Cho, Choong Sang II-162 Cho, Kee Seong I-37, I-56 Choi, Euiin II-198, II-205, II-214 Choi, Seong Gon I-37, I-56 Choi, Seong-Yong I-66 Choi, Seung Ho II-138 Choi, Song Ha II-148, II-155 Choi, Sung-Ja II-218 Chu, William C I-227 Chun, Chan Jun II-162 Chun, Myung Geun II-188 Colace, Francesco II-83 Dardzinska, Agnieszka II-22 Deng, Shaoyi II-63 De Santo, Massimo II-83 EL-Badawy, Hesham M I-121 Entezari, Negin II-41, II-51 Esmailpour, Babak II-1 Farahmand, Hossein II-123 Ferrandino, Salvatore II-83 Ferrari, Gianluigi I-137, I-188 Gangarde, Arun D II-347 Garg, Ruchi II-432 Geetha, T.L II-370 Gong, Zhenghu I-15 Ha, Deock-Ho II-311, II-316 Ha, Ok-Kyoon II-227, II-238 Han, Jechan I-112 Han, Jungyoo II-330 Hashim, Rathiah I-237 Hayder, Syed Irfan II-354 Herawan, Tutut I-237 Hsiang, Han-chen I-46 Hsu, Chien-Lung I-23 Ikhmatiar, Mohammad S I-237 Iotti, Nicola I-137 Jadhav, Shrikant.S II-347 Jang, Bokman II-198, II-205 Jang, Bong-Im I-180 Jang, Jong-Wook I-217 Jang, Sei-Jin II-180 Jang, Seok-Woo II-247 Javidi, Mohammad M II-71, II-93 Jeon, HahnEarl I-76, I-104 Jeong, Dong-Gyu II-223 Jeong, Yoon-Su I-164 Jin, Ik Soo II-262, II-284 Jo, Sungdong II-180 Jun, Yong-Kee II-227, II-238 Jung, Min A II-138 Jung, Sungmo I-10, II-276 Kaloune, Yasmina I-85 Kanavalli, Anita II-370 Kang, Byeong Gwon II-335 Kang, Sanggil I-199 248 Author Index Karmin, Masiri I-237 Khan, Jahangir II-354 Khanam, Solima II-247 Khanpara, Pimal II-393 Khattab, Maged M I-121 Kil, Kijeong II-330 Kim, Duk Su II-155 Kim, Hae Geun I-207 Kim, Hak-Man I-199 Kim, Hong Kook II-138, II-148, II-155, II-162, II-172, II-180 Kim, Hwa-Suk I-37, I-56 Kim, Hwa-Sun I-217 Kim, Hyun Jong I-37 Kim, Jaewoo I-76 Kim, Jang-Ju I-217 Kim, Jin-il II-321 Kim, Jin-Su I-66 Kim, Ji Woon II-148, II-155 Kim, Jong hyun II-268, II-276 Kim, Kam Yong I-56 Kim, Kyong-Hoon II-238 Kim, Mi-Jin I-217 Kim, Minseop II-330 Kim, Miso II-291 Kim, Myeong Bo II-148, II-155 Kim, SeogGyu I-104 Kim, Seoksoo I-1, I-10, II-268, II-276 Kim, Seung-Un II-311, II-316 Kim, Sung-gyu II-291 Kim, Sung-Woo II-311, II-316 Kim, Sun-Sook II-227 Kim, TaeHwan II-330 Kim, Yong Guk II-162, II-180 Kim, Yong-Tae I-147, I-155, I-164, I-180 Ko, Dae-Sik I-132 Kotecha, K II-381, II-393, II-405 Kuh, In-Bon II-238 Kumar, R Naveen II-459 Kumar, Sumit II-432 Kwak, Dongho II-330 Kwak, Jiwon II-330 Kwak, Yoonsik II-330 Lai, Chung-Che I-227 Lang, Bo II-31 Lee, Dongcheul II-301 Lee, Dong-Hyun II-316 Lee, Gang-Soo II-218 Lee, Hee-Hyol II-321 Lee, Jaiyong I-76, I-95, I-104, I-112 Lee, Jung-Hoon II-316 Lee, Jung-Hyun I-66 Lee, Kijeong I-147, I-155, II-291 Lee, Min Ji II-148 Lee, Sang Hoon II-262 Lee, Seok-Pil II-180 Lee, Seong Ro II-138 Lee, Yong Hwan II-343 Lee, Young Han II-155, II-162 Lee, Young-Hun II-223, II-321 Li, Hangyu II-31 Lim, Ji-hoon II-276 Lim, Sunggook I-95 Lim, Yujin I-199 Lin, Yu-Li I-23 Liu, Chenglian II-63 Liu, Jung-Chun I-227 Liu, Pin-chuan I-46 Martal` o, Marco I-137 Moon, Byungin II-343 Moradi, Parham II-41, II-51 Mudassir, Mumajjed Ul II-450 Naji, Hamid Reza II-123 Ni, Wenting II-31 Oh, BongHwan I-112 Oh, Yoo Rhee II-148 Ok, Seung-Ho II-343 Paik, Woojin II-247 Pakzad, Farzaneh II-11, II-112 Park, Byungjoo II-291, II-301 Park, Donghee II-330 Park, Gil-Cheol I-147, I-155, I-172, I-180 Park, Ji Hun II-172 Park, Nam In II-138 Park, Sangmoon II-330 Park, Seung-Hun II-316 Park, Seungjin II-102 Park, Seungkeun II-335 Park, Sungdo II-198, II-205 Park, Yang-Jae I-66 Park, You-Sin I-217 Patnaik, L.M II-370, II-441 Ponomarev, Vasily II-130 Prinz, Vivian II-416 Author Index Rafsanjani, Marjan Kuchaki II-11, II-71, II-93, II-112 RashidiNejad, Masoud II-123 Ravi, S II-459 Rezaee, Abbas Ali II-1 Rim, Kee-Wook I-66 Ryu, Jee-Youl II-311, II-316 Ryu, Joong-Kyung I-66 Schlichter, Johann II-416 Schweiger, Benno II-416 Seo, Dongil II-268 Sharma, Himanshu II-432 Sharma, S.S.V.N II-459 Shenoy, P Deepa II-370, II-441 Shih, Wei-kuan I-46 Shim, Jae Chan I-37 Shin, Min Hwa II-172 Shin, Yong-Nyuo II-188 Shiri, Mohammad E II-41, II-51 Soh, Wooyoung II-268 Sohrabi, Mina II-93 Son, Hyeon-Sic II-343 Song, Do-Sun II-223 Song, Jae-gu I-10, II-268 Song, SeokIl II-330 Spigoni, Giovanni I-137 Su, Chain-Hui Surip, Miswan 249 I-23 I-237 Talati, Mikita V II-381 Tandel, Purvi II-405 Tchamgoue, Guy Martin II-238 Tolentino, Randy S I-147, I-155, II-291 Valiveti, Sharada Venugopal, K.R II-381, II-393, II-405 II-370, II-441 Woo, Dong-Hwi II-343 Wu, Tzong-Chen I-23 Xia, Yan I-15 Yang, Chao-Tung I-227 Yang, Soomi II-255 Yeh, Hsiu-lien I-46 Yoo, Seong-Moo II-102 Yoon, Jae Sam II-148 Youn, MyungJun I-104 Yu, Myoung Ju I-56 Yu, Shih-Chi I-227 Zeng, Yingzhi I-15 Zhang, Jianghong II-63 ... non-cooperative and camouflaged targets with low contrasts targets moving in changing environments [10] Shape and color information were used by [11] to detect and track multiple people and vehicles... IEEE 802.11a/b standards offer 12 and non-overlapping channels respectively An effective solution is to utilize multiple radios and multiple channels to alleviate link interference and increase the... participant U i , j ∈ SGi and SGi Step The designated verifier V randomly chooses a private key xv ∈ Z q* and computes the corresponding public key yv : y v = g xv mod p (1) and then delivers yv